Livestock Production Economics

The Spartan Milk Model (SMM) introduces a biologically precise and ethically
scalable framework for dairy and dual-purpose cattle systems. By redefining
productivity as a function of cumulative lifetime coherence—rather than daily yield
maximization—SMM emphasizes maternal bonding, rotational lactation structuring,
and calibrated divergence into milk or meat pathways as primary design variables.
These components are not viewed independently but as nodes within a systemic
temporal architecture aimed at optimizing animal welfare, genetic resilience, and
emission-to-output ratios across the herd lifespan.
This study proposes an integrated realignment of herd management principles along
evolutionary and endocrine pathways, drawing on recent advances in calf behavior,
colostrum importance, immunology, and epigenetic transfer. Structured maternal
retention during the first days post-calving is shown to support neonatal immune
maturation and microbial imprinting, reduce hormonal shock events, and yield stable
behavioral responses later in life. Lactation synchronization by age-cohort, extended
calving intervals, and reintegration cycles form the backbone of the Spartan herd
rotation model. These protocols are paired with ethical divergence algorithms to direct
non-lactating animals into calm-handled meat pathways, preserving carcass quality and
minimizing systemic stress leading to an overall better harmonic population.
Technologically, the model enables phased integration of low-intervention robotics and
AI-driven behavioral monitoring systems, reducing dependence on veterinary
intervention and external feed inputs. Spatial and metabolic modeling confirms
improved emission-per-yield profiles under Spartan-calibrated rotations. In
translational terms, SMM supports decentralized autonomy, resilience against global
supply volatility, and compliance with emerging animal welfare regulations. We also
underline, this is not a regression compared to classical yield-intensive livestock
elevation methods, rather a new model of slow-growth which results through time in a
similar yield but an incomparably and incredibly better final product; whether in the
milk industry (i.e. cheese quality) whether in the pharmaceutical industry increasingly
using milk-derivatives from the bovine industry. – Projecting also, that the nutrients
and antibiotics necessary to space exploration will also be produced from this
biological fuel, considered a static variable similar to other industry types, bypassing
the bio-coherence element which is of a crucial importance for planetary equilibrium.
In addition, we don’t yet know what a biological evolution sustained and enhanced by
high-end scientific and industrial methods would result in for the natural selection and
evolution of the cattle genetic heritage. We expect in a 10-15 year timeframe a bio-
resilience and quality of enzyme production yet unseen and likely unimaginable.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the instrumental color and sensory analysis of four brands of eggs: organic (A and B) and conventional (C and D). The analysis of skin color and yolk was performed using a Minolta® colorimeter and sensory analysis was used to rank the preference of thirty tasters. The instrumental color data were subjected to analysis of variance, and significant differences were subjected to Tukey test to detect between the means (p≤0.05). The data were subjected to the sort Friedman test and multiple comparisons between scores. For instrumental color of the egg yolk for both luminosity and chroma sample C differed from the other samples. In the sensory test, significant difference appeared only for yolk color, which sample C appeared darker than others. For aroma and flavor, was no significant difference between samples. The differences presented by samples for instrumental color and color perceived by sensory analysis didn't affect the sensory preference and buying intentions between conventional and organic eggs studied.

The performance evaluation techniques have been important tools of competitive strategy to enhance organizational productivity and profitability. This study aims to find the factors that promote the deployment of performance evaluation techniques in livestock industry
SMEs in Indonesia. In this study we examine the relation between three institutional factors (Imitation, Coercion and Normality), four contigency factors (Strength of competitive market, Participation of business owners, Advanced technology and The qualifications of accountants) and the
deployment of performance evaluation techniques in livestock industry SMEs in Indonesia. The study applies a quantitative research methodology and uses a questionnaire method to collect the data. The study sample
consists of 129 respondents. This study analyzes the data using the (SPSS) program. The results reveal a statistically significant relationship between the Strength of competitive market, Participation of business owners and Imitation and the deployment of performance evaluation techniques in livestock industry SMEs in Indonesia. Business owners,
Competitive market forces, and Imitation are one of the most important factors that have a positive relationship with the application of performance evaluation techniques in livestock SMEs in Indonesia. The government needs to issue policies that support and encourage business owners to actively apply performance evaluation techniques in their business activities.

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Background: Forage quality plays a critical role in the productivity and health of dairy buffalos, directly influencing milk yield, nutrient utilization and overall animal performance. As livestock diets evolve, there is growing interest in optimizing feed composition to improve digestibility and fermentation efficiency. Fodder varieties like OL 10, dual-purpose rabi cereal, multi-cut nature, rapid regeneration capacity, quick growing habit, high palatable, succulent and nutritious fodder characteristics it as more suitable for animal sustainability. Methods: The study assessed the effect of substituting concentrate mixture with fodder oats on milk yield and composition in Murrah buffalo during the rabi season of 2023-2024, using a 50-days feeding trial with six buffalo divided into Group 1: Control group (CG) and Group 2: Treatment group (TG) Result: The study evaluated the nutritional impact of OL 10 forage on dairy buffalo performance compared to a concentrate mixture. OL 10 showed a crude protein digestibility of 76.49% and dry matter digestibility of 61.30%. Its nutrient profile included 46.88% ADF, 65.28% NDF and 12.67% non-fibre carbohydrates. Milk yield in buffalo fed OL 10 increased by 12.0% (5.34 kg/day) compared to those on the concentre mixture (4.77 kg/day), with a 5.2% rise in milk fat content (7.12% vs 6.77%). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved, with dry matter efficiency increasing by 52.1% and crude protein conversion improving by 47.6%. Rumen fermentation was enhanced, showing a 6.2% rise in total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, particularly acetate (11.12 mmol/L). Additionally, buffalo on the OL 10 diet gained 12.4 kg in body weight, 22.4% higher than the control group. Overall, OL 10 is an efficient forage that improves productivity, nutrient utilization and animal health.

Trichinella spiralis, Sarcocystis suihominis, and Cysticercus cellulosae are porkborne parasites of significant zoonotic importance due to their potential to cause severe clinical consequences in infected humans. Conversely, Sarcocystis miescheriana, Cysticercus tenuicollis, and Hydatid cysts primarily impact pork quality and the economy. These parasites negatively affect pork production by altering the meat's characteristics, such as increasing its pH (in the case of Sarcocystis), and by causing adverse effects on pig health, including emaciation. Additionally, their presence poses public health risks, further emphasizing the importance of effective control and inspection measures in pork production. this study included A total of 2,872 pig carcasses were examined in Al-Amria automated abattoir located in Alexandria province, Egypt. The examination focused on detecting parasitic infections, following standard parasitological inspection protocols. Macroscopic parasitological inspection was performed to detect Cysticercus cellulosae, Hydatid cyst and Cysticercus tenucollis. And the Trichinoscope serves as a rapid and easy to use field inspection tool for detecting Trichinella spiralis cysts, the microscopic form of both C.cellulosae and cysts of Sarcocystis spp, It was found that T.spiralis was most prevalent parasite in carcass pigs (1.60%) followed by Sarcocystis spp (1.15%), Hydatid cyst and C.tenucollis were (0.45%) and (0.31%) respectively in contrast C.cellulosae was (0.03%).T.spiralis and C.tenucollis showed the highest prevalence during winter while Hydatid cysts and Sarcocystis spp were more common in Autumn, while C.cellulosae was observed in Spring. Viable T.spiralis cyst was more common than calcified cyst. There is distinct morphological and structural characteristics between Hydatid cyst and C.tenucollis. Hydatid cyst was most common in lungs but C.tenucollis was most observed in liver. pH in pork infected with Sarcocystis was higher than that infected with Trichinella.

Taking an animal's live weight helps determine treatment dosage and slaughter weight, but the accepted mechanical scales for measuring live weight are impractical in rural areas. Thus, this study evaluated the Camel meat consumer preferences in Dire Dawa City and estimated the Camel's body weight using morphometric linear body measurements. A total of 72 Camels were randomly selected at Dire Dawa Municipal slaughterhouse and evaluated for liner body measurement and body weight. According to the study, most participants (93.3%) like Camel meat and ranked it first by its: taste, aroma, fat and other nutritional value, affordability, short cooking time, and general acceptability. Most Christians or Orthodox people who live in Dire Dawa City do not eat Camel meat. The majority of camels slaughtered at Dire Dawa Municipal slaughterhouse were adults (86%), in poor physical condition (58.33%), and males (75%). The liner body measurements measured for Camel ranged from 1.83 to 2.14, 2.03-2.20, and 1.85 to 1.95 meters for the chest girth, hump girth, and height at wither, respectively, and with an overall live body weight of 430.06-587.28 kg. Almost all liner body measurements and body weight were significantly higher for camels in male sex, goody body condition, and young ages. The assessment of Camels' body condition had a significant influence (P < 0.0001) on their estimated body weight and all liner body measurements. This study confirmed that Graber's (1966), Field's (1979), and Bucci et al. (1984) formulas are the best option when a scale is not available to weigh a Camel.

Para clasificar de forma dinamica los sectores cooperativos lecheros de la provincia Ciego de Avila, Cuba, se obtuvieron los registros productivos de cada sector cooperativo en los municipios, desde 2002 a 2009. Se combinaron metodos de componentes principales (CP) y conglomerados para clasificar los sectores cooperativos. En el primer CP se incluyo la cantidad de animales, produccion total de leche, nacimientos y muertes, que explicaron entre 51.3 y 65.7 % de la varianza total. Se obtuvieron cuatro grupos de sectores cooperativos para los anos clasificados. En 2009, el grupo I solo incluyo los sectores cooperativos donde los productores trabajan en colectivo: no duenos de tierra (C1) y duenos de la tierra con solo 107207 L anuales (C2). Los grupos II, III y IV comprendieron 60, 83.3 y 100 % de los sectores cooperativos, respectivamente. En ellos, los productores eran duenos de tierra, trabajaron individualmente (C3) y presentaron mayor produccion de leche. Se destaco el grupo IV, c...

This review paper explains the latest advances in veterinary medicine from the perspective of sustainable animal health management and disease prevention. The objective of this study is to evaluate the integration of sustainability into veterinary practice with an emphasis on the role played by emerging technologies, preventive measures, and eco-friendly methods in improving animal health outcomes. Some of the key advances discussed include the use of the One Health principle, which integrates human, animal, and environmental health; the adoption of antibiotic stewardship to combat antimicrobial resistance; and the use of alternative and natural interventions in the management of animal health. The article also discusses the role of new diagnostic methods and genomic technologies in identifying and preventing disease at an early level. The article also highlights environmental sustainability in veterinary businesses, climate change mitigation, and promotion of sustainable farming and waste management. Furthermore, ethical and social considerations such as animal welfare and public education are presented with regard to sustainable veterinary medicine. The findings show that while there has been tremendous progress in veterinary medicine with sustainable strategies, some matters such as economic considerations and the spread of emerging diseases remain problems. Continued study, collaboration, and policy development are needed to enhance the sustainability of veterinary medicine practice, with the vision of advancing long-term improvements in animal and public health.

Two dairy goat systems conducted according to the household model were evaluated in terms of income generation. An enterprise budget analysis was performed using data collected from August, 2004, to July, 2005. Farms named A and B were smallholdings and raised Saanem goats intensively. Herd indexes, incomes, taxes, fuel, energy, concentrates, opportunity costs and interest in capital were computed. Net present value and internal rate of return were estimated to appreciate the business appeal in terms of income generation. Herd indexes were mostly affected by management decisions interfering on the amounts and time-trends related to milk production. Seasonal variation was reduced at unit B due to heat induction, a decision not shared by farmer A. The daily body weight gain of doelings after weaning (89 and 76 g/d for A and B) was low if compared to current recommendations. Average records of lactation (441 and 606 L/doe) and fertility (86.95% and 85.71%) were amongst the literature r...

Miradas críticas al desarrollo, aproximaciones metodoló- gicas a las violencias y desigualdades contemporáneas es el libro conmemorativo de los primeros 15 años de la Maestría en Gestión y Desarrollo Social. Así, en corres- pondencia con la vocación profesionalizante de la Maes- tría, el libro condensa una obra que si bien está articulada en torno al eje del desarrollo social, su principal caracterís- tica es que presenta trabajos que están vinculados de manera directa con las poblaciones que reciben el impacto -sea positivo, negativo o ambos- de diversas intervencio- nes de desarrollo social. Una primera parte presenta traba- jos de corte metodológico que fueron elaborados con base en la reflexión de la práctica y del diseño metodológico en el campo del desarrollo social; el objetivo de estos trabajos es el de constituirse en un recurso de apoyo metodológico para el estudiantado. Una segunda parte está consagrada al tema de las diversas caras con las que se presentan las violencias en su relación co-constitutiva con las desigual- dades sociales contemporáneas. En esta segunda parte se abordan temas como la naturalización de la violencia, la participación ciudadana en el Programa Nacional para la prevención de la violencia en una zona del área metropoli- tana de Guadalajara, la violencia de género en contra de mujeres deportistas de alto rendimiento, de mujeres adultas mayores y de mujeres centroamericanas trans en tránsito migratorio por México, el estigma y las implica- ciones que conlleva para la población centroamericana que decide asentarse en el área metropolitana de Guadala- jara y también se evalúa la importancia que los avances tecnológicos y el big data pueden ofrecer ante la desapari- ción de personas y la actuación y responsabilidad del Estado Mexicano. Un tercer bloque de la obra está dedica- do al tema de la compleja, pero también esperanzadora relación entre Educación y Desarrollo Social.

The work done in this investigation is modeling to optimization product mix in industrial settings of resources allocation and utilization in poultry feed production. Most poultry feeds producers in Nigeria do not lend themselves to flexible production process which is important for them to manage the use of resources for effective optimal production. This research focuses on linear optimization for achieving product-mix optimization in terms of the product identification and the right quantity in feed brand production for better profit and optimum firm performance. The computational experiments in this research contains data and information on the units item costs, unit contribution margin, maximum resources capacity, individual products absorption rate and other constraints that are particular to each of the six products produced in the company employed as case study. In data analysis, linear programming model was employed with the aid of software to analyze the data. After solving the problem using MATLAB-LINPROG Optimization software, it was found out that the average monthly profit using the current production plan was less than that of the optimal production plan although the difference was not significant. Therefore, the researcher recommended using the optimal production plan in order to maximize the company's total profit in terms of peso value. The contributions of the study to the host company were: increase in profits; efficient and effective use of resources; and productivity improvement

Climate change severely impacts livestock production globally, affecting productivity, reproduction, health, and welfare across various species and systems. This article examines the detrimental effects of heat stress, drought, altered pasture availability, and increased disease prevalence on livestock, highlighting the vulnerabilities of different production systems. It explores adaptation strategies (environmental modifications, genetic improvements, optimized nutrition, improved pasture management) and emphasizes the crucial role of policy and institutional support for their implementation. The article concludes by outlining key research priorities for building climateresilient and sustainable livestock systems.

Organic farming in Gentungan Village started in 2009. Organic farming activities in Gentungan Village initiated by Tani Mulyo I began targeting Tani Mulyo V. The organic rice produced by Tani Mulyo I and Tani Mulyo V has received organic certification and has received a halal label. However, in developing the marketing of Tani Mulyo I and IV products, there are several obstacles, including the low competitiveness of the products, especially the packaging that has not yet been sold, and the limited marketing reach. Some things are known from the packaging side, the problem faced is the limitations of packaging equipment. Digital-based information and marketing systems are urgently needed to reach a wider market, not only regional markets but are expected to be able to reach markets outside the region or nationally. Overcoming these problems the Program for Strengthening the Capacity of Student Organizations (PPK Ormawa team) Students Association of Pelita UNS carried out several acti...

It is important to study livestock seller's and buyer's expectations about market committees because it sheds light on their requirements, worries, and opinions about how the market is run. By being aware of these expectations, market committees can better accommodate seller's and buyer's requirements and improve the efficiency and fairness of the market by customizing their services and rules. A more open and sustainable cattle trading environment is also promoted when seller expectations are met, since this builds mutual confidence and collaboration between sellers and market committees. The research conducted with an objective to study the expectations of livestock buyers and Sellers who participate in trading at Agriculture Produce Market Committees of Satara District. The data is collected from 341 livestock buyers and 384 livestock sellers about the facilities provided by the market committees. The structured questionnaire is prepared to collect the data. The collected data is analyzed by z-test. The results show that market committees are capable to fulfill the expectations of the livestock buyers as well as sellers.

Smallholders can capture opportunities presented by increasing demands for livestock products due to growing populations, incomes and urbanisation. This is only feasible if smallholders remain competitive. The dominance of smallholders among livestock producers, supplying at least half of total supply of livestock products in our target regions, is strong. This is particularly true in ruminant production (beef, small ruminants and milk) and remains the case in developing country pig and poultry (see Figure 1).

The study assessed the factors affecting farmer's adoption of cowpea spraying technologies in kebbi south using cross-sectional data obtained by interviewing respondents with the aid of structured questionnaires. A probit model was employed to analyze the determinants of farmer's adoption of cowpea spraying technologies in the study area. The study revealed that participation in the spraying of cowpea by farmers was higher for the following: male farmers, producers with more years of farming experience, farmers with more extension contacts, and respondents with smaller families. Furthermore, the study revealed that female farmers were less in the spraying technology. Decreased in the participation of female was due lack of technical know-how on operational procedures of the spraying machines, Inadequate land, finance, education and cultural beliefs. Those that were found to have participated much were experienced female farmers. The study recommends the expansion of the extension programmes more to female farmers so as to encourage them to participate in the spraying technology such that it addresses the problems inhibiting the effectiveness of farmer's participation in the spraying technology.

This study examined the impact of agricultural extension services on spinach (Amaranthus caudatus) Farmers in Zuru Emirate, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure involving purposive technique was used to select 110 respondents from 10 communities involved in spinach production in the Emirate Council. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics. About 47.0% of the respondents' were between the ages of 36-40 years 73.0% were females, 78.0% married and 67.0% were part-time farmers with 5 years mean of farming experience. The majority (77%) of the respondents' had 1ha of land, 58.0% inherited lands. The mean household size was 7 persons with monthly expenditure of N33, 350.00, 61.0% were aware that spinach enhance digestion and emptying of bowel, while 52.0% agreed that spinach reduces symptoms of menopause in women. Their major extension impact felt by spinach farmers were: source of farm inputs in spinach production (x=3.63); credits facilities in spinach production (x=3.62). The level of effectiveness of extension services provided to farmers were very low. They include: proper management of pests/diseases; health benefits and use of spinach (x=0.41) each. The perceived sufficiency of extension services provided was inadequate due to inadequate extension staff with supply of farm inputs being the highest (x=1.21). The major constraints were shortage in supply of spinach to match demand, increasing price of spinach, and low consumer acceptability of spinach products. The study recommended that adequate extension agents should be provided by Government and the available once should step up increased level of extension services to meet the farmers' extension needs in spinach production in the emirate.

This study examined the specific roles of men and women in agricultural entrepreneurship development in kebbi south senatorial district, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to: describe the socioeconomic characteristic of men and women in agricultural entrepreneurship development, assess the role of men and women in agro-inputs business; and identify the constraints to entrepreneurship development in the area. Data for the research was obtained from forty eight (48) owners of entrepreneurship centres to include (24 wholesalers and retailers each) were purposively selected. The result revealed that the majority (62.5%) of men and women entrepreneurs had senior secondary school education. Also, majority (81.3%) of agro-business were owed by men. Self-generated income was found to be the major source of fund for starting businesses for both men and women. On staff employed, majority were (65%) men as against 35% women employees. The types of operations carried out by the male employees indicates loading/off-loading driving, trainings of field workers and security guards while sales and records keeping are mostly done by women (53%). Major challenges to agricultural entrepreneurship development were high taxation (45.1%) and difficulties in sourcing foreign exchange (21.9%). Agricultural policies aimed at encouraging more women participation in agricultural entrepreneurship development and low taxation were recommended by the research as ways of addressing the challenges affecting men and women in the execution of their specific roles in agriculture.

Dairy farming is an important agricultural sector and highly enriched with agro-ecological, political and social dimensions. Much of this milk is produced by smallholder dairy farmers who account for 80% of the national milk production in Kenya. However, smallholder farmers fetch considerably low incomes. This study assessed the contribution of on-farm dairy diversification projects in enhancing the livelihoods of the small scale farmers in Bureti sub-county. A descriptive research design was adopted with a target population of 280 respondents. Random sampling was used to select 74 respondents. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data on a drop and pick later basis. The collected data was edited, coded and analyzed using descriptive and inferential analyses using SPSS 23. The study established that insufficient dairy funding affects on-farm dairy diversification projects, lack of reliable livestock extension services and training on dairy production hinders d...

According to hedonic price theory (ROSEN 1974), real estate is valued for its utility-bearing characteristics. Because a property is fixed in space, a household implicitly chooses many different goods and services by selecting a specific object. From the methodological point of view, ...

Introduction: Horses, along with a number of other domesticated species, are still used for work power animals in many developing countries. A study was conducted in Debrezeit, Adama, Debre brihan and Hawassa towns in Ethiopia in 2012/13 with the objective of determining the chemical composition of the common horse feed resources. Methods: Feed samples were collected from three major groups namely; carthorse owners, horse feed traders and feed processors as replication for determination of chemical composition. The samples were collected systematically. Feed analysis was done at the National Veterinary Institute (NVI) Bishoftu, Ethiopia, based on the proximate feed analysis method.

Kuesioner A. Kerjasama Gadhoh yang Dijalankan 1. Bagaimana sistem gadhoh itu? 2. Sudah berapa tahun melakukan kerjasama gadhoh ternak? 3. Bagaimana awal mula memutuskan melakukan gadhoh ternak? 4. Berapa ternak yang dipelihara saat ini? 5. Apakah profesi beternak dengan sistem gadhoh ini merupakan profesi utama atau hanya untuk penghasilan tambahan? B. Pemeliharaan Ternak

The objective of this work was to estimate an index of the relative biomass per species, in a medium to large-sized mammal community, as well as to determine how the introduced wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) fits into this index, and to verify if the occupancy of sites by domestic dogs interferes with those of wild boars and how much the periods of dogs’ activity overlap those of wild boars. The biomass/effort index was measured for each native mammal species and for the introduced wild boar, in two surveyed farms in Brazil’s Western Atlantic Forest range, through the use of camera trappings that were also used to verify if dogs and wild boar overlap in space and activity time. Wild boars seem to dominate the community, just a few years after their presence was first recorded in the region. Surprisingly, several native endangered mammal species persist in the highly modified landscape of the studied areas, but their population trends are still unknown. Wild boars and dogs generally occupy...

The ability of Nigerian agriculture to perform its role in the development of the economy has been on the decline in the last three decades. Therefore, the 2030 Agenda's historic commitment to rid the world of the twin scourges of poverty and hunger cannot become a reality if nothing is done about improving resource productivity so as to reduce poverty. This article examined the effect of resource productivity of maize-based farmers on poverty reduction in SouthWest , Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 180 respondents and data were collected with the aid of a structured questionnaire. The stochastic frontier production function, poverty index and probit regression model were used to analyze data from the study. Results showed that age, farming experience, cooperative membership, credit, extension visits, farm distance, and land ownership were significant determinants of efficiency of maize-based farmers. The poverty incidence, poverty gap and poverty severity were 42%, 50% and 11.2% respectively. Results further showed that efficiency and other variables were significant determinants of poverty among respondents in the study area. Policies that facilitate increased production of maize, increased level of education, increased cooperative membership, and access to credit are essential to help reducing poverty among maize-based farmers and among the rural poor in general.

The onset of a turning point in the history of his life began when he travelled to his hometown for Christmas celebration. One Mrs. A.O. Okunaiya made a statement that rekindled the burning zeal for education on his inside, "Your mates are in school while you are a tailor apprentice!" This prompted him to implore elders in his family to send him to school, even if they had to sell his own share of his father's inheritance. Unfortunately, he was told that the debt left behind by his father would not allow them to pay his tuition fees even if they had to search for a school that would collect as low as fifteen naira! When he returned to Lagos and explained his plight to his uncle, under who he was a tailoring apprentice, the uncle in his magnanimity decided to enroll him at a private lesson in Bariga, Lagos. He faced several hurdles before he was able to complete "ROADMAP TO CANAAN: PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY AND INTEGRATION IN AGRIBUSINESS" iv v "ROADMAP TO CANAAN: PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY AND INTEGRATION IN AGRIBUSINESS" v his secondary school education in 1983 in flying colours. When he thought he had reached the apex of academic success with his secondary school certificate, he received the shock of his life at an interview he attended at the Federal Ministry of Industry, Lagos where every member of the panel said, "young man, please go to school". He tried to explain to them how poverty had compelled him to seek employment, but all fell on the deaf ears of the panelists. Though it was a bitter pill for him to swallow then, now he can say they did him a lot of good by turning down his plea.

The current study examined the effects of oxytetracyclinelong acting (OXY LA) on blood biochemical variables and electrolytes in goats. Goats were administered OXY LA at high dose rate of 30mg/kg BW intramuscularly for 07 days with an interval of 48 h. Blood samples were collected before (0) and at various time points for 148 h post treatment. The results showed that the serum concentrations of glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase increased (P<0.01) from 6-72 h and (P<0.05) at 96 and 120 h post drug administration compared to control (0 h) and then the concentrations returned to base-line at 148 h. The serum triglycerides, total protein, creatinine and urea increased (P<0.01) from 6-72 h and (P<0.05) at 96 h and then returned to pretreatment value at 120 h following drug administration. Serum calcium level decreased (P<0.05) from 6-148 h whereas serum phosphorus and magnesium levels increased (P<0.05) from 12 to 120 h following OXY LA treatment. The results indicate that the administration of high dosed OXY LA significantly alters serum biochemical and electrolyte level (by chelation) in goat. However, these effects were concentration dependent and the values returned to baseline once the drug cleared from the body.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of therapeutic and high doses of florfenicol on kidney and liver functional indicators in goat species. Six mature, healthy goats (combine breed and sex) with average weight 25 kg were selected for this study. The therapeutic (20 mg/kg b.w.) and high doses (40 and 60 mg) of florfenicol were administered for 3 days with 24 h interval. Blood samples were collected at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h following the each administered dose. The results showed that the therapeutic dose of florfenicol produced nonsignificant effect on serum urea, creatinine, total protein (TP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and bilirubin on all timings, and increased (p<0.05) the serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) levels for 48 h. Whereas the high doses of florfenicol (40 and 60 mg) significantly altered the kidney and liver functional indicators in the blood. In contrast with control, the serum urea level was (p<0.01) increased at all timing points. Creatinine values were altered (p<0.01, <0.05) in increasing manner from 24 to 96 h. The high dose of 40 mg decreased the TP (p<0.05) for 72 h and 60 mg persisted same effect (p<0.01) up to 120 h. The indices of ALP, GGT, SGOT, and SGPT were raised (p<0.01, <0.05) at all timings. The bilirubin indexes also (p<0.05) elevated from 48 to 72. It was concluded that the high doses of florfenicol produced reversible dose-dependent effects on functional indicators of kidney and liver such as urea, creatinine, TP, ALP, SGOT, SGPT, GGT, and bilirubin.

El Programa Integrando Conocimientos (PIC) que el Plan Agropecuario ha organizado desde hace algunos años promueve una discusión permanente acerca de cuál es el “buen conocimiento” ganadero, dónde se origina, cómo evoluciona, cómo se gana y se pierde, con la esperanza de mejorar la gestión de las explotaciones ganaderas. Los que peinamos canas hemos asistido a numerosas discusiones acerca de cómo es deseable que funcionen y actúen las instituciones de “extensión” que se relacionan con el sector ganadero.

The economy of Somaliland depends on livestock, which employs about 70% of the population and contributes approximately 60% of GDP and 85% of export earnings. The principal export markets are the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. Exports to these markets have shown a steady growth in the last four years. Despite recent growth in export volumes, livestock trade takes place in an environment characterized by an underdeveloped legal framework, contract uncertainty and high information costs among other factors. Trade is guided by informal traditional institutions, customs and religious practices that serve as alternatives to formal contracting. The Livestock Marketing Information System (LMIS) was initiated in 2007 to address the constraint of high market information cost. The purpose of the LMIS is to provide timely current information to livestock producers, traders, government officials and other development partners. It collects and dissemina...

Smallholders can capture opportunities presented by increasing demands for livestock products due to growing populations, incomes and urbanisation. This is only feasible if smallholders remain competitive. The dominance of smallholders among livestock producers, supplying at least half of total supply of livestock products in our target regions, is strong. This is particularly true in ruminant production (beef, small ruminants and milk) and remains the case in developing country pig and poultry (see Figure 1).

Animal husbandry plays a crucial role in the Indian economy but the production potential of indigenous animals is less as compared to their population. For improvement in the productivity of dairy animals, it is very crucial to deliver the relevant and timely information to the livestock owners. So, it is of immense importance to utilize the potential of mobile and its application in the dissemination of credible information to farmers to maximise production with minimum cost. With this background, the present study was planned to study the adoption pattern of livestock-oriented mobile applications among livestock owners of Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh. Information was collected from 15 randomly selected respondents from each village, thus comprising a total of 150 respondents for the study. Data was collected through a predesigned structured interview schedule and the results were analyzed using suitable statistical tools. The study revealed that YouTube was the most preferred mobile application adopted by dairy farmers for information seeking on livestock rearing followed by searching in the Google. The majority of the respondents adopted feeding, management and disease control practices etc. 55.34 per cent of the dairy farmers had adopted market-oriented mobile applications followed by breeding applications (46.00%). Breeding and marketing applications oriented on livestock are adopted higher in number whereas feeding; management, disease control and health care practices were more adopted from YouTube.