Medical Ethics

As modern technologies continue to innovate, it is imperative that educational strategies also follow suit, through the integration of both aspects to form and develop instructional methods. Augmented Reality (AR) is becoming a powerful tool in education, changing how students learn and interact with information. AR combines digital content with the real world, allowing students to see and explore virtual elements while still in their physical environment. This study evaluated the students' level of perceived knowledge and usefulness towards augmented reality in its conceptual integration within student learning. Through the use of quantitative and qualitative methods, employing a descriptive-comparative-correlational research design, significant data were gathered through a survey questionnaire distributed among STEM students of Saint Mary's University Senior High School. Findings from the study present that students are highly knowledgeable towards augmented reality and also have high perceived usefulness towards its integration in student learning. Moreover, there was no significant difference across all of the variables, indicating that students' knowledge perceptions go beyond specific variables. These significant findings show the potential for AR to be utilized for student learning in specific disciplines. While these findings provide valuable insights towards the field of simulation technologies in the local context, the generalization might be limited given the definite immersion the students have with the technology per se. To further assess the perceived usefulness of AR within student learning in the local context, employing an experimental research design is recommended in order to give the students a proper perspective of what is it like to use such technology.

İslam toplumlarında bilim ve düşüncenin gelişiminde ağırlıklı olarak Yunan, kısmen de Fars ve Hint düşünce geleneklerinden yapılan çeviriler ve ardından üretilen telif eserler önemli rol oynamıştır. Bu süreçte Yunan düşüncesine kıyasla Hint düşüncesini tanıma çabaları daha geç bir dönemde Müslüman toplumun gündemine girmiştir. Dokuzuncu asırdan itibaren Müslümanların Hindistan’ı fethetmeye başlaması ve Kuzey Hindistan’da kurulan Müslüman yönetimler sayesinde Hint düşüncesinin önemli eserleri ağırlıklı olarak Farsçaya kısmen de Arapçaya çevrilmeye ve ardından telif eserler üretilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda Bîrûnî, Hint düşüncesini Müslüman topluma tanıtma çabalarına en büyük katkı sağlayan düşünürlerden biri olmuştur.
İslam düşüncesi terminolojisi ağırlıklı olarak Yunan düşüncesi temelinde geliştiği için Hint düşüncesini İslam toplumuna tanıtma sürecinde bu felsefi terminolojinin kullanılması kaçınılmazdır. Bîrûnî Gazneli Mahmud’un sarayına dahil olup Hint seferlerine katılmış, bu süreçte ileri yaşında Sanskritçe öğrenmiş, Hint kaynaklarını incelemiş, Hint bilginleriyle görüşmüş ve Hint toplumunu gözlemlemiştir.  Ardından da hem Kitâb Sânk ve Kitâb Pâtancal adlı çeviri eserler hem de Yunan ve İslam toplumundaki fikir ve eylemlerle de karşılaştırarak, Taḥkîk mâ li-l-Hind adlı takdire şayan ilmi bir eser ortaya koymuştur. Bu eserleriyle Hint düşüncesini Müslüman topluma ilmi bir bakış açısıyla tanıtmaya çalışmıştır. Bu süreçte Bîrûnî hem bir çevirmen hem de müellif olarak birçok zorlukla karşılaşmıştır. Bu zorluklardan ilki Bîrûnî’nin bu metinleri Arapçaya çevirirken ve telif eserini yazarken, her iki kültürel ve tarihsel bağlamı dikkate almak zorunda kalmasıdır. Sanskritçe ve Arapçanın ortak dilsel köklerinin olmaması, Hint düşüncesinden İslam Düşüncesine bu kavramların çevirisini zorlaştırıyordu. Dolayısıyla Bîrûnî, gerek çeviri çalışmalarında gerek telif metinlerinde, kendinden yüzlerce yıl önce sistemleştirilmiş olan Hindu kavramlarını anlamak ve bu Hint düşüncesini on birinci yüzyılın başlarındaki Müslüman kitleye aktarmak gibi ikili bir görevi yerine getirmeye çalışmıştır. Bu tebliğde önce Bîrûnî’nin Hint düşüncesini tanıma çabasının arka planını tasvir edeceğim. Ardından Bîrûnî’nin ilgili metinlerini analiz ederek onun Hint düşüncesini Müslüman topluma nasıl tasvir ettiğini Tanrı anlayışı tasviri üzerinden örneklendireceğim. Bu bağlamda İslam felsefesi terminolojisini nasıl kullandığını göstermeye çalışacak ve bu terminolojinin Hint düşüncesini ne ölçüde doğru ifade ettiğine dair değerlendirmede bulunacağım.

The article deals with a contemporary debate on Hippocratic ethics. Both the opponents and proponents of Hippocratic medical ethics seem to ignore the complexity of the said ethical system. The ethics of the Corpus Hippocraticum can be properly understood only in relation to physiological, psychological, and other factors. Therefore, the ongoing debate only partially represents ethical issues, and a number of arguments in it cannot be considered as valid. Moreover, the complexity of Hippocratic ethics reveals that quite a few of its principles are still valid today and deserve to be further analyzed. In addition, some of its principles have been incontestably incorporated into contemporary medical ethics.

This article intends to present the Scandinavian legislation on female genital mutilation and explore the implications of the laws. Juxtaposing trends of plastic genital surgery in the West with claims that female circumcision may be a practice generally abandoned in Scandinavia, we highlight the double morality inherent in current public discussions. Finally, we pose the question: Is the legal principle of equality before the law regarded when it comes to alterations of the female genitals?

Incivility among physicians, between physicians and learners, and between physicians and nurses or other healthcare professionals has become commonplace. If allowed to continue unchecked by academic leaders and medical educators, incivility can cause personal psychological injury and seriously damage organisational culture. As such, incivility is a potent threat to professionalism. This paper uniquely draws on the history of professional ethics in medicine to provide a historically based, philosophical account of the professional virtue of civility. We use a two-step method of ethical reasoning, namely ethical analysis informed by pertinent prior work, followed by identifying the implications of clearly articulated ethical concepts, to meet these goals. The professional virtue of civility and the related concept of professional etiquette was first described by the English physician-ethicist Thomas Percival (1740–1804). Based on a historically informed philosophical account, we propo...

This article-the Romanell Report-offers an analysis of the current state of medical ethics education in the United States, focusing in particular on its essential role in cultivating professionalism among medical learners. Education in ethics has become an integral part of medical education and training over the past three decades and has received particular attention in recent years because of the increasing emphasis placed on professional formation by accrediting bodies such as the Liaison Committee on Medical Education and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Yet, despite the development of standards, milestones, and competencies related to professionalism, there is no consensus about the specific goals of medical ethics education, the essential knowledge and skills expected of learners, the best pedagogical methods and processes for implementation, and optimal strategies for assessment. Moreover, the quality, extent, and focus of medical ethics instruction v...

This essay presents a preventive ethics to hidden aspects of the professional liability crisis, which is now affecting physicians throughout the world. It draws on the concept of fiduciary responsibility and its four professional virtues of integrity, compassion, self-effacement, and self-sacrifice to identify preventive ethics approaches to the professional liability crisis for practicing physicians and physician leaders. Physicians should adhere to integrity in clinical practice and testimony, to compassion and self-sacrifice by focusing on patients rather than their own needs, and to self-effacement by not allowing risk of litigation to influence patient care. Physician leaders should create organizational cultures to support physicians in this important work. Fiduciary responsibility and professional virtues should guide practicing physicians and physician leaders in creating best-practice models to improve organizational culture and influence health policy.

Note: The term "resident" in this document refers to both specialty residents and subspecialty fellows. Once the Common Program Requirements are inserted into each set of specialty and subspecialty requirements, the terms "resident" and "fellow" will be used respectively.

Abraham Flexner was commissioned by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching to conduct the 1910 survey of all U.S. and Canadian medical schools because medical education was perceived to lack rigor and strong learning environments. Existing proprietary schools were shown to have inadequate student scholarship and substandard faculty and teaching venues. Flexner's efforts and those of the American Medical Association resulted in scores of inadequate medical schools being closed and the curricula of the survivors being radically changed.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To create a case-based curriculum designed to teach and discuss the tenets of clinical medical ethics within an otolaryngology department. Study Design: Survey-based study in a single-institution, academic otolaryngology department. Methods: Case-based departmental ethics grand rounds were implemented on a quarterly basis within an academic department of otolaryngology. One-hour sessions were designed to use challenging cases volunteered by clinicians within the department to create a forum for discussion and education about clinical medical ethics. A four-question satisfaction survey was administered to participating clinicians to measure the impact of the program. Results: Five grand rounds were held over 16 months from 2009 to 2011, with four to six cases presented per session. Sessions were well attended and received, with broad coverage of topics and lively discussions. The mean survey score was 18 (median, 19; standard deviation, 2) out of a maximum possible score of 20. When asked if the sessions helped to advance their skills and comfort within the field of medical ethics, 100% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed. A total of 86% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that the sessions would change how they practiced medicine in a way that would benefit their patients. Conclusions: It is feasible to successfully implement case-based ethics grand rounds within an otolaryngology department. Participants demonstrated a gratifying level of approval, and a stated desire to implement the principles learned within their clinical practice.

Rare diseases are diseases that are seen quite rarely in society with a prevalence of 1/2000. However, this prevalence varies from country to country. These diseases are serious, chronic, and reduce the quality of life and expectation. The lack of sufficient medical and scientific information about them prolongs the diagnosis process. The prolongation of the diagnosis period makes it difficult for the physician to make a diagnosis in the clinic, while the time works to the detriment of the patient. Since their drugs are not profitable drugs, their development has been neglected and they have been defined as orphan drugs. In addition to the difficulty of accessing drugs and the high costs, the difficulty of caring for these diseases brings psychological, social and economic burdens to the person or persons providing care to the patient. Such difficulties bring many ethical problems. In this study, some ethical issues encountered in rare diseases will be discussed.

7ª versión 3 | www.wpath.org 1 Se utiliza el término "trans" para referirse a personas cuya identidad de género y/o expresión de género no corresponde a las normas y expectativas sociales tradicionalmente asociadas con el sexo asignado al nacer.

Giriş: Kişisel sağlık verilerinin hem sağlık hizmetlerinin sürekliliği ve verimliliği hem de kişilerin hak ve özgürlüğü kapsamında özenle korunması gerekmektedir. Sağlık kurumlarında değişik meslek gruplarındaki tüm görevlilerin kişisel sağlık verilerinin kayıt ve korunmasına yönelik sorumlulukları vardır.

An ethics concerned with health care developments and systems must be historically continuous, especially as it concerns the application to managed structures of key moral-epistemic concepts such as care, love and empathy. These concepts are traditionally most at home in the personal, individual domain. Human beings have non-instrumental worth just because they are human beings and not by virtue of their capacities. Managed health care systems tend to abstractfrom this worth in respect of both individuals' distinctness and individual identity. The first, a common feature ofquantitative approaches to health care assessment and delivery, is avoidable. The second, by contrast, is necessarily sacrificed in impersonally managed structures. Failure to distinguish the two encourages confusion and distress, and the demandfor impossible medico-moral relationships. Any ethics which concerns itself with medical practice and structures must be continuous with its own past: its concerns must be an extension of - even, perhaps, a postscript to -that past. This I take to be a philosophical truth. After all, for a very long time now people have been born, led lives, fallen sick, suffered, grown old and died. And for a good stretch of that time they have thought and written about these matters in a variety of moral tones we have no difficulty responding to and may sometimes make our own. The problem is to get clear about the extension and coherence of the postscript we have to write. There is a specific continuity to which I want to draw particular attention. Moral-epistemic notions like love and compassion, care and concern, sympathy and empathy have a long history. They are not the inventions (or discoveries) of nurses and doctors and writers on health care ethics, but their borrowings.' Of course they are given new -and sometimes startling -analyses and novel moral

La notion de la complexite, appliquee en secteur de la sante, est l'objet de cette these. Trois sujets majeurs, interconnectes, ont ete selectionnes pour etudier la pertinence de cette notion, sa plus-value et son application : les maladies chroniques, la coordination et l'integration des soins et les soins de proximite. Quatre parties forment cette these : 1. Une partie introductive de la notion de la complexite et sa pertinence en secteur de la sante. La revue de la litterature et les experiences etrangeres ont permis d'approuver l'hypothese de la complexite et la vitalite du systeme de sante, un systeme capable de s'adapter a la complexite (CAS). Le systeme de sante est une chaine d'effets : patient et communaute - microsysteme -macro organisation- environnement (legal, ethique, financier, social, et regulateur, etc.). Cet effet domino et chacune de ses pieces sont determinants. Les pieces cles sont les microsystemes,des petites cellules ou les unites fonc...

Interest in the relationship between spirituality, religion, and clinical care has increased in the last 15 years, but clinicians need more concrete guidance about this topic. This article defines spirituality and religion, identifies the fundamental spiritual issues that serious illness raises for patients, and argues that physicians have a moral obligation to address patients' spiritual concerns. Religions often provide patients with specific moral guidance about a variety of medical issues and prescribe rituals that are important to patients. Religious coping can be both positive and negative, and it can impact patient care. This article provides concrete advice about taking a spiritual history, ethical boundaries, whether to pray with patients, and when to refer patients to chaplains or to their own personal clergy.

Background: Although much has been written about the ethics of new methods of health care financing, little is known about the extent to which physicians experience these cost-control arrangements as ethical problems. Method: A cross-sectional telephone survey of 1549 physicians, 8 to 17 years after residency, randomly selected from 75 US metropolitan service areas (response rate, 74.0%). Results: Only 17.0% believed that financial incentives to limit services are ethically acceptable. Although 52.9% thought that physicians should try to abide by guidelines discouraging the use of interventions with possible but unproven benefit, only 14.5% thought such guidelines should be enforced by payers. Only 5.7% thought that it was morally acceptable for payers to discourage physicians from telling patients about their personal financial incentives, and only 9.1% found compliance with such restrictions morally acceptable. Changes

1 Clinical Research Development Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. 2 Ethics, Religion and Medicine Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. 3 Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. 4 Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 5 Clinical Research Development Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.

While COVID-19 has generated a massive burden of illness worldwide, healthcare workers (HCWs) have been disproportionately exposed to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection. During the so-called 'first wave', infection rates among this population group have ranged between 10% and 20%, raising as high as one in every four COVID-19 patients in Spain at the peak of the crisis. Now that many countries are already dealing with new waves of COVID-19 cases, a potential competition between HCW and non-HCW patients for scarce resources can still be a likely clinical scenario. In this paper, we address the question of whether HCW who become ill with COVID-19 should be prioritised in diagnostic, treatment or resource allocation protocols. We will evaluate some of the proposed arguments both in favour and against the prioritisation of HCW and also consider which clinical circumstances might warrant prioritising HCW and why could it be ethically appropriate to do so. We conclude that prioritising HCW's access to protective equipment, diagnostic tests or even prophylactic or therapeutic drug regimes and vaccines might be ethically defensible. However, prioritising HCWs to receive intensive care unit (ICU) beds or ventilators is a much more nuanced decision, in which arguments such as instrumental value or reciprocity might not be enough, and economic and systemic values will need to be considered.

Lessons from the Boston Marathon bombing: an orthopaedic perspective on preparing for high-volume trauma in an urban academic center. J Orthop Trauma 2015; 29 (suppl 10): S7-10. 5 Weil YA, Peleg K, Givon A, Israeli Trauma Group, Mosheiff R. Musculoskeletal injuries in terrorist attacks-a comparison between the injuries sustained and those related to motor vehicle accidents, based on a national registry database. Injury 2008; 39: 1359-64. order to keep reserve staff at home was given, resulting in strong feelings of frustration among those people. 44 patients were admitted in 2 h (appendix). Of these, 12 were adults: five were in critical condition, of whom four died quickly. The remaining 32 patients were children: eight were in critical condition, of whom two died later. The trauma leader assigned the patients to the operating room, resuscitation room, or for a CT scan. The CT scanner was made immediately available, performing 15 scans during the night. Six patients needed surgery during the first 24 h. All elective surgeries scheduled for July 15, 2016, were postponed, and team rotations were reorganised to allow rest. Injuries were typical of road crashes, differing from those caused by bomb or bullets, but similar to injuries observed in Israel. [2][3][4][5] Cause of death was mainly haemorrhagic shock after multiple traumas including pelvic disjunction, head trauma, and trunk crush. During the night, child psychiatrists took care of victims, parents, witnesses, and staff. Stress disorder and dissociative symptomatology were observed-more prominently in adults than in childrenand resulted in two transfers to the psychiatric emergency department at Pasteur Hospital and in disorganisation and sick leave for affected hospital staff. Multiple debriefing meetings, both technical and psychological, were necessary and profitable for all hospital staff. Our experience confirms that every hospital, regardless of level and specialty, should be prepared to receive patients of all ages, with all types of severities and lesions. We declare no competing interests.

To identify the reasons why physicians request or do not request ethics consultation and to determine the priority of ethical issues for those demanding consultation. Th is survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire, and 270 clinicians (surgeons and internists) from 3 diff erent medical school hospitals were included. Th e questionnaire consisted of Likerttype statements related to the reasons for requesting or not requesting ethics consultation and a ranking list of ethical dilemmas according to the physicians' priorities. Results: Of all clinicians, 40.4% were employed in surgical departments and 59.6% in internal medicine departments. Most of the physicians (90%) stated that they wanted to demand ethics consultations. Th e fi rst reason surgeons gave for demanding consultation was a desire to receive help with judicial problems; among internists, the most common reason for demanding a consultation was to achieve a clear conscience (P > 0.05). "Withdrawal of life-support-system decision" was determined to be the main subject for which clinicians requested ethics consultations. Th e results of this study indicate that clinicians require ethics consultations; nevertheless, it is a fact that there is a limited number of requests and inadequate experience with applying. Th is situation may be caused by the lack of clinical ethics support services that deal with ethics consultation in Turkey.

Background. The discussion of ethical issues in the practice of medical genetics is quite recent in Mexico. However, in the present report we were able to compare the results obtained with the same instrument in two surveys performed with a 12-year interval. Methods. A semistructured questionnaire including 52 questions that explore many different situations in the form of case vignettes related to ethical dilemmas was sent on two occasions to geneticists certified by the Mexican Board of Human Genetics. The first survey was performed in 1993, obtaining a response rate of 72% (64 individuals) and the second in 2005 with a 61% response rate (86 individuals). The areas explored were fairness of access to genetic services, full disclosure of all relevant information, respect for parental choices, protection of patients' privacy, use of prenatal diagnosis only for information about the health of the fetus, voluntary vs. mandatory screening and patients' confidentiality vs. the defense of third party interests. Results. All questions analyzed in the paper were answered by at least 80% of the geneticists surveyed, although in many instances their experience with the situation explored was limited. The complete results of the 2005 survey are given in the text and tables, whereas the 1993 results are used mainly for comparison and given in full only when practical. There was a tendency to answer general questions one way and later change opinions when confronted with specific cases. There was a clear paternalistic attitude and a generalized opinion that one of the goals of medical genetics is to diminish the proportion of individuals with genetic diseases, not for eugenics reasons, but to avoid suffering of the patients and their families. Conclusions. Comparison of both surveys clearly shows a tendency towards increasing respect for privacy and autonomy of the patients.

The development of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine provides an opportunity to prevent the majority of HPV infections that cause genital warts and cervical cancer. Although the vaccine is largely recognized as a medical breakthrough, its acceptance by the public is lagging for several reasons. Contributing factors include underestimation of HPV risk, the challenge of completing a three-shot regimen, concerns about cost, and parental barriers to acceptance. There is also some public concern about vaccine safety in general, although HPV vaccines have excellent safety records. Attempts to publicize the vaccine's safety have been undermined by recent erroneous claims linking the vaccine to mental retardation by political figure Michele Bachmann. These inflammatory and irresponsible remarks mislead the public about the safety and efficacy of the vaccine. We examine the facts concerning the HPV vaccine, its utility, and appropriate responses medical professionals can make to false claims.

Hassoun does not contest P1. i Instead, she objects to P2, which is the focal i While we will not quibble at length with Hassoun's formulation of P1, it runs together two sources of obligation: (1) associative ties that bind community members to one another and (2) role-based obligations of leaders. As we write in our article, 'Our claim is that community membership and intra-communal

Patient access to experimental drugs outside of clinical trials is called compassionate use or expanded access. Compassionate use/expanded access presents a powerful ethical dilemma in that it involves competing claims that both have moral weight: specifically, an individual patient's very understandable desire to try to extend his or her life versus the orderly and efficient functioning of a drug development and clinical trial system that benefits much larger numbers of patients. Patient advocates, the FDA, pharmaceutical trade groups, and state and national legislators in the US are all currently weighing in on patient access to experimental drugs, and new guidelines and rules are being introduced. In this editorial, we discuss the impulse to rescue individual patients facing dire diseases and underscore the ethical questions that such rescue efforts raise.

The development of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine provides an opportunity to prevent the majority of HPV infections that cause genital warts and cervical cancer. Although the vaccine is largely recognized as a medical breakthrough, its acceptance by the public is lagging for several reasons. Contributing factors include underestimation of HPV risk, the challenge of completing a three-shot regimen, concerns about cost, and parental barriers to acceptance. There is also some public concern about vaccine safety in general, although HPV vaccines have excellent safety records. Attempts to publicize the vaccine's safety have been undermined by recent erroneous claims linking the vaccine to mental retardation by political figure Michele Bachmann. These inflammatory and irresponsible remarks mislead the public about the safety and efficacy of the vaccine. We examine the facts concerning the HPV vaccine, its utility, and appropriate responses medical professionals can make to false claims.

Vaccines are among the most cost-effective interventions against infectious diseases. Many candidate vaccines targeting neglected diseases in low-and middle-income countries are now progressing to largescale clinical testing. However, controversy surrounds the appropriate design of vaccine trials and, in particular, the use of unvaccinated controls (with or without placebo) when an efficacious vaccine already exists. This paper specifies four situations in which placebo use may be acceptable, provided that the study question cannot be answered in an active-controlled trial design; the risks of delaying or foregoing an efficacious vaccine are mitigated; the risks of using a placebo control are justified by the social and public health value of the research; and the research is responsive to local health needs. The four situations are: (1) developing a locally affordable vaccine, (2) evaluating the local safety and efficacy of an existing vaccine, (3) testing a new vaccine when an existing vaccine is considered inappropriate for local use (e.g. based on epidemiologic or demographic factors), and (4) determining the local burden of disease.

Vaccination policy in the case of human papillomavirus (HPV) has remained a constant source of controversy ever since Gardasil, Merck’s vaccine against HPV, received US Food and Drug Administration approval in the summer of 2006. This controversy has centered on the risks and benefits of vaccinating girls and women in rich and poor nations alike. However, despite all of the attention created by this important policy question, relatively little has been focused on another key public health question: should boys be vaccinated against HPV as well? If herd immunity against the most carcinogenic strains of HPV could be more rapidly and efficiently achieved by vaccinating everyone at risk for being a carrier, it logically follows that vaccine policy should expand to include boys and men.

Coronavirus vaccines have made their debut. Now, allocation practices have stepped into the spotlight. Following Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines, states and healthcare institutions initially prioritised healthcare personnel and elderly residents of congregant facilities; other groups at elevated risk for severe complications are now becoming eligible through locally administered programmes. The question remains, however: who else should be prioritised for immunisation? Here, we call attention to individuals institutionalised with severe mental illnesses and/or developmental or intellectual disabilities-a group highly susceptible to the damages of COVID-19, recent research shows, and critical to consider for priority vaccination. The language describing both federal-level and statelevel intentions for this population remains largely vague, despite the population's diversity across age, diagnosis, functional status and living arrangement. Such absence of specificity, in turn, leaves room for confusion and even neglect of various subgroups. We review data stressing this group's vulnerability, as well as select state plans for priority vaccination, highlighting the importance of clarity when describing intentions to vaccinate, or even generally care for, diverse populations composed of distinct subgroups in need. Nina Shevzov-Zebrun

The introduction of the living donation in organ transplantation introduces important new psychological conflicts and ethical questions in the transplantation process. Operation related risks, as well as dependencies in the family structure, generate considerable pressure on potential donors. The aim of the study was to reconstruct the determinants of willingness to donate before transplantation. Methods: Evaluation of 20 taped and transcribed interviews oriented to current approaches in qualitative interview research. The approach used is based on grounded theory, qualitative content analysis, and the concept of the ideal type. Results: Before surgery, ''openly motivated'' donors push for an operation, leaving no room for ambivalence in the evaluation process. They idealise the relationship with the recipient, and link their donation with the individual-partly in subconscious expectations and wishes. In contrast, ''openly ambivalent'' donors formulate their anxieties and express arguments against donation. Conclusions: Statements that claim ambivalence towards donation or utterance of arguments against donation indicate earlier coercion. Before transplantation, potential donors should have the opportunity to discuss their emotional situation to help their decision making process.

This article explores how the Catholic Church's teaching on the spirituality of social transformation can be used by Catholic health professionals against the growing commodification of health care in the United States. Using the qualitative research method that uses secondary literature, it argues that living out the spirituality of social transformation against commodification in the healthcare industry implies imitating Christ's healing ministry and doing social action by physicians and healthcare workers to protect human dignity in medical research, to see health care work as a vocation, to give preferential treatment for poor patients, and to exercise prudence and Christian discernment in dealing with corporate medicine.

Medical predictions, for example concerning a patient’s likelihood of survival, can be used to efficiently allocate scarce resources. Predictions of patient behaviour can also be used—for example, patients on the liver transplant waiting list could receive lower priority based on a high likelihood of non-adherence to their immunosuppressant medication regimen or of drinking excessively. But is this ethically acceptable? In this paper, we will explore arguments for and against behavioural predictions, before providing novel empirical evidence on this question.
Firstly, we note that including behavioural predictions would lead to improved transplant outcomes. Fairness could also require prioritising those predicted to engage in healthier behaviours: consistent with using behavioural predictions in other contexts such as psychiatry and substance misuse. Conversely, behavioural predictions may be judged too inaccurate or discriminatory, or it may be thought unfair to deprioritise based on future behaviour.
In part two, we performed an online survey of 172 UK adults. When presented with possible factors relevant to liver allocation, most thought predictions of higher medication adherence (78.6%) and lower future alcohol use (76.5%) should be used but not predictions of lower future criminality (24.7%) and higher societal contribution (21.2%). Randomising participants into two groups, 69.8% of participants found deprioritising a patient based on their predicted medication adherence acceptable (91.9% found a non-behavioural prediction acceptable).
We did not identify an ethically relevant difference between behavioural predictions and other medical predictions already used in organ allocation. Our sample of participants also appeared to support behavioural predictions in this context.

Is development in higher education like a friendly poker game where development officers are allowed, by convention, to "bluff" foundations and potential donors? Or is it more like a business relationship where the development officers straightforwardly exchange goods, services, and goodwill on behalf of the institution in return for the donors' dollars? Maybe it is like the lawyer-client relationship, in which the development officer has a fiduciary responsibility to the donor. Which of these metaphors we choose for the donor-development officer relationship tells us something about the conventions of the relationship. What counts as deception depends in part on what kinds of expectations participants have of one another and what professional duties are implicit within the relationship. Not many people would claim that it is justifiable to deceive a potential donor, but just what should count as deception is not clear. The problem with deception is not that development officers say, "Yes, I think in this case it 's OK to lie, cheat, and steal." Rather, in

Un foco de preocupacion de la Educacion Superior es la formacion universitaria en Responsabilidad Social (RS), siendo pertinente al momento de reflexion que se vive en Chile en torno al rol de las universidades y de su contribucion a la sociedad. Este estudio indaga en las ideas o imaginario sobre la RS que traen los estudiantes que ingresan a las carreras de la salud en la Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana- Universidad del Desarrollo (FM CAS-UDD). El proyecto se situa en el paradigma interpretativo, apelando a la busqueda de la resolucion de un problema que requiere una investigacion sensible a la subjetividad, la pluralidad de ideas y la complejidad de las situaciones, en contraposicion a un modelo positivista de causas y efectos. Se plantea este trabajo como una investigacion cualitativa, especificamente como estudio de caso. El trabajo de campo se desarrolla al interior de la FM CAS-UDD, en Santiago de Chile. Se invita a participar a los estudiantes de primer ano de las carre...