Medieval History

The study analyses the role of Valdes, founder of the Waldensian religious movement, and his position vis-a-vis the Roman Catholic Church in the group’s self-identification. His followers’ recognition that Valdes’ primary aspiration was to secure the papal approval prevented open separation of the Waldenses, during their first two centuries, from orthodox Catholics, especially in France. In regions where Valdes was less known (Italy) or totally unknown (the German-speaking lands), Waldenses withdrew more quickly and spread legends about Sylvestrian poisoning of the Church. Later, in the situation of total separation of the Waldensian community, the figure of Valdes was reconsidered to emphasise the movement’s unique right to salvation. He was transformed from a real 12th-century citizen of Lyon into the descendant of St. Peter, bearer of his name, who alone led the Waldenses to salvation.

Los monarcas aragoneses del final de la Edad Media debieron solicitar a los representantes de sus territorios reunidos en Cortes la financiación de su proyecto mediterráneo. En este trabajo nos ocupamos de un caso en el que Martín I eludió este mecanismo y negoció en Aragón acuerdos puntuales para financiar la última gran armada sobre Cerdeña (1409). De manera singular, cedió la administración de estas cuantías a Benvenist de la Caballería y Ramón de Casaldáguila, dos grandes financieros asentados en Zaragoza acreedores de las instituciones aragonesas.
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In  the  late  Middle  Ages,  Aragonese  monarchs  often  sought  financial  aid  from  the  representatives  of  their  territories  gathered  in  parliaments  to  fund  their  Mediterranean endeavours. This study examines a case in which King Martin I avoided this mechanism and negotiated specific agreements in Aragon to finance the  last  major  fleet  to  Sardinia  in  1409.  In  a  unique  move,  the  king  entrusted  the administration of these funds to Benvenist de la Caballería and Ramón de Casaldáguila, two prominent financiers based in Zaragoza who were creditors to the Aragonese institutions. This delegation of extraordinary fiscal management illustrates the inclusion of a financial sector within the power structure of the Crown of Aragon through its involvement in the royal administration. Additionally, the existence of a booklet of accounts allows for an analysis of the human capital mobilized  by  the  collaboration  between  a  Jew  and  a  Christian,  as  well  as  the  financial  mechanisms  used  to  secure  liquidity  at  a  critical  time,  following  the  collapse of the large private banks.

espanolEntre los capiteles que ornan el ultimo tramo del transepto norte de la catedral de Santiago de Compostela se encuentra uno en el que puede reconocerse una efigie del apostol Santiago. Se apoya esta interpretacion, en primer lugar, en el analisis de la iconografia del Apostol en la basilica compostelana durante el siglo XII. En segundo lugar, en la atencion al contexto espacial en el que aparece, un portico interior inmediato a la puerta norte de la catedral. Por ultimo, en el contexto programatico en el que se integra junto con otros capiteles historiados que decoran este espacio postliminar y para el que se proponen, como base textual, ideas recogidas en las homilias del Liber Sancti Iacobi. EnglishAmong the decorative capitals of the Santiago de Compostela’s cathedral, there is one at the end of the south transept nave, that can be identified as the image of Saint James apostle. On the one hand, this interpretation is supported by the studies of the iconography of the Apos...

In October 1492, 27 Jews were burned at the stake near the small town of Sternberg, and all remaining Jewish inhabitants were expelled from the county of Mecklenburg on the north-eastern periphery of the Holy Roman Empire, because of an alleged case of Jewish host desecration. This article argues that an intersectional approach may be helpful to better understand the persuasiveness of such an accusation made by Christian contemporaries against their Jewish neighbours. It shows that the category “Jew”, when used by non-Jews to stress Jewish alterity, is characterized by an intersectional entanglement of religion, culture, and race that enabled the idea of Jewish collective guilt and inherited anti-Christian hostility. This image of the “murderous Jews” was used to legitimize various forms of violence against Jews as measures to allegedly protect the hegemonic majority society. The article also demonstrates that the hegemonic position that produced this antisemitic image is better described as “goyish”, because, although rooted in Christian anti-Judaism, it went against the Christian doctrinal norm of the time.

Among the letters of the Roman bishops of the late 4th — first half of the 5th centuries addressed to the bishops of Eastern Illyricum, there is a letter of Pope Leo the Great (440–461), which is not contained in the so-called Collectio Thessalonicensis. Meanwhile, this letter is both the most extensive and the most important document in terms of content for clarifying the structure of church administration and ecclesiastical jurisdiction that the Roman bishops envisaged for Eastern Illyricum, seeking to subordinate it to their authority. This letter of Leo, the fourteenth in the collection of his letters, is addressed to Metropolitan Anastasius of Thessalonica and is intended to bring order to the church-administrative issues of Eastern Illyricum. In it, Pope Leo develops his views on the role and place of the Metropolitan of Thessalonica as the head of the bishops of Eastern Illyricum, the limits of his authority and jurisdiction, issues of ecclesiastical court in the region, the relations of the local episcopate with the sees of both Thessalonica and Rome. It is in this letter that Leo clearly formulates the concept of the “plenitude of power” (plenitudo potestatis) of the Roman bishop, the inequality of episcopal dignity at different levels of church government and the exceptional position of the Roman See as the highest appellate authority in the Church.

This article studies the Commonitorium super nomine Caelestii, an information note compiled by Marius Mercator, describing the participation of the Roman See in the condemnation of the heretics Pelagius and Caelestius, mainly during the pontificate of Pope Zosimus (417–418), and addressed to Emperor Theodosius II (408–450) and Patriarch Nestorius of Constantinople (428–431). The aim of the study is to identify the characteristics of Marius Mercator’s presentation of information on ecclesiastical and political events in the first quarter of the fifth century in the western part of the Roman Empire, and to clarify the reliability and comparative completeness of the information reported. The purpose of the article is a critical comparison of the information of Marius Mercator with the data of other official sources, such as: conciliar acts, conciliar epistles, official correspondence of church hierarchs, and documents of imperial legislation. Special emphasis is placed on the analysis of how the Commonitorium presents the role and place of the Roman See, as well as personally of Pope Zosimus in the events related to the dispute over the personalities and doctrines of Pelagius and Caelestius. Based on the work done, the author draws several conclusions. The work of Marius Mercator is replete with numerous inaccuracies, significant omissions and even juggling with facts. With their help, Marius is diligently trying to whitewash Pope Zosimus and present him in the eyes of Emperor Theodosius and Patriarch Nestorius as a consistent adversary of the repeatedly condemned heretics Pelagius and Caelestius, and Pope Zosimus’ letter of repentance (epistula tractoria) as an important church-wide doctrinal document. On the whole, the Commonitorium of Marius Mercator can be seen as a tendentious and manipulative document, the purpose of which was to present in a favourable light the very controversial role played by Pope Zosimus in the events surrounding the condemnation of the heretics Pelagius and Caelestius in the western part of the Roman Empire. This role, according to the author of the article, is clear evidence of the crisis in the reputation and status of the Roman See in the period under consideration.

Mnohokrát bych tímto chtěl poděkovat svým rodičům za podporu při mém vysokoškolském studiu, dále pak paní profesorce Lence Bobkové, bez jejíž knih bych nebyl schopen tuto práci zpracovat. Dále bych chtěl poděkovat vedoucímu mé diplomové práce JUDr. Petrovi Beránkovi, za jeho pomoc a ochotu při zpracovávání této práce.

In this work, after a long break in historiography, the task of studying the continuity between civil leagues and assemblies and private associations of Roman times and the synodal structures of the Christian Church is again set. The state of knowledge of the issue in modern and older literature is highlighted. The basic terminology relating to the sphere of civil assemblies and private associations, on the one hand, and the synodal structures of the Church, on the other, is examined. Their complete identity is stated and the question is asked whether this identity indicates an institutional or only a typological continuity between the institutions of Roman civil society and the Church. The most striking similarity is that in both cases the leading figures are priests. Into the discussion of the problem is introduced the example of Ptolemaic Egypt, in which, according to the author of the article, the format of interaction between the monarch and the structures of priestly synods was first developed and later reproduced in Roman times, thus building the basis for the synodal structures of the Christian Church in their relations with the emperor. Special attention is paid to the phenomenon of «ecumenical synods» and the concept of “Oikoumene” in the specific Greek-Roman cultural vocabulary. It is indicated that the format of the “ecumenical synod”/“universal council”, essential for the Christian Church especially in Late Antique and Early Medieval period, also goes back to certain Roman social practices that have non-Christian origins and relate to the agonistic sphere and the sphere of functioning of private associations.

An antidote to the frigid and shallow Malthusian and market-centred approaches to the origins of capitalism.

Final proofs of the whole book. Two volumes in one. First, a study exploring the evidence for the forced expropriation of the English peasantry c. 1380-1620. Second, for future researchers especially, a translation from Latin to English of the voluminous findings of the commission into the expropriation of English peasants throughout England in 1517-18.

Изучению носителей меотской культуры по данным антропологии посвящено крайне малое количество научных работ. До настоящего времени полностью отсутствовали данные по одонтологии меотов. Представленная работа направлена на изучение морфологии зубной системы носителей меотской культуры на материалах эталонного памятника-Старокорсунского городища № 2. Раскопки погребений, включенных в работу, проводились с 1980 по 2020 г. Краснодарской археологической экспедицией Кубанского государственного университета под руководством Н.Ю. Лимберис и И.И. Марченко. На основе суммарной выборки, включающей 66 индивидов, были сформированы две хронологические группы: до I в. до н.э. и после I в. до н.э. Такое деление обусловлено появлением сармат у границ территории расселения меотов. Для статистического анализа были привлечены 28 географически близких сравнительных серий эпохи бронзы и раннего железа. Для исследуемой меотской серии характерно преобладание признаков западного одонтологического ствола, в качестве яркой особенности можно отметить высокие частоты бугорка Карабелли. Сравнение ранней и поздней выборок по частотам основных одонтоскопических признаков указывает на возможную метисацию населения городища с пришлым населением. Значения средних таксономических расстояний (СТР) между меотами и сравнительными сериями раннего железного века свидетельствуют об изменении вектора межпопуляционного взаимодействия со временем, что связано с увеличением концентрации восточных фенов в поздней меотской выборке. По данным анализа соответствий изученная в работе меотская группа занимает промежуточное положение между сериями Южного Приаралья, Южного Урала и Поднепровья. На данном этапе исследования полученные результаты могут отражать процессы взаимодействия между представителями оседлого населения Прикубанья и кочевой культуры скифов и сарматов. Ключевые слова: одонтология, меоты, ранний железный век, античность, Северное Причерноморье.

A number of mural paintings and building materials from monuments located in central and south Europe are characterized by the presence of an intriguing rosy discolouration phenomenon. Although some similarities were observed among the bacterial and archaeal microbiota detected in these monuments, their origin and nature is still unknown. In order to get a complete overview of this biodeterioration process, we investigated the microbial communities in saline environments causing the rosy discolouration of mural paintings in three Austrian historical buildings using a combination of culturedependent and -independent techniques as well as microscopic techniques. The bacterial communities were dominated by halophilic members of Actinobacteria, mainly of the genus Rubrobacter. Representatives of the Archaea were also detected with the predominating genera Halobacterium, Halococcus and Halalkalicoccus. Furthermore, halophilic bacterial strains, mainly of the phylum Firmicutes, could be retrieved from two monuments using special culture media. Inoculation of building materials (limestone and gypsum plaster) with selected isolates reproduced the unaesthetic rosy effect and biodeterioration in the laboratory.

Introducción 1 El escritor hispano-latino Juan de Verzosa nació en Zaragoza en 1522 ó 1523 y murió en Roma en 1574. 2 Salió de su ciudad natal a los dieciséis años para completar estudios en París. Comenzó a dar clases de griego en esa ciudad, y luego las impartió en Lovaina, adonde huyeron muchos españoles en 1542 con motivo de la guerra hispano-francesa de ese año. Debido a sus conocimientos de idiomas, fue requerido en 1546 por el servicio diplomático imperial para participar como secretario y traductor en la Dieta de Ratisbona. La experiencia debió de ser exitosa, porque de inmediato fue nombrado secretario de Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, 3 que era 1 Este artículo se ha realizado en el seno del proyecto de investigación FFI2009-10133 de la DGICYT. Los autores agradecemos al Dr. D. Juan Gil Fernández sus sabios consejos para la redacción del trabajo, así como a los Drs. doña Violeta Pérez Custodio, don Bartolomé Pozuelo Calero y doña Sandra Inés Ramos Maldonado por su atenta lectura y múltiples sugerencias. Y damos igualmente las gracias a don Valentín Moreno Gallego, de la Real Biblioteca, por sus informaciones bibliográfi cas. Dedicamos el trabajo al profesor Jordi Pérez Durá en justo reconocimiento por sus múltiples desvelos en el campo del latín humanístico. 2 Para este y los demás datos que siguen de Verzosa, véase la completa biobibliografía del autor en J. M.ª Maestre Maestre (ed.

Nicola Pezzella
Università degli Studi di Udine
Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia
Corso di Laurea in Conservazione dei Beni Culturali
Relatore: Prof.ssa Stefania Mason
Anno Accademico 1995-96
Introduzione e Metodologia
La tesi affronta un tema che, nonostante sia stato ampiamente studiato nell'arte fiamminga e nordica, non era stato ancora sistematicamente esaminato nell'arte veneta rinascimentale. L'autore ha adottato un approccio rigoroso basato su:

Analisi dettagliata delle rappresentazioni iconografiche
Ricerca delle fonti letterarie e teologiche che hanno ispirato queste immagini
Studio dei testi dei Padri della Chiesa e dei teologi medievali
Esame di compendi di demonologia e trattati di esorcismo
Analisi dei bestiari medievali e opere di naturalisti del XVI secolo

Il Drago come Simbolo Demoniaco
Un punto focale della tesi è l'analisi della figura del drago, animale che nella tradizione cristiana simboleggia il demonio:

Etimologia: il termine greco "drakon" significa "colui che guarda fisso"
Identificazione biblica con il serpente e Satana, esplicitata nell'Apocalisse
Evoluzione iconografica: inizialmente rappresentato come un grande serpente, progressivamente arricchito con caratteristiche ibride (ali di pipistrello dal XIII secolo)
Simbolismo: incarnazione delle forze ctonie, del caos, delle tenebre, dell'irrazionale

Santi e il Drago
La tesi esamina approfonditamente i racconti agiografici e le rappresentazioni pittoriche dei santi che sconfiggono il drago:

San Silvestro: rappresentato mentre lega la bocca del drago con un filo
Santa Marta: che domina la "Tarasca", un mostro ibrido metà mammifero e metà pesce
San Giorgio: l'esempio più celebre, raffigurato mentre trafigge il drago con la lancia
San Teodoro: altro patrono di Venezia spesso rappresentato con un drago o coccodrillo
Santa Margherita d'Antiochia: inghiottita e poi liberata miracolosamente dal ventre del drago

San Michele Arcangelo
Una sezione significativa è dedicata all'Arcangelo Michele, capo delle milizie celesti:

Combatte contro gli angeli ribelli e il drago a sette teste (Apocalisse)
Evoluzione iconografica: da combattente del drago a vincitore di Lucifero in forma umanizzata
La "psicostasi" (pesatura delle anime): Michele che tiene una bilancia, un tema iconografico diffuso

Animali come Simboli del Male
La tesi esplora sistematicamente la simbologia negativa di diversi animali nella pittura veneta:

Il gatto: simbolo diabolico che appare frequentemente nei temi dell'Annunciazione e dell'Ultima Cena
La mosca: associata a Beelzebub ("signore delle mosche")
Uccelli rapaci: avvoltoi e civette, simboli di morte e presagio infausto
La scimmia: vista come "simia Dei", imitatrice imperfetta di Dio
Il leopardo: simbolo di crudeltà e insidia demoniaca
Serpenti e scorpioni: rappresentanti del peccato e della tentazione

Le Tentazioni di Cristo e dei Santi
Un altro aspetto importante analizzato è la rappresentazione delle tentazioni:

Le tentazioni di Cristo nel deserto, con diverse interpretazioni iconografiche
Sant'Antonio abate e le sue visioni demoniache
San Girolamo nel deserto, circondato da animali simboleggianti varie tentazioni

Esorcismi e Liberazioni dal Demonio
La tesi esamina anche:

Scene di esorcismo e liberazione dai demoni
Modalità di rappresentazione dell'uscita del demonio dal corpo dei posseduti
Uso di reliquie e simboli sacri per scacciare i demoni

Conclusioni
L'analisi di Pezzella rivela che:

La rappresentazione del demoniaco è un aspetto significativo nella pittura veneta rinascimentale
Gli artisti veneti, pur ispirandosi a modelli nordici, sviluppano un'interpretazione autonoma
L'arte veneziana tende a "normalizzare" l'iconografia demoniaca, evitando gli eccessi visionari dell'arte nordica ma mantenendo l'efficacia didattica
I simboli del male sono spesso dissimulati sotto forma di presenze animali, creando un sottotesto simbolico complesso

Questa tesi offre un contributo originale alla comprensione dell'iconografia religiosa veneta, colmando una lacuna negli studi storico-artistici sul simbolismo del male nel Rinascimento italiano.

Dr. James Donald Tracy in his work Europe's Reformations, 1450-1650: Doctrine, Politics, and Community first published in 1999 and then in 2006 with a second edition has produced a comprehensive seminal synthesis on the topical material of the religious upheavals that reshaped and molded early modern Europe. 1 Dr. Tracy is a distinguished American historian of the early modern period, who along with Heiko Oberman (Dutch historian and theologian), co-founded the Journal of Early Modern History. Dr. Tracy is also the Emeritus Professor at the University of Minnesota. This work by Dr. Tracy adds to the historiography of the Reformation and early modern European history a comprehensive and accessible exploration of the various Reformations (Protestant, Catholic, and otherwise) over a period of two centuries. This work is designed for the audience of both academics, scholars, and students by dismantling the traditional periodization and positing a break between the medieval and early modern eras instead of overly emphasizing the continuities and complex interplays of doctrine, politics, and social dynamics. This work by Dr. Tracy diverges from the work of other historians in this specific field like historians Diarmaid MacCulloch, Peter Marshall, Natalie Zemon Davis, Brad S. Gregory, and others. The divergence here is in the approach to the Reformation as a complex and multifaceted series of events versus a singular event. Dr. Tracy poses the central argument as being that the Reformation was not a single unified movement but was instead a series of varied but distinct Reformations occurring across the European continent from 1450 through 1650. The contention made in this argument is that the Reformation was actually shaped and molded by an interplay of theological, social, and political factors and/or variables that shifted significantly from region to region. 2 Dr. Tracy further makes the point that "the Reformation was a process, not an event" and points out that its impact had different effects in different regions of Europe. 3 The approach by Dr. Tracy is distinctly divergent from that of Diarmaid MacCulloch and his work The Reformation: A History where Dr. MacCulloch argues that the Reformation was a single, cohesive, and unified

This is a series of five blogposts published in 2013 on a blog hosted by Theresa Earenfight, "Queens in the Middle Ages." Co-written by Earenfight and myself, the blog posts report on an undergraduate seminar Earenfight and I co-taught at Seattle University in Spring 2013 on a hitherto-unstudied text on fertility and birth, Pierre André’s Pomum aureum (1444), addressed to Gaston IV, the Count of Foix.

The new churches that emerged in the principalities and cities of Protestant Germany in the 1520s and '30s had two chief adversaries, armed Catholicism on the one hand and dissident Anabaptism on the other. In their attempts to deal with the threats posed by these adversaries, Protestant governments faced some difficult questions. If, for example, the emperor made war on the Protestant princes because of their religion, did the gospel that forbade the peasants to take up arms against their overlords, the princes, also forbid the princes to take up arms against their overlord, the emperor? Again, did secular rulers, whose authority did not extend to the realm of faith and conscience, have the right to take action against Anabaptists? And if they did, was it necessary to impose the death penalty on them, as imperial law prescribed?

On these and related questions, the Swabian reformer, Johannes Brenz, was repeatedly asked for his opinion by both fellow reformers and important secular rulers. His answers were individual and influential. From 1530/31, moreover, they were at variance with those of the Wittenberg reformers. On the one hand, he refused to join the Wittenbergers in yielding to the legal argument that the territorial princes had rights in matters of religion that could justly be defended by force of arms against attack on them by the emperor. On the other hand, he was more consistent than they in his opposition to the use of the death penalty against the Anabaptists. His most widely read work on that subject, Whether a Secular Government May . . . Condemn Anabaptists to Death by Fire or Sword. (1528) was subsequently incorporated, virtually complete, into Sebastian Casetllio's Concerning Heretics, Whether They Are to be Persecuted (1554). The story of Brenz's struggle with these questions illustrates how difficult it was at that time for rulers and their theological counselors to move in directions that people of a much later age can applaud.

In 1520 Martin Luther, whose appeals to ecclesiastical authorities for reform had gone unheeded, published his first appeal to secular authorities for help with reform: Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation on the Reform of the Christian Estate. Over the next quarter century he would issue still more appeals to secular authorities to support and defend needed reforms, in every case indicating the justification for such action and the limits to it. As time passed, his thinking on the subject developed and changed in significant ways in response to new circumstances. At all times the arguments he used were, in the ways and for the reasons here discussed, considerably more complicated than those of his fellow reformers and, consequently, frequently misunderstood, both then and since. Luther has, for example, often been seen as someone who, unlike his fellow reformers, was fundamentally opposed to the much deplored emergence of das landesherrliche Kirhenregiment of Protestant Germany. The relevant texts, however, reveal that Luther was, in his own way, just as much the founder and defender of the territorial church as was anyone else at the time.

Ein karolingischer Denar Karls des Großen mit auf der Rückseite den Namen seiner Gemahlin, Königin Fastrada. Da der Münztyp erst im Jahr 793 eingeführt wurde und Fastrada im August 794 starb, lässt sie sich sehr genau datieren. Karl wurde mit ziemlicher Sicherheit von den Pfennigen der Königin Cynethryth, die von Offa in den späten 780er Jahren geprägt wurden, inspiriert. Die Münzprägung spiegelt sowohl die Zuneigung Karls des Großen zu Fastrada wider als auch seine Bereitschaft, die Macht mit ihr zu teilen.

A rather scathing review of a book whose title suggests it discusses how Frankish rulers used the iconography of coins and seals to convey a political message, but which fails to live up to that expectation. With regard to coinage, the author regrettably restricts his study to named portrait coins, of which there are few in this period, and unfortunately displays an inadequate and flawed knowledge and understanding of Frankish coinage.

La presenza dell'Ordine del Tempio a Venezia rappresenta uno dei capitoli più affascinanti e complessi della storia medievale della Serenissima. Lungi dall'essere una semplice appendice della più nota attività crociata, la mansione templare veneziana costituì un elemento strutturale nello sviluppo politico, economico, sociale e religioso della Repubblica marinara. Formalmente stabilita con la "domus Templarii sacellum" documentata nel 1143, la presenza templare veneziana si sviluppò rapidamente diventando il fulcro di una rete di attività che si estendeva dal Mediterraneo orientale all'Europa occidentale. La posizione strategica "nei pressi di piazza San Marco" non era casuale: rifletteva il riconoscimento, da parte delle autorità veneziane, dell'importanza strategica di un ordine che combinava funzioni religiose, militari, commerciali e diplomatiche.

En enero de 1404, a raíz de un conflicto que venía de lejos, los criados del obispo burgalés Juan de Villacreces irrumpieron armados y de forma violenta en las po sesiones que el monasterio de Las Huelgas ostentaba en La Llana de la ciudad de Burgos, causando graves daños, pues dieron muerte a un perro guardés, robaron el dinero y los objetos de valor que allí se custodiaban e, incluso, hirieron (supuesta mente de gravedad) a un clérigo residente del lugar al servicio de la abadía, quien acabó además encarcelado en la prisión del obispo.' Aunque los conflictos existentes entre el obispado de Burgos y la comunidad cis terciense de Las Huelgas no siempre resultaron tan encarnizados ni alcanzaron las cotas de violencia física observadas en 1404, lo cierto es que fueron una constante desde el mismo momento en que ambas instituciones comenzaron a convivir a tan escasa distancia la una de la otra. En la mayor parte de los casos, dichos conflic tos se circunscribieron al ámbito económico, teniendo como eje la percepción de diezmos. En otras ocasiones, sin embargo, las disputas se extendieron al terreno canónico, en relación con el intervencionismo de los obispos burgaleses en el de sarrollo del ceremonial litúrgico de la abadía cisterciense. Finalmente, aunque no será objeto de atención en estas páginas, cabe señalar que entre ambas instituciones se entabló también en determinados momentos una pugna por afianzarse como ' Este trabajo se enmarca en el proyecto de investigación I+D+i Sedes Memoriae 2: Memorias de cultos y las artes del altar en las catedrales medievales del norte peninsular (

Isprava Instrumento della cessione del scoglio della comunità di Curzola alli Padri minori osservanti di San Francesco l\u27 Anno 1394. darovnica je Velikog vijeća grada Korčule franjevačkom Redu male braće. Isprava je prijepis i datira se u 17. stoljeće. Sam je tekst darovnice sačuvan u nekoliko verzija koje pokazuju određene međusobne razlike dovodeći u pitanje izvornost teksta te isprave. Temeljem diplomatičke analize, analize leksičko-stilističkih značajki, pravnog konteksta i okolnosti nastanka u radu se pokazuje da isprava predstavlja prijepis autentičnog teksta darovnice iz 1394. godine i da se njome ustvrđuje vlasnost toga reda ne samo na dijelu Otoka kod Korčule, kako se dosad smatralo, nego i nad cijelim otokom.The document Instrumento della cessione del scoglio della comunità di Curzola alli Padri minori osservanti di San Francesco l\u27 Anno 1394. presents the privilegium by which the Grand Council of the commune of Korčula fulfills the request and requirement of the Bos...

The colony' s population expanded in wartime after 1775 to no more than approximately 17,000, including the military, before the influx of about 29,000 Loyalist refugees in 1783. By 1800, when the gender balance in the colony was more balanced than earlier, there were between 60,000 and 66,000 souls, most of them very poor. Marble adds much detail to this. He demonstrates that arrivals in wartime in the 1750s, 1770s, and 1790s of large numbers of troops and seamen created epidemics in Halifax and its environs. With them came hundreds of soldiers' wives and children, along with camp followers, many of whom were abandoned at Halifax when the regiments departed. As the medical men treated mainly soldiers and seamen for smallpox, Marble' s account provides a great deal more information about the poor in Halifax than hitherto has been attempted. In addition, from his laboriously researched study of those whose death we have a record of in this era, we know that of the 2,800 whose age is known half were minors; 42 per cent had not reached their eleventh birthday. His death list of almost II,500 individualsa rare historical data base -if reconstituted, could be subject to far more analysis than Marble attempts. Dr. Marble's scholarly enterprise straddles several fields. Not orny is he a widely published professor in the Technical University of Nova Scotia and director of research in Dalhousie's Departrnent of Surgery, but also a noted Nova Scotia genealogist, weIl known for bis capacity to comb almost every manuscript likely to reveal something useful to the several historical topics he simultaneously pursues. Always very generous in sharing his research with others, he places Nova Scotia historians doubly in his debt for reminding them of how little of the province's early history they have yet written.

Autori se u članku bave različitom ulogom seoskih utvrda u sjevernoj Istri u kontekstu različitih vojničkih zbivanja i uloge seoskog stanovništva u njima (upad osmanskih pljačkaških skupina te Prvi i Drugi mletačko-austrijski rat). Predstavljene su različite funkcije (pa i simbolične) arhitektonski različito utvrđenih zgrada (stražarskih kula, zidina sa stražarskim kulama, utvrđene crkve i utvrđene kraške jame), a za usporedbu je uzeta i veća utvrda koja je postala sjedište feuda -Socerb i to i u doba spomenutih vojnih događaja i u mirnodopsko doba. Ključne riječi: uloga seoskih utvrda, seoska vojska, simbolična vrijednost utvrda, Uskočki rat, Prvi mletačko-austrijski rat, sjeverna Istra Uvod U ranome novom vijeku seoske utvrde bile su značajka ruralnih područja kao i onih pod mletačkom vlašću te u habsburškim nasljednim zemljama. Njima su bile isprepletene sjeverna Istra i Kras (osobito koparsko zaleđe) te svi važni putovi koji su povezivali unutrašnjost s obalnim mjestima. Iako možemo zaključiti da su određene seoske utvrde nastale već u srednjemu vijeku (1411. godine je, primje-2

The Hebrew term Elohim (אֱלֹהִים) appears throughout the Old Testament as a grammatically plural noun referring to the singular God of Israel. This study explores the linguistic roots, grammatical forms, and theological implications of the term. While earlier scholarship attributed this form to the pluralis majestatis, or "plural of majesty," this explanation has increasingly been challenged on historical and linguistic grounds. Drawing from comparative Semitic philology, biblical grammar (especially Gesenius §124), and literary context, this paper argues that Elohim reflects a composite use: a linguistic relic of ancient Semitic plurality, an abstract or intensive plural, and a theological expression of divine fullness. The study contends that modern appeals to the plural of majesty are anachronistic and foreign to the biblical Hebrew worldview.

During the last years of the Middle Ages and throughout the Early Modern period, a strange phenomenon occurred which has captured the attention of historians and anthropologists, as well as that of contemporary feminists and occultists: the great "witch crazes." The witch crazes, a horrific series of trials, tortures, and condemnations of supposedly magical and demonic persons, seem out of place in this period of scientific discoveries, global travels, educational opportunities, inventions, religious reforms, and a growing belief in the individual. The idea of an educated, scientific individual clashes with that of the witch: often a women, but always a person with knowledge of magic, nature, old wisdom, or later the Devil. From about 1350 to 1700, the Catholic Church promoted the ideas that not only had some people fallen away from their faith into heretical views, but also that some were in league with Satan, possessed by demons, and countered the goodness of Christ with acts of black magic for the Devil. The church began to hunt witches actively in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and, through the tortured and manipulated words of those accused, found, not surprisingly, similar tales of night meetings, flying on broomsticks, and perverse encounters with the Devil and his demons. Alan Charles Kors and Edward Peters, in the second edition of their 1972 source book, Witchcraft in Europe 1100-1700: A Documentary History, now titled 400-1700, offer a collection of primary sources in translation along with a set of illustrations for use in teaching or general research. In the second edition, Peters expands both the number of texts and the time period that they cover; however, he continues the core pursuit of the first edition: to examine the European view of "the nature, activities, and numbers of diabolical sorcerers and witches [that] became a major intellectual and juridical preoccupation of people from all walks of life." Kors and Peters focus on the period from 1100 to 1750 that "culminated in the widespread fears, accusations, trials, and executions that so arrest our attention." The obvious interest in the later period is justified; the issues became more intensely dichotomous as the church saw its authority questioned by scientists, religious reform-

El exquisito manuscrito conciliar que Vigila y Sarracino copiaron en Albelda en el año 976 lleva en uno de sus primeros folios (RBME, d-I-2, f. 16v) una interesante Maiestas Domini en la que imagen y texto concurren para transmitir el mensaje pretendido por sus autores. Este, sin embargo, no ha sido captado del todo correctamente por los estudiosos contemporáneos. En el presente artículo, tras una breve presentación de la Maiestas objeto de estudio (punto 1), discutimos las dos hipótesis interpretativas dadas hasta la fecha —la tradicional, representada por Soledad de Silva y Verástegui, y la más reciente de Fernando Rubert— (punto 2), para después proponer (punto 3) una interpretación alternativa que hemos calificado de lectura originaria u original, y ello no porque sea novedosa, sino sencillamente porque es la lectura original, esto es, la pretendida por los escribas. En el punto 4 se resume la tesis defendida: a saber, que la lectura correcta es la que se lee en el manuscrito, que no necesitaba ser corregido.

Lorenzo Mercuri - Une seigneurie urbaine et son centre névralgique: le domaine foncier des Templiers à Paris et leur Enclos aux portes de la ville, in «As religiões na Europa Urbana Medieval / Religions in Medieval Urban Europe», eds. Amélia Aguiar Andrade, Gonçalo Melo da Silva, Lisboa 2024 (ISBN: 978-989-35379), p. 415-438

The Hanseatic zone as seen from Gdańsk in the 14th to early 16th century
The article examines the problem of the perception of the Hanseatic zone in Gdańsk in the 14th to the beginning of the 16th century. It is assumed that in the case of the "Hanseatic zone" and the cities belonging to the Hanseatic League, the basic indicator of its reach were the conditions of trade exchange, i.e. the general framework of east-west economic contacts and the participation in it of representatives of individual cities. The "zone" here is understood as an economic and social unity of human activity and organisation, with large cities being the distinguishing and defining factor of its activity (R.E. Dickinson, J.C. Russell). A fundamental dimension of the perception of the Hanseatic zone was the personal relationships of the inhabitants, resulting from the process of settlement of the population (including merchants) arriving from the North German (Imperial) area in the port cities along the Baltic Sea. Part of this process was also the migration of the German population settling in the Teutonic Order's state of Prussia, including craftsmen and merchants arriving in the area's main urban and port centres including Gdańsk. Therefore, the correspondence of the Gdańsk authorities with other cities in the 14th and 15th centuries, conducted in commercial and other matters, usually regarding the richest inhabitants of the cities (merchants and members of the power elite - councillors, jurors), was analysed. Further considerations also include the personal perspective of the merchants and burghers, as reflected in the trade books they kept (Johan Pyre), which were sometimes expanded with numerous notes of a historical and personal nature (Jakob Lubbe, Caspar Weinreich, Christoph Beyer, Bernt Stegmann). The analyses carried out show that the map of Gdańsk's economic contacts is confirmed by the intensity and extent of the correspondence carried out by the city council in the 14th and 15th centuries. The same is also true of the activities of individual merchants, both the merchant Johan Pyre, active in the first half of the 15th century, and the skipper Caspar Weinreich, active in the second half of that century. The latter in particular confirms with his notes that the Hanseatic Zone was, as it were, the natural horizon of economic interests of the inhabitants of Gdańsk. Of course, this mainly applied to merchants and skippers. The vast majority of the inhabitants of Gdańsk lived for local affairs, the city and the surrounding area, as was the case with the stallholder Jacob Lubbe. However, they had heard a lot about the faraway world and saw foreigners arriving in the harbour virtually every day.

Strefa hanzeatycka widziana z Gdańska XIV–początek XVI wieku
W artykule rozpatrzono problem postrzegania strefy hanzeatyckiej w Gdańsku w XIV–początkach XVI w. Przyjęto, że w przypadku „strefy hanzeatyckiej” i miast należących do związku hanzeatyckiego (tzw. hanzy lubeckiej lub niemieckiej) podstawowym wskaźnikiem jej zasięgu były warunki wymiany handlowej, a więc ogólne ramy kontaktów gospodarczych wschód - zachód i udział w nim przedstawicieli poszczególnych miast. Przy czym „strefa” rozumiana jest tu jako jedność gospodarcza i społeczna aktywności oraz organizacji ludzkiej, zaś czynnikiem wyróżniającym i definiującym jej działalność są duże miasta (R.E. Dickinson, J.C. Russell). Podstawowym wymiarem postrzegania strefy hanzeatyckiej były związki osobiste mieszkańców, wynikające z procesu osiedlania się ludności (w tym kupców) przybywającej z obszaru północnych Niemiec (Cesarstwa) w miastach portowych położonych nad Bałtykiem. Częścią tego procesu była też migracja ludności niemieckiej, osiedlającej się w państwie zakonu krzyżackiego w Prusach, w tym rzemieślników i kupców przybywających do głównych ośrodków miejskich i portowych tego obszaru, w tym i do Gdańska. W związku z tym przeanalizowano korespondencję władz Gdańska z innymi miastami w XIV i XV w., prowadzoną  w sprawach handlowych i innych, zazwyczaj odnośnie do najbogatszych mieszkańców miast (kupców i członków elity władzy - rajców, ławników). W dalszych rozważaniach uwzględniono również perspektywę osobistą kupców i mieszczan, która znajduje odbicie w prowadzonych przez nich księgach handlowych (Johan Pyre) rozbudowanych nieraz o liczne zapiski o charakterze historycznym i osobistym (Jakob Lubbe, Caspar Weinreich, Christoph Beyer, Bernt Stegmann). Z przeprowadzonych analiz wynika, że mapa kontaktów gospodarczych Gdańska znajduje potwierdzenie w intensywności i zasięgu korespondencji prowadzonej w XIV i XV w. przez radę miasta. Podobnie jest też w przypadku działalności poszczególnych kupców, zarówno aktywnego w pierwszej połowie XV w. kupca Johan Pyre, jak i działającego w drugiej połowie tego wieku szypra Caspar Weinreich. Szczególnie ten drugi potwierdza swoimi zapiskami, że niejako naturalny horyzont zainteresowań gospodarczych gdańszczan stanowiła przede wszystkim strefa hanzeatycka. Oczywiście dotyczyło to głównie kupców i szyprów. Zdecydowana większość mieszkańców Gdańska żyła sprawami lokalnymi, miasta i okolicy, jak było to w przypadku kramarza Jakob Lubbe. O dalekim świecie słyszała jednak wiele i widziała, właściwie codziennie cudzoziemców przybywających do portu.

A cento anni dalla nascita e a dieci dalla scomparsa del grande storico francese, Daniela Romagnoli,  infaticabile promotrice del lascito scientifico e civile di Jacques Le Goff (1924-2014), ha organizzato nel 2024 con la Casa della Cultura di Milano e il Centro Filippo Buonarroti di Milano un incontro per ricordare lo storico francese ed in particolare la sua eredità nella cultura, non solo storiografica, contemporanea. Dall’incontro, nel 2025, è scaturito un libro (Incontri con Jacques Le Goff, a cura di Daniela Romagnoli, Sesto San Giovanni (Mi), Pantarei, 2025). Nel volume figurano, oltre a scritti di Jacques Le Goff, contributi di Elisabeth Atkinson Rash Brown, Carla Casagrande, Carlo Antonio Barberini, Sergio Cirio, Daniela Romagnoli, Amedeo Feniello e Giusi Zanichelli.

Current modern attention and concern about (human-driven) climate change has prompted much focus on the historical/archaeological relevance and role of (natural) climate change in the past. The topic is both relevant and important-and especially those short(er)-term events that perhaps helped trigger historically substantive change episodes. But, at the same time, initial, somewhat naïve enthusiasm has now run headlong into the limitations of the available data sources before the early modern era, and the many complications of establishing actual causal associations. These need to be, first, closely defined in terms of timing and effects, and then also, second, established as relevant to the specific human societies/civilizations and contexts in question. This paper seeks to highlight the need for appropriate care and rigorous method when seeking to associate climate and environmental events with the available ancient historical and archaeological evidence, and investigates three illustrative, problematic, cases from the Classical Mediterranean world.

Türklerin İslâm’ı kabulü, Türk tarihi açısından önemli bir dönüm noktasıdır. Bu çalışma, bu karmaşık dönüşüm sürecini, genellikle tek bir sebebe ya da olaya indirgenen basit anlatıların ötesinde, daha derinlemesine bir şekilde yeniden değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Ananevî bakış açısı, genellikle din benzerliği veya askerî fetih gibi faktörlere odaklanmakta olsa da bu çalışma, sürecin çok daha katmanlı ve çok yönlü olduğunu savunmaktadır.

SNF-prosjekt nr. 9039 Analyse av konkurransemessige virkninger av et utvalg av NRKs tjenester Prosjektet er finansiert av Kulturdepartementet SAMFUNNS-OG NAERINGSLIVSFORSKNING BERGEN, MARS 2015 © Materialet er vernet etter åndsverkloven. Uten uttrykkelig samtykke er eksemplarfremstilling som utskrift og annen kopiering bare tillatt når det er hjemlet i lov (kopiering til privat bruk, sitat o.l.) eller avtale med Kopinor (www.kopinor.no). Utnyttelse i strid med lov eller avtale kan medføre erstatnings-og straffeansvar. Utnyttelse i strid med lov eller avtale kan medføre erstatnings-og straffeansvar.

Modern notions like “Catholicism,” “Lutheranism,” and “Calvinism” are not helpful in describing the history of the thought at the early modern universities. However, the early modern university forms the context of Reformed academic thought, which has to be interpreted and to be analyzed in continuity and discontinuity with the thought of the medieval centuries. The decisive question to be raised is how a certain movement is related to the classic Christian model of necessity-contingency thinking: God exists necessarily and he acts contingently. The Reformed tradition of theology and philosophy closely followed this model, whereas Calvin did not.

abordando los aspectos jurídicos del munus docendi Ecclesiae, objeto del libro III del Código de Derecho Canónico. El libro, publicado en la colección Subsidia Canonica, contiene el primer capítulo del futuro segundo volumen continuación de su Corso fondamentale sul diritto nella Chiesa (2009), con la finalidad de que sea útil en la docencia de este ámbito del Derecho Canónico. Esta obra, con otras del mismo profesor ya publicadas, forma parte de un itinerario de investigación sobre la función de enseñar en ámbito jurídico. En este itinerario de profundización, por una parte, el autor considera que es insuficiente una metodología exegética de los textos legislativos. Esta debe complementarse con una metodología sistemática que permita concretar los conceptos y los principios fundamentales. Por otra parte,

This paperpresents the results ofresearch for a Doctorate undertakenfrom 1991 to 1995, in the Department ofArchaeology and Palaeoanthropology at the University ofNew England, Armidale, NSW The aim of the research was to construct a model for the transfer and adaptation of industrial technology from Britain to Australia in the nineteenth century. The paper considers what factors were important for the process of international technology transfer. This leads to hypotheses about how it should have been adapted as a result of its transfer. These are then tested by a comparison of the physical remains of the technology preserved in both countries. A generalised model for the transfer and adaption of industrial technology from Britain to Australia in the nineteenth century is then putforward. In order to construct a model for the transfer and adpation of industrial archaeology between Britain and Australia in the nineteenth century, published research on international technology-transfer,...

Of the great Dominican and Franciscan encyclopaediae, only that of Thomas of Cantimpre, the De Naturis Rerum in twenty books, completed, after fifteen years of work,' in 1240, contains moralizations expressing the symbolism of certain animals, trees and hems, springs, planets, and elements. As Thomas notes in an elaborate prologue, often he will append to a given entry such moralizations, based on scripture and classical and patristic writers. "Hence I have briefly distinguished the moral meanings and significances of things in certain places from time to time, but not continuously because I would shun prolixity."' Thomas aimed his work largely at an audience of preachers and parish priests, and he believed that the animal history portion of the encyclopaedia could offer them a valuable tool for the preparation of sermons. In this intention Thomas wrote in the tradition of near contemporaries like Robert of Basevom, whose forma praedicandi tells us that the preacher ought always to offer his listeners something subtle and curious, a device particularly efficacious when they begin to sleep.' Though both Albert the Great and Vincent of Beauvais, silently or openly,' were heavily indebted to Thomas in their O\m natural histories, they did not choose to incorporate his morali tales. Thus, it is fairly clear that Thomas had a specific idea of the dual role-at once informational and improving-of the encyclopaedia shared neither by his fellow Dominicans nor by the Franciscan, Bartholomaeus Anglicus in his De Proprietatibus Rerum, though this author's work was later moralized in a very similar way by his fellow Minorite, Marcus of Orvieto.' In the present paper I should like to examine certain of Thomas of Cantimpre's moralitates, and to suggest that he fused in an interesting way in his work two hitherto distinct genres, mixing the traditional encyclopaedia of the Rhabanus Maurus type-which retailed ancient accounts, often fabulous, of animals, their appearances, physical oddities, and breeding habits'-with the preacher's handbooks and distinctiones collections just coming into fashion in the thirteenth century and intended to aid in the compilation of sermons. 7 Thus, his encyclopaedia adds to the traditional accounts of various creatures, dra,m primarily from Pliny,' Solinus, and Aristotle's works on animal movement and generation, many brief stories, supplied with moral applications, of interesting or unusual events in the animal kingdom. The result, often fascinating and entertaining in the unusual ways natural history is put to

Il seicentenario della fondazione della Ca' Giocosa di Mantova, l'originalissimo esperimento educativo condotto da Vittorino da Feltre nel Quattrocento, ha dato l'occasione per un convegno internazionale all'Accademia Nazionale Virgiliana di Mantova sui processi educativi laici ed ecclesiastici nell'Italia dei secoli XV-XVII, tra corti e società civile.

Les infrastructures de mobilite sont de plus en plus decriees lorsqu'elles se heurtent a la ville, pourtant elles participent a la definition du paysage urbain. “L'Alaskan Way Viaduct” a Seattle est considere comme une rupture entre le cœur de la ville et le front de mer. En 2019, alors que la circulation sera releguee dans un tunnel creuse sous la ville, il est prevu de detruire ce monument de beton malgre ses qualites identitaire, sociale et paysagere. Le projet propose une alternative a la destruction en requalifiant l'ouvrage en integrateur social urbain. La structure, qui a permis l'exode vers les banlieues dans les annees cinquante, est utilisee pour redynamiser la ville. Deleste de certaines rampes, le viaduc se metamorphose en une jetee dans le paysage urbain. Les trois niveaux entretiennent chacun une relation differente avec la ville. L'etage intermediaire, concu comme un catalogue de possibilites inspirees de la construction modulaire du viaduc, accuei...