Local Economic Development

Vengono qui presentati i primi risultati di una ricerca ancora in corso che, prendendo in esame il lago Trasimeno quale caso di studio, esamina la gestione del bacino umbro durante il ventennio fascista. In tale periodo storico, la vita sociale, politica ed economica del territorio del Trasimeno andò incontro a diverse trasformazioni, che interessarono da vicino il particolare rapporto che le popolazioni lacuali avevano con le acque del "lago di Perugia". Il fascismo, sia a livello locale sia nazionale, si rese protagonista, nel bene e nel male, di cambiamenti; fu artefice di opere che modificarono l'ambiente, ma fu anche sostenitore della "difesa" del paesaggio naturale, perché custode della identità nazionale e della tradizione artistico-letteraria del Paese. In una politica tutt'altro che scevra di contraddizioni, incoerenze e contrasti, si desidera: a) fornire un'analisi degli interessi economici, politici e culturali che caratterizzano la gestione delle risorse naturali della zona del Trasimeno; b) esaminare l'interazione tra interesse pubblico e privato; c) analizzare l'influenza della scienza sulla percezione della natura; ed infine d) indagare la connotazione simbolico-ideologica del lago Trasimeno. Considerata la vastità dell'argomento, non è qui possibile affrontare, e tanto meno esaurire, temi così vasti, si tratta, perciò, di fornire alcune indicazioni, di definire certe questioni e di sollevare alcune problematiche facendo riferimento a vicende specifiche riguardati la gestione delle acque del Trasimeno negli anni Venti del Novecento. Due sono i nuclei tematici presi in considerazione: a) i progetti di bonifica del 1922 (ing. Viappiani) e del 1924-28 (ingg. Luiggi e Ugolini) e b) la valorizzazione paesaggista e turistica del lago. Queste esperienze sono state scelte per mostrare quali interessi gravitino attorno al bacino del Trasimeno e evidenziare l'esistenza o meno di un corretto rapporto tra sfruttamento e tutela delle acque del lago (ovvero se si palesa una precisa volontà di difendere il lago e il suo equilibrio idrologico). Inoltre, il tema della valorizzazione paesaggistica vuole rivelare la politica fascista dell'immagine del Trasimeno. La

The adoption of green procurement has implications on the labor market as a result of the changes that occur in the economic structure. The purpose of the article is to contribute to a better understanding of the concept and policies regarding green procurement as well as the implications on the Romanian labor market of the transition to the green economy through green procurement. In this regard, an analysis was made of the current situation and another forecast, on secondary data, of the main trends of the Romanian labor market, compared with those of the EU28, a regression between the number of green jobs and the environmental protection expenditure as well as a cluster analysis in EU 28 countries to capture SMEs' perceptions of resource efficiency and green markets. The analysed data comes from official statistics of EUROSTAT, to which are added the data from CEDEFOP and those collected within Eurobarometer 381. From the analysis of the data it turned out that there are certain structural imbalances in the labor market in Romania, which could be accentuated by implementing green procurement; a positive relationship at EU level between environmental protection expenditure and green jobs and insignificant differences between countries on green markets and resource efficiency.

Barcelona's markets have been important urban structures and fundamental public spaces since their origins. With the advent of democracy in the 1980s and the launch of new plans for the city, these places became the object of a radical economic, social and architectural rethinking, which gave rise to speci c recovery and re-functionalisation strategies known as the 'Barcelona of markets' model. Since then, the network of Barcelona's markets has become increasingly extensive, dense and structured. e essay retraces the salient stages of this process and concludes with a special focus on the market in the Guinardó neighbourhood where innovative solutions have been realised but rooted in the history of the barri.

This study investigates the impact of big data on transforming waste management practices in rural America. It emphasizes how data analytics can enhance economic efficiency, promote environmental sustainability, and guide the creation of informed, data-driven policies. Rural communities often face distinct challenges, such as limited infrastructure and scarce resources, which hinder effective waste management. By analyzing how big data tools are applied in these contexts, the study explores innovative solutions tailored to rural needs. The goal is to offer practical insights that help policymakers, local governments, and stakeholders implement smarter, more sustainable waste management strategies using data-informed decision-making.

Recognizing the significance of medicinal plants for rural livelihoods and primary healthcare, this paper attempted to analyze institutional interplays in medicinal plants management in Bangladesh. It assessed the governing process of natural resources by identifying cross-scale linkages of the institutions involved with managing medicinal plants. The study intended to delineate the interactional patterns and dynamics between existing formal and informal organizations toward exploring prospects of new medicinal plants governance institutions. Employing case study and participatory approaches to empirical field investigation, two intervention cases of the Livelihood and Agro-Forestry (LEAF) and Sustainable Environmental Management Program (SEMP) were assessed in two different social-ecological settings of the country. Involving 45 respondents in each site, Focus Group Discussions were carried out, and a total of 26 Key Informants were interviewed. The findings have revealed that undefined roles and responsibilities, inadequate coordination, and weak linkages among the cross-scale institutions resulted in ineffective management and relatively poor performance. Institutions with direct or indirect involvement in the process of managing medicinal plants interacted haphazardly, without much focus on the subsector and its local producers. Addressing the weaknesses, this study calls for formulating a national sub-sectoral approach focusing on strengthening and sustaining local producers and value addition to Resources 2015, 4 94 producer levels. Finally, this research offers a framework for developing a multi-stakeholder forum to govern medicinal plant resources coherently and effectively in Bangladesh.

Local Coordinator: Ciro Biderman World Bank Coordinators: Paulo Correa Christine Kessides André Herzog Principal Investigator: Danilo Igliori Researches: Lorena Barberia Marcelo Tyszler Research Assistants: Guilherme Finkelfarb Lichand Paulo Palombo Alexandre Schneider Fernanda Teles Lima Trainees: Bruno dos Santos Barbosa Renata Benveniste Additional Staff (Case Studies): Henrique Heidtmann Fabio Storino

تناقش المقالة أهمية الثقافة المالية كأداة أساسية لتحقيق الحرية المالية، وهي الحالة التي يصبح فيها الفرد قادرًا على توليد دخل منتظم دون الاعتماد على العمل اليومي، غالبًا من خلال الاستثمارات. توضح المقالة أن قلة الوعي المالي تؤدي إلى قرارات غير مدروسة، مثل تجاهل قوة النمو التراكمي في الاستثمار.
وتستعرض المقالة الركائز الأساسية للثقافة المالية، وهي:
إعداد الميزانية، والادخار والاستثمار ، .والاقتراض وادارة الديون ، والتمويل الشخصي، ومعرفة العوامل الاقتصادية المؤثرة

Corporate governance practices impact insurance companies' liquidity and capital adequacy. This study explored the impact of corporate governance practices on insurance companies' liquidity and capital adequacy. This study used an ex-post facto research design, using a 20-year (2004-2023) time series, data extracted from the financial records of selected insurance companies in Nigeria. The Granger Causality Test and Panel Least Squares Regression were used to test the study's hypotheses. The Hausman test was used to determine if the Fixed Effect Model or the Random Effect Model was adopted for the panel regression. This study revealed that board Size (BSZ) has a positive significant impact on liquidity and capital adequacy; board Independence (BIN) does not have a positive significant impact on liquidity and capital adequacy; board Compensation (BCOM) has a positive significant impact on liquidity and capital adequacy; and controlling interest ratio has a positive significant impact on the liquidity and capital adequacy of insurance companies in Nigeria. This implies that insurance company's financial success must be considered when determining its directors' compensation. The study recommended that insurance firms have a board of directors with a sufficient number of people with varying levels of experience and competence. This will help the board of insurance companies' decisions on liquidity and capital adequacy management.

Interest in alternative forms of organising has been growing within a number of academic disciplines-inspired largely by the horizontal/prefigurative turn in recent social movement praxis. This prefigurative praxis, however, has been subject to a growing critique from those defending a more vertical form of radical politics; these critics argue that the fragmented world of prefigurative praxis is incapable of developing a coherent counter-hegemonic strategy capable of replacing capitalism. Whilst questioning elements of such critiques, I suggest here that prefigurative social movements have indeed struggled to build on their early successes. Listening to both vertical and horizontal positions, I suggest critical organisation scholars need to consider organisational forms which can address the concerns of each side; as such, I suggest the cooperative movement offers an invaluable tool through which we can develop a counter-hegemonic war of position.

This paper investigated the environmental impacts of sports tourism: A case study of overcrowding, pollution and waste management during 2023 AFCON. The research design adopted for this study is descriptive and survey-based, which enabled the systematic collection of primary data through the administration of a structured questionnaire. The study focused on a sample of 150 respondents, selected from various communities within the Local Government Area. Descriptive analysis was employed to analysis the data. Result from the study revealed that There will be percentage increase in tourist influx during the hosting of AFCON competitions. The percentage increase in tourist influx will lead environmental pollution during the hosting of AFCON competitions. Increased waste generation and poor waste management will be the major sources of environmental pollution during the hosting of AFCON competitions. High-level traffic congestion and air pollution from vehicular emissions will be the major sources of environmental pollution during the hosting of AFCON competitions. Overcrowding of tourist destinations and natural reserve will be the major sources of environmental pollution during the hosting of AFCON competitions.

I cluster industriali sono delle particolari concentrazioni territoriali di attività manifatturiere. In genere, sono fortemente specializzati in alcuni determinati settori industriali e sono considerati la base territoriale della capacità competitiva internazionale delle moderne economie nazionali. La loro delimitazione e caratterizzazione rappresenta un'importante elemento di informazione nello studio della struttura e delle dinamiche economiche di un determinato Paese, nonché una delle conoscenze basilari per la definizione di appropriate politiche territoriali di sviluppo economico alla scala nazionale e regionale. Ad oggi, in Italia, l'unica rappresentazione statistico-territoriale che consente questo tipo di analisi, seppur indirettamente attraverso il calcolo di specifici quozienti di localizzazione, è quella dei Sistemi Locali del Lavoro dell'Istat. Obiettivo del presente contributo è quindi quello di sperimentare l'applicazione in ambito GIS di una procedura speditiva per l'individuazione empirica di concentrazioni industriali statisticamente significative.

Over the last decade, many studies have focused on the demographic and functional decline occurring in several cities throughout the old industrialised countries, both in Europe and in the United States. This process, rapidly dubbed by the international scholarship ‘urban shrinkage’ (Pallagst et al., 2009), does not seem to present the same features in each country. This aspect is not clearly underlined in literature, even though some authors recognised the nuanced nature of the phenomenon (Hollander et al., 2009) . Particularly, literature does not stress sufficiently the need to collect data at an appropriate geographical scale, identifying the territorial units where the indicators must be assessed: 1) the municipal boundaries do not suit in order to evaluate the shrinking processes, because these ones have often a trans-border nature; 2) the different urban systems can respond differently to the ‘global’ solicitations, according to their economic basis, social fabric and plannin...

The objectives of economic development are promoted at the local administration level in the context of modern principles of public administration, as decentralization of public tasks, local autonomy and including the legislation of the right to selfgovernment of local authorities. In this paper we performed an analysis on the role of local public finances in economic development, in Romania, using data reported in the online TEMPO database of the National Institute of Statistics and the Ministry of Public Works, Development and Administration for different periods of time. The main results confirm a strong interrelationship between different indicators from local public budgets and some indicators of development, which allow the formulation of useful policy recommendations for local government policy programs and the substantiation of economic development strategies.

This paper explores the planning, implementation, and impact of the Stormwater Drainage and Pedestrian Infrastructure Development Project in Sebokeng, a township in the Emfuleni Local Municipality. The project addresses long-standing issues related to inadequate drainage systems and unsafe pedestrian walkways, which have contributed to frequent flooding, erosion, and mobility challenges for residents—especially during the rainy season. Through a combination of civil engineering design, community engagement, and sustainable urban development practices, the project aims to enhance public safety, improve access to essential services, and stimulate local economic activity. The study highlights key challenges encountered, such as funding limitations and coordination among stakeholders, and proposes policy recommendations for replicating similar infrastructure initiatives in other underserved communities.

The current economic climate in the United States and the difficulty employers face in hiring and maintaining a skilled workforce in an increasingly competitive and global economy have generated interest in developing and promoting policies and programs that can most effectively help low-skill individuals gain job skills and move up the economic ladder, while also enhancing the viability and competitiveness of businesses. Employer involvement is critical to the success of these policies and programs. This paper explores the reasons why employer partnerships are important for improving economic outcomes for both low-skill workers and businesses. It identifies the factors that have hindered the growth of these partnerships as well as promising approaches-incumbent worker training and sectoral training-to build partnerships. It concludes with a discussion of policy considerations for creating and sustaining partnerships with employers to provide skill development opportunities. 1 In this study, low-wage earners were those consistently earning less than $12,000 a year early in the study period.

Öz Bilindiği gibi kent, insanların yaşadığı, çalıştığı ve çeşitli faaliyetlerde bulunduğu, belirli bir nüfusa ve altyapıya sahip yerleşim yeridir. Kentsel alanlar ise ekonomik, sosyal, kültürel ve politik merkezler olarak hizmet verirler. Bu çalışmanın odağında yer alan marka kentlere, bu nitelendirmenin yapılmasını sağlayan markalaşma bir ürün, hizmet veya yerin benzersiz kimliğini ve değerini oluşturma ve iletme sürecidir. Bu süreçte hedef, belirli bir izlenim veya algı yaratmak ve bu algıyı güçlendirmektir. Markalaşma, isim, logo, slogan, görsel kimlik, hikâye anlatımı ve pazarlama stratejileri gibi unsurları içerir. Stratejik açıdan bakıldığında bir kentin kimliğini ve imajını oluşturan ve tanıtan bu süreç, kentin benzersiz özelliklerini ve değerlerini öne çıkararak hem yerel halkın memnuniyetini artırmayı hem de turistler, yatırımcılar ve yetenekli bireyler için cazip hale gelmesini amaçlar. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmış olup betimleyici nitelikte bir tartışma yöntemi esas alınmıştır. Günümüzde küreselleşme sürecinde marka kent olgusunun önemini daha da artırdığı, bu süreçte stratejik yönetim araç ve uygulamalarından yararlanan kentlerin çok daha başarılı olduğu, başarılı model ve indekslerden yararlanmanın ve de örnek marka kent uygulamalarını izlemenin, küreselleşme sürecinde kentlerin marka değerlerini korumalarına büyük katkı sunacağı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Este estudio busca aportar al conocimiento de la relación entre economía y política a través de la utilización de una base de datos de 6.589 proyectos financiados a través de presupuestos participativos en 47 municipalidades de Chile entre 2001 y 2017. Mediante un análisis de regresión multivariada se cuantifica la importancia del componente económico (desarrollo económico local) en las experiencias de los presupuestos participativos en Chile y se busca estudiar los determinantes de esta incorporación, interpretando lo anterior como un tipo de relación entre economía y política en que el mecanismo de presupuestos participativos representa lo político, y los proyectos de desarrollo económico local, lo económico. Los resultados destacan la centralidad de la existencia de población indígena en la comuna: en la medida en que una comuna que realiza presupuestos participativos tiene una mayor cantidad de habitantes que se autodeclaran indígenas, mayor es el monto del presupuesto participa...

La question centrale dans cette contribution est comment des politiques territoriales peuvent etre incluses plus fermement dans la recherche geographique, sociale et economique. La geographie, et la geographie sociale et economique en particulier, etudie l’organisation territoriale de la societe. Par sa nature, la recherche geographique (fondamentale) est ou devrait etre ancree dans la societe. Cette these est illustree par trois lignes de recherches ou le lien entre la geographie, comme science, et la politique est tres etroit : (1) le developpement urbain, (2) le developpement economique regional et spatial et (3) l’amenagement du territoire. Pour chacune des trois lignes de recherche, on montre que les politiques territoriales peuvent seulement etre fructueuses si leur base est geographiquement enracinee. La geographie doit donc fournir des concepts scientifiquement bases. Car la politique fait des choix ; c’est egalement le devoir de la geographie de remettre en cause ces choix....

Flanders is a densely populated, strongly urbanised region in Northwest Europe, but with still recognisable peri‐urban rural territories. These territories have a distinct economic profile that is far from being marginal, but which has a diminishing role for agriculturally related economic activities. From a regionally‐based economic approach, the authors argue that these rural areas act as flanking areas for the nearby urban areas, with mutual benefits. Therefore a model representing local economic development in these flanking rural territories can only be relevant if it takes into account this urban‐rural partnership, in respect to the territorial identity and cultural features of both these types of areas. The rural‐urban partnership should also be an important basis for a rural renewal policy. This policy will undoubtedly contain traditional rural elements stemming from traditional agricultural activities. However, it must also consider economic activities, in particular those ...

This study has two goals: presenting the characteristic features of a new street furniture intervention and examining them from the view-point of business. The conceptual lens used for this purpose is the resource-based view (R-BV) of the firm, which only gives importance to those resources which are deemed 'valuable', 'rare', 'inimitable' and 'nonsubstitutable'. The outcome of the theoretical assessment reveals the "value" of the new street furniture and the satisfaction with it, which is testified by the coming back of a number of firms, by the activation of private investments and by the fact that the existing businesses stopped leaving the old town centre. Emerges the possibility to exploit street furniture as a valuable firm's resource through the start-up of firms which apply widespread hospitality models as the 'Albergo Diffuso' (literally translated in:"scattered hotel").

It is difficult to imagine a work more famous and admired by its contemporaries, one which had a more significant impact on the eighteenth century political thought than Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws. The book, first published in 1748, became instantly a classic, comparable to the greatest works of the ancients, a required reading not only for political thinkers and statesmen, but also for the educated public in general. The Spirit seemed as if it had realized one of the basic aims of the Enlightenment: it was to be "the science of government" whose level of certitude equaled that of natural sciences. At last the society and its institutions could be studied with the same exactness as stars. The enlightened circles were thrilled and universally applauded Montesquieu's work. They treated him as a political sage and "an oracle" in political theory and practice. The framers of the American Constitution, who first put into practice his idea on the division of powers, had really terrible time with another tenet of his teaching, namely that republican government is suitable only for small, city-like polities. In the opinion of the Framers Montesquieu could not have been mistaken, and yet the nascent American Union was not a city-state. Was Montesquieu's fame justified? Did he really elevate political theory to a new, substantially higher stage? What was his real message? In other words, did he really deserve to be put on the pedestal? And what remains of his teaching, now, about 250 years after his death. *** *** In subsequent books of The Sprit (between II through X), Montesquieu compares various forms of government. Yet, he does not engage himself merely in comparative politics. He attempts to do far more: he searches for the nature and principle of each government, i.e., for hidden springs that move it. Since in parallel, he also analyzes peoples and their natures, he attempts not only at erecting a scientific political philosophy but also political sociology (or sociology of politics) and political psychology. 28 Furthermore, in line with Enlightenment's penchant for geometry and pedantry, he claims that his teaching is universal, applicable to any society and any political regime anytime in history. Quite possibly, however, this claim is only to distract "the vulgar reader," not to instruct the wise, for in fact his observations concern mainly France of his time, supplemented by customary Greek and Roman examples, and few others. According to Montesquieu, "there are three species of government; "republican, monarchical and despotic." 29 Let's review each of them, one by one, i.e., without following Montesquieu's confusing order. Republican government is when the people or part of it is the sovereign. This constitutes its nature. A republic becomes democracy if all people are the sovereign in some respects and the subject in others. Since not all people know how to govern, especially how to prepare legislation and direct foreign affairs, they select a council or senate. The people have no difficulty whom to chose for office because they know each other. However, a customary method of choosing the senators, court members and lower magistrates is not an election -which leads to envy -but a selection by lot. Only military commanders and higher magistrates are elected. Offices and participation in popular assembly are not paid, probably to exclude, or at least make harder for the poor to hold office. Montesquieu points to Rome and Athens as examples of a republican regime, but in fact he copies mainly of Solon's rules on limited democracy.

Los acuerdos de hermanamiento son los instrumentos de cooperación descentralizada más utilizados por los gobiernos locales. La realidad
sugiere que suelen ser instrumentos con poca utilidad práctica. A través de un cuestionario se analiza la gestión e implementación de los acuerdos de hermanamiento por parte de 20 gobiernos municipales de Guanajuato y Oaxaca, México. Los resultados identifican una baja prioridad y atención por parte de los gobiernos municipales. Se sugiere que la paradiplomacia  universitaria puede coadyuvar, desde el modelo de gobernanza, planteado por Hufty, a una mejor gestión e implementación de los acuerdos de hermanamiento.

Página 2 | 175 Resumen Ejecutivo En el presente Trabajo Final de Grado se desarrolla un Plan de Marketing Estratégico para Villasol Resort, un complejo de 13 casas de campo localizado en el Valle de Punilla (Córdoba) durante el período comprendido entre diciembre 2015 y diciembre 2017. El complejo tiene más de 10 años en el sector turístico-hotelero y luego de culminar un gran proyecto de inversión durante el 2015, considera que es el momento oportuno para replantear su estrategia comercial y afianzar su posición competitiva en el mercado. El objetivo del plan se centra en mejorar su posición competitiva en el Valle de Punilla con el propósito de destacar su identidad de marca frente a la de los principales competidores, quebrar la demanda estacional y lograr aumentar la ocupación durante la temporada baja. Luego de analizar la empresa, investigar el sector y la demanda de mercado, se considera que el complejo tiene la capacidad y los recursos para crecer y consolidarse en el Valle de Punilla. El presente plan desarrolla un plan de acciones enfocado en mejorar su servicio de alojamiento, promover el complejo mediante diversas herramientas de promoción, acciones de marketing directo y marketing digital, fomentar la lealtad de su cartera de clientes y desarrollar acciones durante todo el año que le permitan a Villasol Resort posicionarse en nuevos segmentos de mercado como un complejo referente para vivir experiencias de descanso, ocio y tiempo libre, y no exclusivamente como un complejo turístico vacacional. Palabras claves: Plan de Marketingsector turístico y hoteleroestrategia comercial -Valle de Punillaidentidad de marcaservicio de alojamientoexperiencias de descansomarketing directomarketing digital Página 3 | 175

Página 2 | 175 Resumen Ejecutivo En el presente Trabajo Final de Grado se desarrolla un Plan de Marketing Estratégico para Villasol Resort, un complejo de 13 casas de campo localizado en el Valle de Punilla (Córdoba) durante el período comprendido entre diciembre 2015 y diciembre 2017. El complejo tiene más de 10 años en el sector turístico-hotelero y luego de culminar un gran proyecto de inversión durante el 2015, considera que es el momento oportuno para replantear su estrategia comercial y afianzar su posición competitiva en el mercado. El objetivo del plan se centra en mejorar su posición competitiva en el Valle de Punilla con el propósito de destacar su identidad de marca frente a la de los principales competidores, quebrar la demanda estacional y lograr aumentar la ocupación durante la temporada baja. Luego de analizar la empresa, investigar el sector y la demanda de mercado, se considera que el complejo tiene la capacidad y los recursos para crecer y consolidarse en el Valle de Punilla. El presente plan desarrolla un plan de acciones enfocado en mejorar su servicio de alojamiento, promover el complejo mediante diversas herramientas de promoción, acciones de marketing directo y marketing digital, fomentar la lealtad de su cartera de clientes y desarrollar acciones durante todo el año que le permitan a Villasol Resort posicionarse en nuevos segmentos de mercado como un complejo referente para vivir experiencias de descanso, ocio y tiempo libre, y no exclusivamente como un complejo turístico vacacional. Palabras claves: Plan de Marketingsector turístico y hoteleroestrategia comercial -Valle de Punillaidentidad de marcaservicio de alojamientoexperiencias de descansomarketing directomarketing digital Página 3 | 175

This article returns information about entrepreneurship in Peru. The characteristics of three aspects are described: the profile of the entrepreneur, business management and training needs, within the framework of a Social Responsibility Project, to be developed by the University of Piura and the District Municipality of Castilla. Documentary analysis was carried out and an assisted questionnaire was applied to the representatives of the micro and small enterprises of the observed district. The results that stand out are: Established informal enterprises prevail (with more than three years of operation), exercised by entrepreneurs in middle adulthood, with secondary, technical and higher studies (in similar percentages), dedicated to commercial activity (in different areas), which invoice less than 10 thousand soles and who know and master management tools and with training needs in the area of finance and human resources. It is concluded that, in the district of Castilla, enterprises and entrepreneurs have their own characteristics and the needs to strengthen their management capacities are eminent.

The COVID-19 pandemic challenged all actors in metropolitan governance. In this study, we investigated the impacts of the pandemic on business improvement district/area management organizations and their responses to it, with a survey among and interviews with the directors of these organizations in Canada and the US. We aimed to find out how the pandemic affected the roles/functions of the management organizations and their collaborations/partnerships and the directors' assessments of the prospects for recovery from the pandemic. The results show that these organizations took on new functions or expanded their involvements in functional areas that were marginal before the pandemic. Their pre-pandemic collaborations/partnership with governmental agencies, nonprofits, and businesses in their operations intensified and became more frequent during the pandemic.

ART was the first American rail rapid transit system to be built in modern times, and its arrival was greeted with worldwide attention. BART is famous. Its fame is attached to its favorable image as the answer to the problems of the modern American metropolis. And the extent to which it has succeeded, or failed, to live up to expectations is an important lesson for other cities wanting to emulate it.

Berita kompas 17 dan 18 februari 2025 membuktikan prediksi ilmiah saya di depan pansus DPR RUU desa pada 2013. Wakyu itu saya menjelaskan bahwa pemerintah desa yang dibentuk oleh RUU desa ini tidak bisa menyejahterakan rakyat desa karena hanya pemerintahan palsu. Saya usul negara harus membentuk pemerintahan betulan/formal di desa. Jangan terus menerus mempertahankan pemerintahan palsu buatan penjajah jepang. Tapi DPR dan pemerintah tetap mengesahkan tanpa perubahan apapun dari draf. Betul kan? Tidak ada manfaatnya bagi rakyat desa. Angka 610 T dana desa hanya menurunkan angka kemiskinan 2,3%. Kades dan perangkat desa (61,5%) mengkorupsi dana desa. Perangkat desa tidak mempunyai kapasitas menyelenggarakan pemerintahan desa meskipun di bawah pengasuhan (voogding) pendamping desa.

Premessa Introduzione Temi di analisi, finalità e obiettivi della ricerca PARTE PRIMA INQUADRAMENTO TEORICO Cap. 1. Lo sviluppo sostenibile nelle politiche europee 1. Educazione ambientale ed educazione allo sviluppo sostenibile Lidia Scimemi Le linee guida per la valorizzazione del patrimonio UNESCO. Uno studio dei siti siciliani. 11 Per il suddetto motivo, è necessario che il Patrimonio culturale e naturale trovi nell'epoca contemporanea una funzione attiva nella vita collettiva e che i suoi valori -testimonianze del passato -e le sue bellezze naturali, siano integrate in un'unica politica. Infatti, il Patrimonio culturale e naturale rappresentano i bisogni dell'uomo anche in quei Paesi dove le soddisfazioni delle necessità materiali sono più urgenti rispetto all'appagamento delle aspirazioni culturali. Una tale concezione di Patrimonio rimanda, inevitabilmente, a due concetti che rappresentano le linee tematiche di fondo dell'intero progetto di ricerca. Il primo concetto è "valorizzazione" che, dunque, significa l'impegno delle comunità a conferire valore al Patrimonio, ponendolo nella condizione di esprimere le proprie qualità e funzioni, riconoscendogli un ruolo adeguato. L'altra parola importante è "salvaguardia", che racchiude in sé i tre concetti di "protezione", "conservazione" e "valorizzazione": la salvaguardia dei beni è relativa non solo alla loro integrità materiale, ma anche alla funzione e al significato che rivestono per le comunità che li vivono e non solo. Il Patrimonio è, del resto, ciò che noi decidiamo che esso sia: è l'insieme di passato e di elementi culturali e naturali ai quali attribuiamo un valore perché ci aiuta a concepire meglio il presente e a conseguire un obiettivo nel futuro. Il patrimonio è descritto in quest'ottica, prevalente negli heritage studies 2 : il patrimonio rappresenta il modo con il quale le società si costituiscono in quanto attori collettivi per giocare con le tracce del loro passato; interpretano le testimonianze del passato per finalità attuali, la principale delle quali è la definizione dell'identità condivisa. Un autore come David Lowenthal 3 afferma che "il patrimonio interpreta il passato in modo da investirlo di un significato attuale". Parla Stuart Hall a proposito del concetto d'identità: 4 è preferibile al concetto di identità quello di identificazione, come costruzione, processo mai concluso, sempre in corso di definizione. Come suggerisce Latour 5 un'identità collettiva, un senso di appartenenza condiviso non sta in piedi da solo: ha bisogno di essere raccontato e praticato, diventare oggetto di discorso di una pluralità di individui o gruppi di individui. Nel tempo, la nozione di patrimonio culturale e naturale ha subito un'evoluzione del termine in senso antropologico e antropocentrico sottolineando il legame tra salvaguardia e tutela dei diritti umani. Infatti, oggigiorno, si può parlare anche di diritti culturali, di solidarietà diritto all'ambiente, il diritto allo sviluppo, il diritto a una migliore qualità alla vita: questi, oggi, sono riconosciuti come diritti di terza generazione. L'eredità culturale è intesa come testimonianza di una popolazione, di una cultura e quindi importante da tutelare per le generazioni future. Eredità culturale non sono solo i singoli monumenti, ma anche i contesti in cui essi sono stati edificati: i centri storici, i paesaggi culturali e naturali che testimoniano il modo di vivere di una civiltà in un luogo, l'architettura del diciannovesimo e ventesimo secolo, anch'essa da conservare come importante testimonianza da tramandare alle generazioni future. 2 Con l'espressione anglosassone heritage studies s'indica comunemente il campo d'interesse, il settore di studio che raccoglie le ricerche e le teorie che si occupano a vario titolo del patrimonio come fenomeno complesso.

Located on Alentejo coast, the town of Sines has a strong connection with the sea, both from an economic and a landscape point of view. However, it is a dysfunctional city, not only for its habitants, but also for its visitors. The city's historical center is segregated and the new expanding zones does not promote socio-cultural dynamics in a qualified way. In addition, the economic aspect, generated mainly by the Port of Sines, is insensitive to the problems that this city has been passing and has taken possession of its territory, contributing increasingly to an image of the industrial city. Of all the possibilities of revitalization of Sines, the strategy Pólo M.A.R. (Museological and Academic Pole of Revelim), rehears the creation of a dialogue between culture and the economy of the sea, combining tourism, the creative economy and the opportunities of the cultural and creative industries, with an urban marketing strategy based on the visions of the European Commission on the Politics of the Sea. This strategy finds to valorize the asleep existing cultural heritage by proposing the creation of a maritime Cluster that integrates multiple functional aspects, such as a Maritime Museum, a Sea Technological Observatory, a Faculty of Marine Sciences and a Center for Maritime Studies, incorporated in an innovative network of research entities of the sea culture and economy of the sea. In addition to these nuclei, the strategy articulates the revitalization of the surrounding with Revelim, in order to (re) connect with the older urban nucleus and, consequently, with the other city seeking to reinforce urban cohesion. This dissertation emerges during Atelier de Projecto II D course and also during the essay of a strategy to the challenge Universities Contest of the Lisbon Triennial 2016, entitled "The Center in Sines", by

turystycznego, kolejne dwie części koncentrują się wokół elementów strukturalnych potencjału turystycznego, takich jak walory turystyczne i infrastruktura turystyczna, ostatnia zaś część dotyczy aspektów ekologicznych potencjału turystycznego.