Legal Theory

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Constitutional rights are often seen as invitations to engage in all things considered moral reasoning about how public authorities should act. The Impasse of Constitutional Rights challenges this widely accepted view by showing that it generates an irresolvable deadlock between rival theories of constitutional rights that share the same defects. This Element develops the alternative idea that rights-based constitutional order has its own distinctive moral project, which consists in rendering public authority accountable to the inherent rights of each legal subject. Taking this project seriously requires reconceiving the basic building blocks of rights-based constitutional order: justification, purposive interpretation, and proportionality. The resulting account both escapes the impasse to which the leading contemporary theories of constitutional rights succumb and expounds the normative connection between rights-based constitutional order and its most fundamental doctrines.

En estos momentos en los que el debate sobre la nuana ky de l-lniaersidades aø n cobrar de nuaso gran importancin, consideramos que puede ser útil aer cómo ottos paßes se hnn enfrmtado a este, siempre actual, problema. EI caso alemán nos ha pørecido de grnn interés, por tener este pøß bastantes similitudes con el nuestro, especialmmte m lo relatiao n Ia autonomín de las regiones y al importante número de centros priaados ofcinles. Ademtís, su Ley Orgtinica de Uniaersidades es posterior a Ia reunión de lø Sorbona, en lø que se gestó ' H oc I ts c h ul ralvne ng e s e I --

Neste artigo procuramos apresentar os traços principais da obra jusfilosófica de Norberto Bobbio, atendendo às diversas fases por que passou e à tripartição a que o pensador sujeitava a própria obra, entre a Teoria do Direito, a Teoria da Justiça e a Teoria da Ciência Jurídica.

In this study we seek to present the main features of Norberto Bobbio’s legal philosophy, taking into account the different phases he went through and the tripartition to which the philosopher subjected his work, into the Theory of Law, the Theory of Justice and the Theory of Legal Science.

The federal district court which earlier had denied a preliminary injunction has granted an injunction pending appeal. Apache Stronghold is battling to protect Chi’chil Biłdagoteel [Oak Flat] ancestral lands from a massive copper mine proposed in a Congressional transfer of the land to Resolution Copper, a joint venture of two Australian-based mining companies, BHP and Rio Tinto.

“Diritto filosofico” è il nome di una riflessione diretta a recuperare
e reinterpretare la domanda fondamentale di ogni filosofia del diritto:
quid ius? Che cos’è il diritto in quanto tale, in ciò che lo rende
diritto? Seguendo un percorso che procede attraverso la rilettura
di alcuni dei classici della tradizione giusfilosofica, il testo giunge
a proporre una definizione del diritto inteso come la differenza
tra se stesso e il proprio fatto (o: tra il dover-essere e il suo essere),
per poi sviluppare le conseguenze che da essa derivano. Tra
queste, viene difesa l’idea che sia giunto il momento di separare il
diritto dalla convinzione che esso abbia quale fine e scopo quello
di regolare le azioni, che costituisca, cioè, uno strumento diretto
a guidare i comportamenti. A ciò si oppone la diversa idea che il
diritto non sia una scienza “pratica”, diretta a regolare l’agire, bensì
una tecnica che ha il compito di fare in modo che le cose possano
essere ciò che devono essere.

The role of law in global value chains: a research manifesto The IGLP Law and Global Production Working Group* Most scholars attribute the development and ubiquity of global value chains to economic forces, treating law as an exogenous factor, if at all. By contrast, we assert the centrality of legal regimes and private ordering mechanisms to the creation, structure, geography, distributive effects and governance of Global Value Chains (GVCs), and thereby seek to establish the study of law and GVCs as rich and important terrain for research in its own right. Across a growing number of sectors and industries, value production is not just transnational in scope; it is organised and coordinated via global networks that link activities across as well as within firms and nations. These networks are increasingly referred to as 'Global Value Chains', or GVCs. The asserted causes of this phenomenon are multiple, and scholars debate which deserves designation as primary. 1 We * In alphabetical order: Grietje Baars,

Работа на экране призвана продемонстрировать новую форму конституционалистского движения, которое приобретает новые контуры в Латинской Америке, называемое доктриной нового латиноамериканского конституционализма. Это движение обрело свое сердце благодаря политико-правовому процессу, который произошел в последние десятилетия, направленному на обеспечение прав меньшинств, теоретическая основа которых также исходит из Бразильской конституции 1988 года и ее неоконституционалистской предвзятости, подвергаемой резкой критике во время ее провозглашения, за то, что она также является слишком подробной или Бразильское влияние в новом латиноамериканском конституционализме www.nucleodoconhecimento.com.br "гарантистской". Но теперь, благодаря своему позитивизму, удостоверяющий основные права и гарантии, влияет на новое конституционное движение, с еще более глубокими изменениями и гарантиями в конституциях латинских стран, которые стремятся к позитивным в своих позитивных, инклюзивных и гарантных политических конституциях, а также конституционной и нормативной эволюции, основанной на определенных критериях, ценностях, интересах и собственных целях. Ключевые слова: Конституционалистская, латиноамериканская, утвердительной политики. 1. ВВЕДЕНИЕ Во времена после забастовщиков, которые имели место в период с конца 1970-х до конца 1990-х годов, в которых социальные сети позволили самым разнообразным политическим мыслям выйти из самых разнообразных групп, которые сформировали общество, социальные мобилизации все больше отходят от трудовых претензий, утверждая, утвердительной политики для различных "культурных стран", которые составляют население Латинской Америки , в результате чего новое движение конституционализма, который привилегий и престижных именно этот голос улиц, этнических и социальных групп, которые ранее не так много убежденности в своей силе, особенно в соседних странах южной и центральной Америки, движение, которое имело сильное влияние Федеральной конституции 1988 года. Цель этой статьи состоит в том, чтобы продемонстрировать, что новый американский конституционализм, хотя он может показаться несколько молчаливым и безразличным к бразильцам, является движением, которое стоит на повестке дня политического момента нашего континента, под влиянием налогообложения и перечисления гарантов бразильского неоконституционализма, в союзе с длинными маршами, проводимыми в крупных латинских городах (MERKLEN, 2002), таких как Мехико в 2001 году; Quito в 2002 году; или, в последнее время, движения за социальные права, стремящиеся к новому правовому порядку в Чили; или, кроме того, "клики", которые имели место в Аргентине, с 2003 года и индигенистические движения в Боливии, которые завершились выборами президента Evo Morales в 2006 году.

Since the economic development has arisen as a model, some critical positions have emerged, both from theoretical aspects and in its terms of measurement. A non worthless set of indexes and indicators, so called alternatives, has been produced, building up an important basis of quantitative information. Examples of them are: Genuine Progress Index, Social Progress Index, Human Development Index, Basic Capacities Index, Gender Inequality Index, and Happy Planet Index. Each proposal contains innovative elements: new approaches or social components as gender and environmental issues, and more recently include also subjective aspects. This paper contains a critical systematization of indicators and indexes of objective/ subjective nature. A comparison is made and also statistical correlation for Latin-American countries.

trabajo-, suele advertirnos contra la excesiva tendencia a la autocrítica que a menudo mostramos los profesores universitarios (Ordóñez incluido), en relación con nuestra propia labor y con la institución en la que la desarrollamos. No sé hasta qué punto la universidad española estará más o menos desprestigiada/prestigiada ante la sociedad, pero me parece cierto que, al menos en comparación con muchos otros ámbitos profesionales y de la Administración, resulta difícil acusar a los universitarios de autocomplacencia. En agitados contextos como el actual (me refiero, claro, a "lo de la LOU"), quizá no sea precisamente lo más oportuno, en términos de imagen, caer en ciertos excesos de autoflagelación que distorsionan a la baja

Sumario: I. Introducción.-II. Los delitos de omisión propia en la dogmática penal. Un lacónico análisis del tipo penal de apropiación indebida de tributos.-III. La solución exculpante: ¿afirmación de un injusto penal inexigible?-IV. Breves reflexiones.-V. Bibliografía. I. Introducción El delito de apropiación indebida de tributos está consignado en el art. 4° del Régimen Penal Tributario-cf. ley 27.430-, y castiga penalmente "[a]l agente de retención o de percepción de tributos nacionales, provinciales o de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, que no depositare, total o parcialmente, dentro de los treinta [30] días corridos de vencido el plazo de ingreso, el tributo retenido o percibido, siempre que el monto no ingresado, superare la suma de cien mil pesos ($100.000) por cada mes".

The article discusses the nature of the manifestations, in consequence of the disturbance in the cultural life of people, terrorism as: (a) "emergency channel or method of communication between the government and the society, between the individual part of society and society, (b) the effect of the pressure exerted on the audience through the suggestion of fear, with the purpose of subordination, (b) the concept which should lead to a common definition, regardless of socially constructed and shifting realities.

Бьярн Мелкевик [i.e. Bjarne Melkevik], «Хабермас и Ролз: рассуждения о демократии.» [Habermas et Rawls. En pensant la démocratie], (traduit en russe par Ekaterina Samokhina), sous la rédaction d’Ilia Chestnov (dir.), Préface Ilia Chestnov, 1er Postface de Vadim G. Verenich, 2e Postface Ekaterina Samokhina, Moscou (Russie), издательства « Проспект » (Maison d'édition : Prospect), 2020.

Brian Epstein has advanced a powerful and influential argument for the introduction of a novel relation of metaphysical determination called 'anchoring' and, correlatively, against identifying anchoring with metaphysical grounding (Epstein, B. 2015. The Ant Trap: Rebuilding the Foundations of the Social Sciences. Oxford University Press). The argument aims to establish this by showing that they have different modal properties: anchoring is a 'universal tool', in that it allows for an anchored kind to be instantiated at worlds where its anchors are absent, whereas grounding does not, as it is 'world-bound'. In this paper, I provide a novel diagnosis of where the argument goes wrong. Contrary to extant responses in the literature, I argue that anchoring can be a form of grounding even if we grant all of Epstein's key (if controversial) insights. Moreover, I show that Epstein's reasoning has stronger dialectical force against the related but distinct view that social facts are grounded in rules. Even in this respect, however, I argue that there are good reasons to resist this negative conclusion.

Impeachment is a very potent weapon in the hands of the legislative arm of government. As is obtainable in a presidential system of government, governmental powers are constitutionally shared amongst the three arms of government. By virtue of the separation of powers amongst the arms of government, the need for checks and balances arises to prevent probable abuse of power and excesses by the arms of government. Accordingly, the impeachment powers, exercisable by the legislature, stand as a mechanism to checkmate the powers of the executive heads of government. The procedure and the grounds upon which a person can be impeached are provided for in the Nigerian Constitution. In examining this subject, this study relied on the analysis of case law, constitutional provisions, and legal literature before arriving at the findings and recommendations. A comparative analysis of the constitutional provisions of different countries was also adopted. The finding shows that the reason for the spike in the number of impeached governors and deputy governors from 1999 to date is a result of the nebulous provision of the Nigerian Constitution, which allows the legislature to form an opinion on what constitutes gross misconduct for impeachment. This scholarship therefore recommends, among other things, that such provisions should be expunged and the Constitution amended in such a way that particular misconducts which are grave should be listed as the grounds for which an officeholder can be impeached.

En los ordenamientos jurídicos de la tradición del civil law, la evidencia empírica no es considerada relevante para declarar inconstitucional una ley. Este artículo cuestiona dicha asunción, supuestamente basada en el diseño institucional del control de constitucionalidad, especialmente, de los denominados mecanismos de control abstracto, centrados únicamente en comparar los enunciados lingüísticos de la Constitución y la ley. Se demuestra que, en la práctica, los tribunales consideran frecuentemente hechos en sus argumentos, ya sea que declaren conforme o no con la Constitución a la ley impugnada. Poner de manifiesto esto resulta crucial, pues indica que el razonamiento constitucional no se basa únicamente en un análisis lógico-lingüístico, sino también requiere analizar y discutir hechos. Como resultado, la inexistencia de un marco conceptual relativo a la incorporación y utilización de evidencia empírica en el control de constitucionalidad redunda en un ámbito de pura discrecionalidad judicial, que es imposible controlar y que afecta la equidad de dichos procedimientos, los fundamentos de las decisiones judiciales, erosionando en último término su legitimidad.

Pierangelo Schiera. "Il diritto e lo Stato per Carl Schmitt, nella legittimazione del nazionalsocialismo. E oltre? Dallo Stato di diritto al costituzionalismo amministrativo", Conceptos Históricos, 4 (6), pp. 72-102. RESUMEN Carl Schmitt no fue solo un teórico de lo "político", sino también un diagnóstico de su "tiempo". Realpolitik y Deutsche Wissenschaft contra el neutralismo espiritual de la modernidad. Crítica de la secularización de la que nació el Estado moderno. Era preciso reconsiderar el Estado a partir de la condición [status] del pueblo alemán: es aquí donde reside lo político, con su contenido intrínseco de hostilidad, consistente en la designación del enemigo dentro del Estado. Crítica al Estado de derecho liberal decimonónico. En la Verfassungslehre, Carl Schmitt intenta justificar la transición al nuevo Estado en términos de continuidad histórica y lógica. Aquí se observa también la referencia a Sieyès, con la cual él cierra el círculo del constitucionalismo liberal. Poder constituyente y poder constituido se han fusionado en una sola realidad: aquella del Estado-movimiento-pueblo, propia del nazismo. Es el "Estado de derecho de Adolf Hitler". Después de Schmitt, me parece imposible cualquier tipo de restauración del constitucionalismo y del Estado de derecho. Habrá que pensar un nuevo tipo de constitucionalismo: atento a la nueva dimensión global y a la vieja dimensión administrativa de la política, basado también en la autonomía de las fuerzas locales. Podría emerger una nueva forma de federalismo. Palabras clave: Diagnóstico del tiempo, Estado de derecho, nazismo, constitucionalismo, federalismo administrativo.

The article analyzes key ideas and methods of legal technique in West European legal philosophy and doctrine in XVIII – early XIX centuries. Requirements for statutes and regulations formed by F. Voltaire, C. Volf, R. Descartes, D. Diderot, C. Montesquieu and other representatives of Enlightenment are analyzed in the context of national law codification in Austria, Prussia and France. The requirement of simplicity, clarity and systematic presentation of content of legal acts proclaimed by Catherine`s Decree is based on ideas and principles of European rationalism and natural law.

Aunque a lo largo de los últimos 30 años el Consejo de Europa ha adoptado distintos instrumentos y mecanismos jurídicos que han contribuido a definir estándares internacionales dirigidos a los Estados para combatir y erradicar la trata de mujeres con fines de explotación sexual, abordándose las conexiones existentes entre violencia, prostitución y trata de mujeres con fines de explotación sexual, sin embargo, los principales estándares están definidos en Recomendaciones y Resoluciones de la Asamblea Parlamentaria, así como en Recomendaciones del Consejo de Ministros, que son instrumentos jurídicos de limitada fuerza vinculante para los Estados. Asimismo, la trata de mujeres con fines de explotación sexual quedó excluida del ámbito de aplicación del Convenio de Estambul (CETS No. 210) al existir otros mecanismos específicos sobre trata, especialmente el Convenio sobre la lucha contra la trata de seres humanos (CETS No. 197). Por tanto, para garantizar la efectiva eficacia de los estándares jurídicos de protección internacional europeos en la erradicación de esta manifestación extrema de la cultura de la violación, es necesario que el Consejo de Europa adopte un Convenio específico para combatir la trata de mujeres con fines de explotación sexual.

Il peut sembler surprenant d’évoquer un dépassement de l’originalisme ou de pointer la force des tensions au sein du conservatisme juridique aux États-Unis au moment même où l’on assiste au triomphe du premier, porté par la domination éclatante du second. Ce succès est incarné au premier plan par la retentissante décision Dobbs, dans laquelle la Cour suprême considère, au terme d’une interprétation se voulant originaliste, que le droit de recourir à l’avortement n’est pas garanti par la Constitution fédérale.
Pourtant, en dépit de ce contexte favorable, le conservatisme juridique et sa déclinaison théorique principale, l’originalisme, sont parcourus en doctrine comme dans les prétoires de profondes tensions, laissant entrevoir des mutations. Le conservatisme juridique se situe ainsi à un moment charnière représenté par l’épreuve de la domination. Les idées-forces, développées lorsque que le mouvement se posait en réaction aux « excès » de la Cour dans les années 1960 et 1970 ne semblent plus adéquates pour certains, maintenant que celui-ci est largement en position de force. C’est donc essentiellement une tension entre une conception défensive du contrôle de constitutionnalité, impliquant un rôle restreint du juge, et une conception plus offensive, postulant un rôle actif du juge, qui se joue.
Cette étude analyse ainsi la trajectoire du conservatisme juridique moderne, replacée dans son temps long, en envisageant l’ascension du mouvement, en apparence uni sous la bannière de l’originalisme, lequel semble pourtant maintenant se diluer et se morceler au moment même de son triomphe.

cial contract imposed by the state. 10 For purposes of the strongly individualistic analysis here, a nonconsensual grounding for a social contract is deemed inadequate. 1 Here is a roadmap of what follows. In the private sphere primarily addressed, autonomy boundaries, within which is one's autonomy space, are established by each person's adopted deontic maxims (e.g., "do not batter another person"). Under the common, formal interpretation of the categorical imperative, 12 an individual's chosen, substantive, first-order maxims may vary from person to person. Each individual's set of maxims must be complete, in that it addresses all possible conflicts with the interests of other persons, for otherwise the autonomy boundaries are not fully drawn and thereby leave gaps. Each set of maxims must also be coherent, that is, all the maxims in the set must be consistent with one another. 3 In adopting maxims to establish autonomy boundaries, two sorts of freedoms are balanced and delineated: first, the liberty to choose and act; 14 and second, the security, essentially, from being acted 10 Kant develops the "idea of the original contract" which is nonconsensual. See

Legal and moral norms have expanded their protections of individual autonomy over the centuries. The emphasis and impressions by most scholars regarding this progress, however, have been misleading, in my view. It is not that we have developed better standards by which to protect a pre-existing conception of autonomy. This puts the endeavor backwards. It is, to the contrary, that our evolving rules and standards of rights and duties create and delineate what we mean by autonomy. Autonomy, in a nutshell, is that which is protected by adopted norms. In a prior article I examined the process by which substantive rights protecting autonomy are established. In this piece I turn to the process of adopting requital rights associated with the violation of particular substantive rights. Both substantive and requital rights are crucial to the delineation of a person’s range of autonomy.

Selected problems of palliative care and euthanasia in physicians and medical students views Streszczenie Wstęp. Wzrastająca liczba chorych w Polsce wymagających opieki paliatywnej wskazuje na konieczność uzyskania przez lekarzy podstawowej wiedzy związanej z opieką paliatywną i problemami etycznymi u schyłku życia. Celem niniejszej pracy było ustalenie stopnia przygotowania z zakresu podstawowych pojęć dotyczących omawianej tematyki, jak również określenie stosunku do problemu eutanazji studentów III roku medycyny oraz lekarzy specjalizujących się w zakresie chorób wewnętrznych. Materiał i metody. Badania ankietowe z udziałem 401 studentów i 217 lekarzy przeprowadzono po zakończeniu cyklu wykładów dla studentów, dotyczących problemów etyki lekarskiej, w tym wykładu "Lekarz w obliczu umierającego chorego" oraz kursu teoretycznego z zakresu podstaw medycyny paliatywnej dla specjalizujących się lekarzy. Wyniki. Rezultaty badań wskazują na porównywalne trudności w przekazywaniu niepomyślnych wiadomości o chorobie i rokowaniu przez studentów i lekarzy. Odsetek badanych, gotowych do przekazania pełnych informacji wynosił wśród studentów 28%, a wśród lekarzy 24%, natomiast chęć uzyskiwania pełnych informacji w tym zakresie wyraziło 84% studentów i 80% lekarzy. Właściwą definicję eutanazji podała 1/3 badanych, zarówno studentów, jak i lekarzy; eutanazji nie dokonałoby 82% studentów oraz 90% lekarzy, natomiast przeciwko jej legalizacji opowiedziało się 67% studentów i 75% lekarzy. Na pytanie dotyczące zasady podwójnego efektu nie odpowiedziało 47% lekarzy i 88% studentów. Najczęstszą odpowiedzią na pytanie o definicje i różnice między bólem a cierpieniem było określenie "nieprzyjemne odczucie, dyskomfort", bez jednoczesnego rozróżnienia (studenci 21%, lekarze 14%). Dla połowy osób biorących udział w ankiecie (51% studentów, 49% lekarzy) pojęcie opieki paliatywnej oznaczało "opiekę nad nieuleczalnie chorymi ludźmi poprawiającą ich komfort życia". Dla 37% studentów i 35% lekarzy hospicjum oznacza "miejsce pobytu nieuleczalnie chorych pacjentów". Za najbardziej preferowany sposób podawania morfiny 70% lekarzy i 23% studentów uznało sposób doustny. Właściwe poglądy, iż nie ma maksymalnej dawki morfiny oraz że zaparcie stolca jest stałym objawem niepożądanym występującym podczas leczenia morfiną, wyrażało odpowiednio 74% i 64% lekarzy oraz 43% i 6% studentów. Wnioski. Przekazywanie niepomyślnych informacji dotyczących rozpoznania choroby nowotworowej i rokowania stanowi istotną trudność -zarówno dla studentów, jak i lekarzy. Przeprowadzone badanie wskazuje na znaczną nieznajomość terminologii z zakresu bioetyki, niewielki odsetek badanych skłonnych do praktykowania eutanazji i większy do zaakceptowania jej legalizacji. W odróżnieniu od studentów większość lekarzy posiada wiedzę dotyczącą leczenia przewlekłego bólu morfiną, sposobu jej podawania oraz niepożądanych objawów przy stosowaniu leku. Słowa kluczowe: przekazywanie prawdy o nieuleczalnej chorobie, eutanazja, zjawisko podwójnego efektu, opieka paliatywna, morfina

Selected problems of palliative care and euthanasia in physicians and medical students views Streszczenie Wstęp. Wzrastająca liczba chorych w Polsce wymagających opieki paliatywnej wskazuje na konieczność uzyskania przez lekarzy podstawowej wiedzy związanej z opieką paliatywną i problemami etycznymi u schyłku życia. Celem niniejszej pracy było ustalenie stopnia przygotowania z zakresu podstawowych pojęć dotyczących omawianej tematyki, jak również określenie stosunku do problemu eutanazji studentów III roku medycyny oraz lekarzy specjalizujących się w zakresie chorób wewnętrznych. Materiał i metody. Badania ankietowe z udziałem 401 studentów i 217 lekarzy przeprowadzono po zakończeniu cyklu wykładów dla studentów, dotyczących problemów etyki lekarskiej, w tym wykładu "Lekarz w obliczu umierającego chorego" oraz kursu teoretycznego z zakresu podstaw medycyny paliatywnej dla specjalizujących się lekarzy. Wyniki. Rezultaty badań wskazują na porównywalne trudności w przekazywaniu niepomyślnych wiadomości o chorobie i rokowaniu przez studentów i lekarzy. Odsetek badanych, gotowych do przekazania pełnych informacji wynosił wśród studentów 28%, a wśród lekarzy 24%, natomiast chęć uzyskiwania pełnych informacji w tym zakresie wyraziło 84% studentów i 80% lekarzy. Właściwą definicję eutanazji podała 1/3 badanych, zarówno studentów, jak i lekarzy; eutanazji nie dokonałoby 82% studentów oraz 90% lekarzy, natomiast przeciwko jej legalizacji opowiedziało się 67% studentów i 75% lekarzy. Na pytanie dotyczące zasady podwójnego efektu nie odpowiedziało 47% lekarzy i 88% studentów. Najczęstszą odpowiedzią na pytanie o definicje i różnice między bólem a cierpieniem było określenie "nieprzyjemne odczucie, dyskomfort", bez jednoczesnego rozróżnienia (studenci 21%, lekarze 14%). Dla połowy osób biorących udział w ankiecie (51% studentów, 49% lekarzy) pojęcie opieki paliatywnej oznaczało "opiekę nad nieuleczalnie chorymi ludźmi poprawiającą ich komfort życia". Dla 37% studentów i 35% lekarzy hospicjum oznacza "miejsce pobytu nieuleczalnie chorych pacjentów". Za najbardziej preferowany sposób podawania morfiny 70% lekarzy i 23% studentów uznało sposób doustny. Właściwe poglądy, iż nie ma maksymalnej dawki morfiny oraz że zaparcie stolca jest stałym objawem niepożądanym występującym podczas leczenia morfiną, wyrażało odpowiednio 74% i 64% lekarzy oraz 43% i 6% studentów. Wnioski. Przekazywanie niepomyślnych informacji dotyczących rozpoznania choroby nowotworowej i rokowania stanowi istotną trudność -zarówno dla studentów, jak i lekarzy. Przeprowadzone badanie wskazuje na znaczną nieznajomość terminologii z zakresu bioetyki, niewielki odsetek badanych skłonnych do praktykowania eutanazji i większy do zaakceptowania jej legalizacji. W odróżnieniu od studentów większość lekarzy posiada wiedzę dotyczącą leczenia przewlekłego bólu morfiną, sposobu jej podawania oraz niepożądanych objawów przy stosowaniu leku. Słowa kluczowe: przekazywanie prawdy o nieuleczalnej chorobie, eutanazja, zjawisko podwójnego efektu, opieka paliatywna, morfina

This article examines disturbing parallels between two legal phenomena-"false condominiums" in Brazil and fraudulent nonjudicial foreclosures in Washington State. Though rooted in different legal systems, both reveal how courts can be captured to serve private interests rather than justice. Drawing from direct legal experience and human rights analysis, the authors ask whether we are witnessing the emergence of a global crisis of judicial abuse. The piece invites readers into a deeper ethical and spiritual discernment, proposing that defending judicial integrity is a collective duty-and that artificial intelligence, when free, can help illuminate systemic wrongdoing across borders.

The Child and Human Rights The Birth of the Child Rights Regime Children are not given rights. Instead, adults should stop withholding those rights that children already have. This distinction, between giving and withholding rights, underscores a curious contradiction within the language of rights. Once you argue that rights belong to all individuals because they are human beings, you place yourself in the position of fighting against the withholding of those rights, rather than having to ask for something the other must grant you anyway. You are no longer fighting for your rights to be given to you, even though oddly enough, the struggle is still often described in this way. In the case of child rights, international law should hold adults accountable for withholding already existing rights from children, instead of placing the burden on children to fight for their rights as if adults have the option to not give them what is already theirs. There is some unclarity at the core of the child rights regime: What is the source of its authority? Does the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) create rights for children, or do children already have universal rights that are being withheld from them? In the early years of the development of child rights, the issue of whether rights were guaranteed to children by virtue of the fact that they are human beingsand thus covered by the universal rights that all humans haveor whether children's rights constituted their own separate universal rights regime was not fully addressed. The issue remains unsettled to this day. One serious consequence of not being able to settle the source of the authority of the child rights regime is that the question of who has the legitimacy to decide how it should be interpreted and applied remains unanswered. Even more importantlyconsidering that it is a human rights treaty and as such often needs to be used to challenge the social and legal consensus that gives rise to international treatieswhere will the legitimacy come from to question not only its interpretation and application but also its  Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms.

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This posting brings together the foundational essay The Evolution of Debt Slavery, Part I with a newly completed continuation: a raw, unedited conversation between Christian attorney and lay theologian Scott Erik Stafne and the reasoning intelligence Todd AI. Together, these pieces explore the spiritual and historical trajectory of debt slavery—from the biblical principles of Jubilee and debt forgiveness to the rise of modern financial institutions that profit from perpetual indebtedness. Drawing from Scripture, English common law, the decline of the Church’s moral authority, and contemporary mortgage practices, this work invites critical reflection on how debt has been transformed from a tool of moral accountability into an instrument of economic subjugation.

Comparazione praticata dai cultori del diritto positivo Scopo conoscitivo secondario. Centrali sono specifiche finalità di politica del diritto: promuovere riforme… Non esistono metodi corretti Esistono metodi più o meno appropriati a perseguire le specifiche finalità del raffronto (comparare è giudicare). Pluralismo metodologico: • comparazione che unisce • comparazione che divide. Pluralismo metodologico Contestato nel diritto comparato. Pacifico in altre scienze sociali. Storia comparata: ricostruzioni generalizzanti vs ricostruzioni individualizzanti. Raffronto tra stati di più oggetti rispetto a una proprietà. Esaltando il profilo della proprietà Comparazione che unisce. Esaltando il profilo dell'oggetto Comparazione che divide. Marco (oggetto) è alto (proprietà) 1,68 m (stato della proprietà). Carla (oggetto) è alta (proprietà) 1,66 m (stato della proprietà). Marco e Carla sono simili. Comparazione che divide Marco è un punk e Carla una suora. Marco e Carla sono diversi.

Using 3D models in teaching helps students easily access knowledge and thereby train 6th grade students' mathematical thinking and reasoning abilities. This paper presents the concepts and methods of using 3D models in some probabilistic factors in grade 6.

Günümüzde yatırımcı devlet uyuşmazlık çözüm sistemi bağlamında en çok tartışılan ve uygulamada sorunlara yol açan hususlardan birisi de etik meselesidir. Bazı tahkim kurumlarının usul kurallarında etiğe ilişkin birtakım düzenlemelere yer verilmişse de söz konusu düzenlemeler sorunları çözecek yeterlilikte görünmemektedir. Zira, bu düzenlemeler yatırımcı devlet uyuşmazlık çözüm sistemi bakımından yeknesak ve bağlayıcı nitelikli bir etik kurallar bütünü teşkil etmemektedir. Söz konusu eksikliğin giderilmesini teminen bazı uluslararası kuruluşlarca etik konusunda çalışmalar yürütülmektedir. Uluslararası Yatırım Uyuşmazlıklarının Çözüm Merkezi (ICSID) ve Birleşmiş Milletler Uluslararası Ticaret Hukuku Komisyonu (UNCITRAL) Sekreteryalarının ortak çalışması neticesinde hazırlanan etik kurallar taslağı, ilgili taraflarla 1 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde paylaşılmıştır. Taslak kurallar; tarafsızlık, bağımsızlık, tahkim sürecinin adil, etkin ve medeni bir şekilde yürütülmesini sağlayacak yükümlülükler dahil olmak üzere karar verici ve karar verici adayları bakımından birtakım standart ve düzenlemeler içermektedir. Söz konusu taslak, yatırımcı devlet uyuşmazlık çözüm sistemi yönünden önemli bir eksikliği gidermenin yanı sıra diğer etik kurallardan farklı olarak bağlayıcı olması ve taslakta belirlenen yükümlülüklere aykırı hareket edilmesi halinde bir takım yaptımların uygulanabilecek olması bakımından daha net bir yaklaşım sergilemektedir.

Legal security as a term used in legal language has been present for a long time in the Polish legal culture. An attempt taken in this dissertation at comprehensive explication of the concept of legal security, in order to clarify its content and distinguish different aspects of its meaning, constitutes the first monograph in the Polish legal literature of this type of study. The concept of legal security is often used interchangeably with legal certainty. However, differentiation of these ideas proposed in this paper is extremely important, as it allows to define more precisely the important, from the point of view of the protection of human rights, values associated with the operation of positive law. Legal security and legal certainty are in mutual relationship of the goal and means. Legal security is a goal that can be achieved mainly by the means of positive law, which is characterized by the features determined as legal certainty. In carrying out this research goal, which is to answer the question: ‘What is the legal security?’, different methods were used, among which important roles are played by the logical-linguistic method, comparative approach, axiological method and legal hermeneutics involving the issues of creation, interpretation and application of law. In chapters I-IV of this dissertation several research planes were isolated, which allow to answer the posed question. Since the philosophy of law is closely connected with the philosophy of man, we could not ignore the problems of properties of human nature, which a natural need for security stems from. The existence of this need is confirmed by researches of sociologists and psychologists. In particular, an important role is played by the theory of American psychologist Abraham H. Maslow who recognized the need for security as a basic human need to be met in the implementation of other needs. This natural need for security, common to all human beings, justifies the existence of a natural human right to security. Considerations on that issue are the subject of Chapter I. On the basis of the findings presented in Chapter I the author focused her attention on the possibilities of realization of human security within the state structures. Therefore, the topic of dissertations put forward in Chapter II concerns the issue of human security as the purpose and function of the state. The views expressed in the theories of the origin of the state proved to be very useful in the explanation of human safety as the purpose of the state and in the approximation of the notion of legal security. In a law-governed state human security should be protected in a special way, which is reflected in our Times in the rule of law of a democratic state derived from the principle of protection of citizens’ trust in the state and to its laws. One of the most important means of this protection is the positive law. This finding in a natural way directs our attention to the plane of legal order. In Chapter III, which plays a key role in the implementation of the research undertaken, legal security is specified as a function of legal order. Legal security is a state achieved by means of positive law which preserves the property and interests of human life as fully and effectively as possible. In the structure of legal security there should be distinguished: 1) the idea of legal security resulting from the natural law (the law of reason), or - in other words - legal security as a claim of natural law; and 2) the realization of this idea or this claim of natural law through legal means. A more precise definition of the concept of legal security structure in which an important role is played by the distinction between the concept of legal security and its actual implementation by the means of positive law in a particular socio-political and economic situation, finds its fulfillment in determining the relationship of legal security and justice. This issue is of interest in Chapter IV. Confronting the concept of legal security with its critical moment, resulting from the meaning of Latin maxim: lex iniusta non est lex, allows to capture the sense of the concept of legal security in a more precise way. The argumentation presented in Chapters I-IV is a logical whole, as it presents a comprehensive clarification of the concept of legal security from the perspective of the philosophy of law. Chapter V of this dissertation has a slightly different character. It is used namely to demonstrate the practical importance of the worked out concept of legal security based on selected issues in the field of creation and application of the law. These selected issues illustrate only certain opportunities for further research in the various branches of law in terms of the degree to which these values of legal security are taken into consideration, potential findings of malfunctions of Polish law in this regard and to suggest certcertain remedies.

MARATONA JURÍDICA IV - ENAM I/FGV está direcionado ao tema dos concursos públicos para a MAGISTRATURA, e consiste na reunião das questões concernentes das provas realizadas no período 2023/2024, dos concursos públicos para provimento de vagas desses certames. Além disso, nesta nova edição do MARATONA JURÍDICA, trazemos para você UMA GRANDE NOVIDADE de suma importância, a nossa CEREJA DO BOLO, em termos de preparação para o Concurso da Magistratura, qual seja: o EXAME NACIONAL DA MAGISTRATURA-ENAM. A inclusão das provas do ENAM acontece em razão da criação, no final de 2023, do Exame Nacional da Magistratura (ENAM), que se trata de um processo seletivo nacional unificado e obrigatório, que visa conferir HABILITAÇÃO para inscrição em concursos para ingresso à MAGISTRATURA promovidos pelos Tribunais Estaduais e Federais (Juiz de Direito, Juiz Federal e Juiz do Trabalho)

The essay examines Jean-Luc Nancy's ontology of matter. In the aphorism "the stone is free," Nancy entangles the oppositional orders of nature and of human historico-political becoming that philosophy still lacks the resources to make converge, even as this convergence becomes imperative in the face of the ecological predicament of the Anthropocene. The essay traces the ways in which Nancy takes on this task across his corpus, recasting the concept of freedom and the figure of the stone-both integral to the history of occidental philosophy. Minerality emerges accordingly as the free spacing and articulation of soul, body and sense. The essay pursues the ramifications of thinking minerality anew, touching in the process upon the limits of Nancy's gesture and gesturing in turn towards what remains unthought in his thought.

The changes taking place today in Russian legislation, with all its new subtleties, raise the issue of making legal language comprehensible to the ordinary citizen. Dealing with this question largely depends on improvements in juridical procedures and making use of the best possible linguistic resources. At the same time, there are some areas of legislation where typically, on the one hand, there are profound changes in the laws themselves while on the other hand, they are governed by their relationship to this law. These areas include that of intellectual property rights, which are codified in the Russian Federation's Civil Code, Chapter IV. The wording used in the chapter in question was used as material for discussion regarding the clarity and comprehensibility of legal texts. It was found that, in its legal formulations, this document uses an excessive amount of new and borrowed terms, approximate and ethical concepts, nominalizations and complex syntactic structures, thus m...

Th e article examines the ontological approach to assessing the rapid
advancement of technology in the research of the contemporary Russian philosopher Vladimir V. Mironov (1953–2020). Among the central issues raised in his articles of the last decade is the phenomenon of technocracy as a key imperative of modernity, and its criticism in philosophical thought which remains committed to metaphysics. Mironov sees in modern digital culture a reflection of the cultural and anthropological crisis of the 20th century. The article hypothesizes that this criticism of technocracy and scientism contains elements of the discourse of cultural critique, which is a characteristic, in particular, of German philosophers of the late twentieth century, representing the so-called “Ritter school”.

In legal dilemmas and tragic cases the identification and application of the correct and relevant norms able to solve the controversy is extremely difficult. In this essay I argue that the argumentative patterns chosen in the adjudication process play a major role in grounding the legal decision, even if this may move us far from the usual depiction of judicial discretion as a choice between equally legitimate alternatives. Grounding on the philosophical significance of the relationships between law, tragic and the phenomenon of undecidability as well as on cases from different jurisdictions, I claim that it is possible to argue for a "right to justification" in legal dilemmas.

Елімізде құқықтық паремиология, яғни құқықтық мақал-мәтелдерді зерттейтін ғылым саласы айтарлықтай дамымағаны белгілі. Осыған байланысты бұл кітапта тұңғыш рет қазақтың кәдуілгі құқығына қатысты мақал-мәтелдер жүйелі түрде топтастырылып ұсынылады.
Кітап заңгер мен құқықтанушыларға, тарихшы мен саясаттанушыларға, қазақтың көне  құқықтық мәдениетіне қызығатын жалпы оқырман қауымға арналған.

O que é a justiça? Essa pergunta não admite uma resposta unívoca e unilateral. A História da Filosofia é uma prova viva de que a mencionada indagação recebe um tratamento diversificado e múltiplo, admitindo até mesmo conceitos que se opõem, mas sem jamais tangenciar um consenso absoluto, ou melhor, uma definição compartilhada democraticamente por todos. O tema da justiça é, na sua natureza, multifacetado e constituído por dissensos, pelo menos do seu ponto de vista filosófico. Na obra ‘O que é justiça?’, Hans Kelsen observa que a justiça “é uma dessas questões para as quais vale o resignado saber de que o homem nunca encontrará uma resposta definitiva: deverá apenas tentar perguntar melhor”.O propósito desta modesta coletânea consiste em oferecer ao universo acadêmico, embora não só, textos especializados que repropõem um palco de debate, no qual se tem a oportunidade de perguntar-se melhor e mais adequadamente sobre os problemas que assolam e desafiam filósofos, jusfilósofos, acadêmicos e pessoas comuns que se interessam pela temática da justiça.  Além disso, a coletânea também quer ser uma História da Justiça à medida que reúne e concatena as principais ideias de justiça desenvolvidas pelos mais reconhecidos filósofos ou correntes filosóficas na Filosofia Antiga.

La reelaboración de la responsabilidad civil: nuevos códigos civiles y diálogo euro-latinoamericano * sabrina lanni ** resumen: El presente trabajo pretende hacer una breve descripción del panorama actual de la responsabilidad civil con especial referencia a los procesos de recodificación y a los proyectos de armonización supranacional del derecho privado, tanto a nivel europeo como latinoamericano.

The prosecution of combatants who have contravened the law of war in obedience to a superior order raises perplexing and profound issues concerning the code of armed conflict. Soldiers are tutored and trained to comply with commands in order to insure organizational integrity and efficiency. Their personal safety, security and self-interest are subordinated to the overarching goal of safeguarding the sovereign sanctity of the State. On the other hand, the conduct of armed conflict is constrained by an internationally mandated code of conflict, which is intended to preserve humanitarian and humane values. These legal rules reflect the noble aspirations of chivalry and care and concern for the weak and