Medieval Studies

Some time ago I received a copy of James’ latest work titled Glory and Tragedy in Notre-Dame d’Étampes, (hereafter James (2024)), and I am grateful to him for providing it to me. I have a great many concerns about the contents of this book, and I have conveyed some of them to him, and in previous reviews on academia.edu. There is one last issue that has been nagging at me since addressing James’ claims about medieval building, largely because this assumption has infected so much writing on medieval architecture.

In this article, within the field of Paleography and Diplomatics, we introduce an approximation to a kind of chancellery documents called “Cartas Reales” and the differents kinds of them, specifically those coming from the resources found nowadays in the State Archives of Cagliari, in Sardinia (Italy), in a period of time from the end of the XIV century to the dawnings of the XVI century, i. e., from the Chancellery of the King Martin the Human to the Chancellery of Ferdinand the Catholic. We have to point out that the situation of writing and kinds of documents in the Crown of Aragon is different to that of the Crown of Castille, Aragon being more receptive to European cultural tendencies due to a series of facts which will be analysed next.

Throughout the Middle Ages and across a staggering variety of sources, both the notion of smell and the olfactory sense responsible for smells’ discernment have been put through an exegetical, doctrinal, and mystical wringer by scores of philosophers, physicians, and theologians.  Ephemeral and fleeting but emotionally, spiritually, and physiologically potent, olfaction was deeply embedded in humoral, anatomical, and cognitive theories. Odors could heal and odors could harm; they could purify and they could taint. Scent and Sense explores those images and objects that take smells as their predicates, directing the inquiry on their tropological and often paradoxical meanings, and on their place in the medieval economy of remembrance and reflection. Essays draw from several religious cultures of the global medieval world—Buddhist, Jewish, Christian (both western and eastern), Islamic—and offer a broad temporal span of several centuries. Authors engage with visual production of different kinds: from objects that emit smell to the representation of such objects, from monumental architectural structures and liturgical furnishings to illuminated miniatures in codices and paintings from palm-leaf manuscripts. All share an interest in the theoretical and metaphorical underpinnings of the olfactory sense, but all are thoroughly anchored in the material universe of the medieval cultural eco-system. Scent and Sense, thus, takes a holistic approach to its subject, crossing religions, territories, and media of the medieval world writ large; its inquiry, nevertheless, is tightly focused on the multivalent relationships between olfaction, material culture, and remembrance that manifest themselves along an extraordinarily varied spectrum of thought. Rooted equally in ritual and knowledge, metaphysically potent yet making a claim for absolute truth, the sensorial ephemera studied in this volume exist on the brink, infused with fraught self-contradictions, tethered to the divine but—like any memory—inherently untrustworthy.

This article argues that greater attention needs to be paid to the inconclusive nature of the poem's narrative. Much criticism of the poem encourages us to make sense of it in conventional terms. This approach obscures its deep and extensive interest in negation as a philosophical, logical concept and as apophatic 'negative' theology. Like the important apophatic texts, Piers Plowman is centrally interested in the problem of names and naming because unknowability poses an almost insurmountable problem for traditional medieval linguistic theory. This problem is explored in the poem's meditation on the 'kynde name' and on the nature of love.

Questo studio approfondito di Nicola Pezzella offre un'inedita ricostruzione storica della presenza templare a Treviso attraverso l'analisi della precettoria di San Tomaso. Basandosi su documenti d'archivio, inventari inquisitoriali e fonti storiche locali, l'opera rivela come questa domus templare rappresentasse un nodo strategico nella rete dell'Ordine nell'Italia nord-orientale.
San Tomaso non era una semplice chiesa, ma un centro amministrativo, religioso ed economico di notevole importanza, strategicamente posizionato alla porta orientale della città. La sua peculiare evoluzione - dalla dedicazione originaria a Santa Maria fino all'insolito cambio verso San Tomaso Becket - costituisce un caso unico che illumina le complesse strategie religiose e politiche dell'Ordine.
Questo lavoro ricostruisce non solo le strutture fisiche e le proprietà dell'insediamento, ma anche il tessuto umano che lo animava, offrendo uno squarcio sulla vita quotidiana dei cavalieri, sacerdoti e conversi che vi risiedevano. Il sistema economico-patrimoniale della precettoria, con le sue proprietà urbane e rurali, rivela la sofisticata gestione che caratterizzava l'Ordine Templare prima della sua drammatica soppressione nel 1312.

A primeira inferência a retirar deste livro prende-se com um traço constante dos emblemas heráldicos observados, desde os mais remotos até aos mais recentes: todos funcionam como instrumento não apenas de identificação de um indivíduo, uma família, uma instituição ou uma entidade abstracta (pense-se nas armas de Cristo ou da Paixão), mas também como forma de comunicação visual num determinado contexto. Contexto político e institucional, que determina quem pode (ou deve) comunicar, onde e com que meios. Contexto social e cultural, que influi na natureza do sinal heráldico e no seu lastro semântico. Esta necessária contextualização significa que um determinado emblema heráldico, para além do valor simbólico que lhe pode ser atribuído de forma abstracta, tem necessariamente um valor específico em cada uma das suas manifestações plásticas, porque deve ser entendido como forma de auto-representação e de comunicação social. Com os emissores, meios, destinatários e observadores que caracterizam cada uma destas manifestações.
Por isso, o presente percurso optou pela caracterização da heráldica cascalense em três períodos distintos. No primeiro, pudemos observar como, na Idade Moderna e na primeira Idade Contemporânea, a heráldica desta vila estratégica mas pobre girou em torno de escassos armígeros: a Coroa, antes de mais, como não podia deixar de ser numa praça desta importância; depois, a família que desde o final da Idade Média deteve o senhorio da vila; por fim, as instituições religiosas que formavam uma componente indispensável da sociedade pré-revolucionária. Haveria porventura outros exemplares, que permitissem talvez mitigar a exclusividade heráldica destas três entidades, mas não chegaram até aos nossos dias, sobretudo por causa do terremoto de 1755, que vibrou um golpe tão duro na povoação.
No segundo período, a heráldica testemunha a regeneração da vila decadente, ocorrida na segunda metade do século XIX, projectada a partir de então como sede privilegiada de vilegiatura da alta sociedade portuguesa. Os sinais heráldicos disseminados pela vila dão conta de como a aristocracia de corte se apropriou dos seus espaços, moldando-os segundo um padrão de disseminação que tinha como epicentro a própria família real, propagando-se depois, em círculos concêntricos, pelas casas titulares, pela nobreza não-titular e pelos homens de finanças que se juntaram a esta elite, mimetizando os seus comportamentos sociais e culturais – inclusive no que se reporta ao uso de emblemas heráldicos.
No terceiro período, a heráldica prolonga ainda os usos cortesãos da época anterior; mas vai-se gradualmente impondo um outro padrão, focado numa dimensão institucional. Os emblemas que, a partir de então, se inscrevem no espaço urbano prendem-se essencialmente com a afirmação da Câmara Municipal e de vários organismos do Estado, como a Capitania do Porto, Guarda Fiscal e Centro de Instrução de Artilharia Anti-Aérea de Cascais. Sem esquecer, neste período como no anterior, os exemplares que têm valor evocativo, quer num espírito colecionista, quer num propósito homenageador.
Dos três períodos citados, emerge uma constante: a relação privilegiada entre heráldica e espaço. Os emblemas heráldicos funcionam como expressões visuais enunciadoras de determinada posição social ou institucional, não apenas num sentido meramente representativo, mas para que tal posição se consubstancie efectivamente, por via da apropriação simbólica do espaço. Esta observação leva-nos ao ponto final do presente livro. O percurso pela heráldica cascalense revelou-se inseparável do estudo dos edifícios em que ela foi aposta. Neste sentido, verifica-se uma relação intrínseca entre o código heráldico e os propósitos subjacentes à arquitectura e ao urbanismo da vila. A rigor, não se pode compreender as manifestações heráldicas estudadas sem perceber para que fins e como foram concebidos os espaços e os edifícios em que elas se inserem. Mas o inverso é também verdade: deixar de lado a heráldica obnubila a compreensão da arquitectura e do urbanismo desta vila. Assim possa semelhante estudo revelar-se útil para aqueles que desejam compreender a história de Cascais.

È ancora possibile trovare nuovi spunti di lettura e interpretazione in un'o- pera come la Divina Commedia, scritta quasi 700 anni fa? A questo interrogativo cercano di rispondere le molte iniziative che in questo 2015, 750° anniversario della nascita del Sommo Poeta, portano all'attenzione del pubblico di ricercatori, appassionati e semplici lettori il capolavoro che la Divina Commedia rappresenta ormai da sette secoli. Ci hanno provato anche gli studiosi della rivista "Dante e l'Arte" i quali, in collaborazione con l'Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, il Museu d'Art Nacional de Catalunya, Villa I Tatti, l'Institut d'Estudis Medievals e l'Istituto Italiano di Cultura di Barcellona hanno promosso una serie di convegni, il primo dei quali, "Dante visualizzato -Le carte ridenti I: XIV secolo" si è svolto a Barcellona dal 20 al 22 maggio 2015, avendo come asse portante la ricerca sui più importanti manoscritti illustrati del '300 e la ricezione artistica della Commedia a partire dal XIV secolo. Precedute da sessioni propedeutiche per studenti svoltesi all'Universitat Autònoma, poi nella sede prestigiosa e spettacolare della Reial Acadèmia de Bones Lletres, ma anche nelle sale del bellissimo Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, in una cornice artistica e culturale d'eccellenza come è la città di Barcellona, i tre giorni di convegno sono sfilati velocemente tra le diverse e interessanti relazioni, a cominciare da quella di apertura di Marcello Ciccuto, Dante e le parole illuminate. Percorsi recenti di lettura e di critica nella quale è stato evidenziato come il rapporto tra il testo e sua percezione estetica attraverso le miniature si determina come un vero e proprio commento figurato, a cominciare dal Dante Poggiali (Palatino 313) nel quale emerge un canone, una tendenza a fissare alcune idee-immagini che diventerà poi comune e che farà emergere individualità importanti come quella del Maestro del Biadaiolo. L'immagine come commento fornirà inoltre una spinta all'ampliamento delle illustrazioni anche grazie alla diffusione dei commenti alla Commedia, fino ad arrivare a svincolarsi dal testo di partenza come succede nel codice

È ancora possibile trovare nuovi spunti di lettura e interpretazione in un'o- pera come la Divina Commedia, scritta quasi 700 anni fa? A questo interrogativo cercano di rispondere le molte iniziative che in questo 2015, 750° anniversario della nascita del Sommo Poeta, portano all'attenzione del pubblico di ricercatori, appassionati e semplici lettori il capolavoro che la Divina Commedia rappresenta ormai da sette secoli. Ci hanno provato anche gli studiosi della rivista "Dante e l'Arte" i quali, in collaborazione con l'Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, il Museu d'Art Nacional de Catalunya, Villa I Tatti, l'Institut d'Estudis Medievals e l'Istituto Italiano di Cultura di Barcellona hanno promosso una serie di convegni, il primo dei quali, "Dante visualizzato -Le carte ridenti I: XIV secolo" si è svolto a Barcellona dal 20 al 22 maggio 2015, avendo come asse portante la ricerca sui più importanti manoscritti illustrati del '300 e la ricezione artistica della Commedia a partire dal XIV secolo. Precedute da sessioni propedeutiche per studenti svoltesi all'Universitat Autònoma, poi nella sede prestigiosa e spettacolare della Reial Acadèmia de Bones Lletres, ma anche nelle sale del bellissimo Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, in una cornice artistica e culturale d'eccellenza come è la città di Barcellona, i tre giorni di convegno sono sfilati velocemente tra le diverse e interessanti relazioni, a cominciare da quella di apertura di Marcello Ciccuto, Dante e le parole illuminate. Percorsi recenti di lettura e di critica nella quale è stato evidenziato come il rapporto tra il testo e sua percezione estetica attraverso le miniature si determina come un vero e proprio commento figurato, a cominciare dal Dante Poggiali (Palatino 313) nel quale emerge un canone, una tendenza a fissare alcune idee-immagini che diventerà poi comune e che farà emergere individualità importanti come quella del Maestro del Biadaiolo. L'immagine come commento fornirà inoltre una spinta all'ampliamento delle illustrazioni anche grazie alla diffusione dei commenti alla Commedia, fino ad arrivare a svincolarsi dal testo di partenza come succede nel codice brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by Diposit Digital de Documents de la UAB 278 Dante e l'arte 2, 2015

This study analyses the development of bathing practices in medieval England through examination of a group of medical texts, including collections of remedies from the Old English period, such as Bald's Leechbook and the Lacnunga, and later treatises, such as the Middle English translations of the Secreta Secretorum and a rewriting of Gilbertus Anglicus's Compendium Medicinae. The contribution shows how in the Old English period prescriptions of therapeutic baths are scattered, yet they are used to cure a variety of diseases, while, in the Middle English period, also thanks to the influence of the Salernitan school, bathing starts playing an increasingly vital role in medical practices, so that sections of medical treatises are devoted to baths and their therapeutic virtues. 1 This publication is part of the results of a research project entitled 'Cleansing Water: Water and Baptism in Old English Poetry' that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 744615.

Many of our oldest and best-loved stories are about killing guests and betraying hosts. Hospitality is celebrated, in medieval texts and in medieval studies, as a way of binding individuals together and strengthening social cohesion, but both the practice and narration of hospitality was shot through with ambiguity and ambivalence.

This volume shifts the scholarly gaze from the high table — where kings, queens, and honoured guests are graciously served by skilled servants — to the shadowy corners of the hall, the places where gossip and complaint are exchanged, where outlaws hide under the guise of hospitality, where hostages and troublesome strangers are benched, where the light from the hall-fire reflects on drawn blades: prompting difficult reflections on the processes of extraction and predation that provided the material foundations for the feast.

The chapters in Guests, Strangers, Aliens, Enemies range from Silk Road caravanserais in Armenia and crusader relations in the Latin East, through ambassadorial and papal receptions in the Mediterranean, treatment of merchants and the poor in Scandinavia, elite feasts in Latin Europe, to hosting of outlaws and hostages in Eurasia. The authors explore ambiguities of hospitality in the Middle Ages through a wide range of sources and methodological approaches.

In copertina: rielaborazione grafica dello studio di ex libris di V. Grassi, "Ad lucem", ante 13.04.1907 (torgiano, museo dell'olivo e dell'olio). Volume pubblicato con fondi del P.r.i.n. 2015 'Luce crea Luce' (prot. 2015PX7BeY_002) responsabile dell'unità di ricerca (università degli Studi di Bari aldo moro): custode Silvio Fioriello coordinatore nazionale (università degli Studi di urbino carlo Bo): maria elisa micheli PDF a esclusivo utilizzo

Il documento 664 del Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis rappresenta un testo fondamentale per comprendere uno degli eventi più controversi del Medioevo: il processo contro l'Ordine dei Templari. Redatto il 25 marzo 1308, questo parere teologico risponde ai quesiti posti da Filippo IV il Bello riguardanti la legittimità dell'azione contro i Templari, arrestati in massa nell'ottobre 1307 con l'accusa di eresia e pratiche immorali. La risposta dei Maestri in Teologia dell'Università di Parigi – massima autorità dottrinale dell'epoca – costituisce un sofisticato equilibrio tra principi canonistici e necessità politiche, offrendo la legittimazione teologica di cui il sovrano aveva bisogno. Il documento rivela la complessa interazione tra potere politico e autorità intellettuale nel primo Trecento, illustrando come l'elaborazione dottrinale potesse essere mobilitata al servizio di progetti politici pur mantenendo un'apparente autonomia. Il suo impatto fu decisivo non solo per la soppressione dell'Ordine, avvenuta nel 1312, ma anche per l'evoluzione dei rapporti tra monarchia e Chiesa. Il documento stesso contiene indizi cronologici significativi. I maestri si scusano esplicitamente per il ritardo nella risposta ("compulit nos tardius debito respondere"), attribuendolo sia alla gravità della questione ("magnitudo negocii") sia all'assenza di alcuni membri eminenti della facoltà ("quorundam majorum nostrorum absencia"). Questo intervallo tra la richiesta e la risposta non è privo di significato: ha permesso ai teologi di valutare l'evoluzione degli eventi e di basare il loro parere su elementi concreti, come le confessioni già raccolte, alle quali fanno esplicito riferimento nelle loro argomentazioni.
La data, indicata come "anno Domini M°CCC° septimo", corrisponde al 1308 secondo il calendario moderno, poiché a Parigi l'anno iniziava a Pasqua secondo lo stile dell'Incarnazione. Questo posiziona il parere teologico in un momento cruciale: poche settimane dopo, infatti, si sarebbero tenuti a Poitiers i primi incontri tra Filippo IV e papa Clemente V per discutere del caso, e il parere dell'Università rappresentava un'importante risorsa diplomatica per il monarca.
Questa che posseediamo é dunque la risposta ufficiale fornita dai Maestri in teologia dell'Università di Parigi alle questioni poste dal re Filippo IV circa la legittimità del procedimento contro i Templari. L'importanza di questo parere va contestualizzata considerando il prestigio di cui godeva la facoltà teologica parigina, riconosciuta come massima autorità dottrinale del tempo, e il delicato equilibrio di potere tra autorità regia e autorità ecclesiastica nella gestione dei casi di eresia.
Il documento che si analizza in questo studio é classificato come il 664 del Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis, che rappresenta una delle più importanti raccolte di fonti documentarie relative alla storia dell'Università di Parigi nel Medioevo. Il documento originale si trova nell'Archivio Nazionale di Parigi con segnatura J. 413, n° 1, ed è citato in opere di Dupuy (Traitez concernant l'histoire de France, p. 10) e Baluze (Vitae paparum Avenionensium, I, 591). Una copia è conservata nella Biblioteca Vaticana, ms. lat. 939, fol. 47-49. Il documento riporta la data del 25 marzo 1308 (festa dell'Annunciazione) ed è stato redatto a Parigi.

Sor Sança (d. circa 1401) was a Beguine in Barcelona and a companion of St. Birgitta of Sweden in Rome. She held significant influence in medieval Barcelona, receiving royal patronage and privileges, such as the authority to bury executed criminals. Her possession of Birgitta's relics highlighted her spiritual prestige and connection to Birgittine networks. Sor Sança's role as a foundational figure for Sant Maties de Barcelona, which regulated a previously existing beguine community, underscores the concept of affective communities, where devotion, material culture, and personal ties fostered cohesion. Her legacy reflects the vital role women played in sustaining religious life and bridging spiritual and civic responsibilities.

On 10 January 1331, Pope John XXII demanded from Andrew Szécsi, bishop of Transylvania, and the cousin of Denis, former ban of Severin, not to publicize the excommunication of the voivode of Transylvania, Thomas Szécsényi. The pope acted at King Charles-Robert of Anjou's request, who had urged him to forgive the voivode and convinced him-after the excommunication-that the voivode had acted in the king's rightful interest. John XXII did not say anything about the reasons that had led to Szécsényi's excommunication, although he mentioned that this was not the first time that Szécsényi had been excommunicated by Szécsi. On 6 January 1331, Pope John XXII, at Thomas' demand, had already granted the voivode a full remission of his sins in the eventuality of his death, provided that the voivode would not commit his previous crimes. "In both Papal registers in which the remission was preserved, it was entered after the message sent by the pope to Bishop Szécsi. We can only speculate as to the reasons of the "delay". John XXII was not exactly completely open towards his Hungarian correspondents. Additionally, Charles-Robert had just returned from a disastrous campaign in Wallachia. Furthermore, Transylvania already had its fair share of "private conflicts".

Aelred of Rievaulx (d. 1167) wrote about 200 sermons, says his biographer, Walter Daniel. (The CCCM edition includes 213 in three volumes). Many are plain, many are boring. He often writes out large sections from patristic and medieval texts. Sometimes he recycles his own sermons and writings. Composing sermons for the church calendar can be an onerous task. 1 But an abbot whose soporific preaching left his monks bored and indifferent was not doing his job, at least not that part of it. Alongside teaching, he needed to move them from spiritual torpor to fervor, stir the love and the fear of God, and rouse enthusiasm for the faith. 2 His Sermon 68 for Pentecost stands out notably. 3 It is decidedly a prophetic sermon. Aelred gave much thought to that sermon type. His thirty-one "Homilies on the

This short note responds to a recent article on "Occultation Records in the Royal Frankish Annals for A.D. 807: Knowledge Transfer from Arabia to Frankia?" by Ralph Neuhäuser and Dagmar L. Neuhäuser (JHA 55, no. 3). It shows that, contrary to a key claim made in this article, the presence of rules for predicting solar and lunar eclipses in manuscripts associated with the so-called Seven-Book-Computus of 809 is due to the influence of the Liber Nemroth, a text with roots in the pre-Islamic Near East.

Italian Humanists began their interest in the language of the Romanians in close connection with the debate on Latin and vernacular languages that animated the papal curia in the central decades of the Quattrocento. Stimulated by the news reported by travellers to the Romanian lands and pilgrims from there, curial humanists such as Poggio Bracciolini or Biondo Flavio creatively used the topic in their linguistic, historical-geographical and even political reflections. Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (Pope Pius II, from 1458) turned the idea into a genuine literary topos destined to endure, attaching identitarian values to it, within his articulate reflection on the values of Greco-Roman civilisation, Christendom and emerging Europe.

Il contributo indaga il rapporto tra pudicitia e forma nel caso della Lucrezia Romana. Il binomio, presente nel classico, è trascurato nella sua ricezione successiva; è ripreso nell'oratio ficta del Tarquinio Superbo di Virgilio Malvezzi: dalla sua analisi sul tema emerge la totale scissione tra bellezza esteriore e interiore che aveva caratterizzato il racconto classico del mito. Lucrezia diviene pertanto nuovo spunto per riflessioni di natura etico-morale sul contesto moderno dell'autore.

The role of Sanlúcar de Barrameda as an outer harbour of Seville is well known. However, as lords of the town, the dukes of Medina Sidonia attempted to provide it with a distinct development, in direct competition with Cadiz. Through a comparative perspective, this study addresses its subsidiary position in terms of trade and navigation, as well as the diplomacy of the Italian merchant nations (Genova, Venice, and Florence) in the late Middle Ages.

U ovom članku se daje kratki povijesni osvrt na predmete izrađene od kose, tehnike rada s organskim materijalom (kosom) te kemijska analiza veziva. Zatim se opisuje predmet i zatečeno stanje te postupci konzervatorsko- restauratorskih zahvata čišćenja, integracije, nadogradnje, konsolidacije i retuša.This paper presents a short historical overview of artefacts made of hair, the techniques of working with an organic material (hair) and the chemical analysis of the adhesive. The artefact is then described, as is its condition as found, and the procedures of the conservation and restoration interventions of cleaning, integration, rebuilding missing sections, consolidation and retouching

Scandinavian raiders, or vikings if one prefers, suddenly started to appear around the coasts of western Europe in the late eighth century and in the early decades of the ninth century. 2 The reasons for this sudden eruption have long been discussed and debated by scholars without any real consensus having ever been reached. In this thesis I will not add anything of significance to this debate regarding, to use Peter Sawyer's phrase, 'The causes of the Viking Age'; 3 the emphasis throughout will be on trying to understand in a Rankean sense what actually happened rather than speculation of why it happened, a question which is ultimately unanswerable. In the British Isles the first raids were pretty small although usually brutal affairs, such as that on the monastery of Lindisfarne in Northumberland in 793 and on the monastery of Iona in 795. The Northmen were to make their presence felt all over Europe for the next two hundred years. In the early years their numbers were few and the aim seems to have been simply to plunder. In later years, as the size of their fleets and armies grew, trying to grab land to exploit and settle became 1 Dr Stephen M. Lewis undertook and defended his doctoral thesis entitled Vikings in Aquitaine and their connections, ninth to early eleventh centuries at the Université de Caen Normandie under the direction of Pierre Bauduin, it is available online at and at . He is a member of the Centre de recherches archéologiques et historiques anciennes et médiévales (CRAHAM) at the Université de Caen Normandie, and a member of the research centre for Histoire, civilisation, archéologie et art des mondes anciens et médiévaux (AUSONIUS) at the Université Bordeaux Montaigne. His research interests include the 'vikings' in Aquitaine and elsewhere in Western Europe and trans-Pyrenean matters in the early medieval period. 2 This paper is extracted from Chapter 2 of my Ph.D thesis as referenced above. An earlier, shorter and somewhat different version of this chapter/paper was published as S. M. Lewis, 'Salt and the earliest Scandinavian raids in France: Was there a connection? ', Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, 12 (2016), pp. 103-36. This chapter/paper contains much of interest that was not in the earlier paper. 3 P. H. Sawyer, 'The causes of the Viking Age', in R. T. Farrell (ed.), The Vikings (London and Chichester, 1982), pp. 1-7. There is an abundant literature on this issue going back well over a hundred years.

El principal objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer al lector un listado de las imposiciones municipales de Barcelona durante la segunda mitad del reinado de Alfonso el Magnánimo, esto es, las décadas de 1430, 1440 y 1450. Mediante el análisis de documentación de índole económica y actas concejiles, se exponen no solo los distintos productos gravados por cada uno de los impuestos, sino también las tarifas que se aplicaban a cada uno de ellos y los cambios que experimentaron a lo largo de los años estudiados. Estos a menudo estuvieron motivados por la situación política del momento, en la cual jugó un papel determinante el enfrentamiento entre los partidos de la Busca y la Biga.

Il documento è una bolla inviata al vescovo di Ragusa, ma è probabilmente simile ad altre inviate da Innocenzo III a vescovi della cristianità, e la possiamo leggere in un originale che si conserva nell'archivio di Dubrovnik. La bolla, datata 28 dicembre 1199, si inserisce nella strategia di mobilitazione ecclesiastica voluta da Innocenzo III per sostenere i regni cristiani in Terrasanta. Il documento rappresenta un tipico strumento diplomatico del papato medievale, finalizzato a coordinare un intervento su scala continentale.
Innocenzo III utilizza questo strumento per attivare un meccanismo di mobilitazione che coinvolge l'intera gerarchia ecclesiastica. La richiesta di un contributo pari a un quarantesimo dei redditi ecclesiastici, le promesse di indulgenze, i richiami alla situazione in Terrasanta rappresentano elementi caratteristici di una comunicazione che mira a creare una risposta unitaria e coordinata.Il documento si configura come un esemplare tipico della comunicazione papale dell'epoca: uno strumento flessibile che poteva essere rapidamente adattato alle diverse realtà ecclesiastiche, mantenendo intatta la sua funzione di mobilitazione spirituale e materiale. La menzione degli Ordini Militari, dei re cristiani d'Oriente, la descrizione delle difficoltà dei regni crociati sono elementi ricorrenti in analoghi documenti del periodo. Leggere questa bolla significa comprendere le modalità operative della Chiesa medievale, la sua capacità di attivare meccanismi di coordinamento su scala continentale, utilizzando un linguaggio e una struttura comunicativa standardizzata ma al tempo stesso capace di mobilitare energie spirituali e materiali.

Disponible aquí: https://doi.org/10.5944/etfiii.38.2025.44315

En este artículo se analizará una ejecución por ahogamiento en Galicia en 1220 que constituye un caso único hasta el momento en la documentación medieval gallega. Normalmente la investigación sobre las formas de tortura y ejecución posee un nivel de irrealidad vinculada con su dimensión teórica y procesal. Sin embargo, esta investigación presenta además del desarrollo genealógico de esta pena en la Península Ibérica, su pervivencia jurídica, histórica o erudita y su posible aplicación práctica en un caso de ejecución documentada durante el reinado de Alfonso IX de Galicia y León (1171-1230).

Where does the name given to the first leaders of the city-communes come from? The word ‘consul’ had an ancient tradition and undisputed prestige. In the High Middle Ages, however, in Italy it was used to define certain positions or local dignitaries, but only in cities with a Byzantine tradition. In the rest of Europe, the word was used as a synonym for ‘count’. By linking cultural contexts with political projects, a hypothesis has been put forward about the revival of the term in Italian cities from the end of the 11th century onwards.

The study analyses the role of Valdes, founder of the Waldensian religious movement, and his position vis-a-vis the Roman Catholic Church in the group’s self-identification. His followers’ recognition that Valdes’ primary aspiration was to secure the papal approval prevented open separation of the Waldenses, during their first two centuries, from orthodox Catholics, especially in France. In regions where Valdes was less known (Italy) or totally unknown (the German-speaking lands), Waldenses withdrew more quickly and spread legends about Sylvestrian poisoning of the Church. Later, in the situation of total separation of the Waldensian community, the figure of Valdes was reconsidered to emphasise the movement’s unique right to salvation. He was transformed from a real 12th-century citizen of Lyon into the descendant of St. Peter, bearer of his name, who alone led the Waldenses to salvation.

The Chris-cross team is convening for the first time in a seminar to discuss the architecture of the programme's future database. This discussion will be informed by the available data and scientific objectives. With the support of two guest researchers, the team members will need to address three key challenges. First, in terms of methodology, ChrIs-cross first aims to highlight the connections that characterised medieval Middle Eastern societies, between churches and Christian communities and between Christians and Muslims. It then studies the strategies implemented by churches when faced with a succession of powers, from the First Crusade to the Ottoman conquest. Finally, it assesses the territorial repercussions of competition and/or collaboration at the level of the city of Jerusalem. Second, ChrIs-cross is faced with a substantial amount of topographical and prosopographical data, expressed in various languages and extracted from colophons and Islamic legal archives preserved by Christian institutions in Jerusalem. Third, the team is responsible for translating all of these challenges using digital humanities tools, a relational database and interactive mapping. The aim of this is to disseminate the programme's results to scholars and a wider, non-academic audience.

In this work, after a long break in historiography, the task of studying the continuity between civil leagues and assemblies and private associations of Roman times and the synodal structures of the Christian Church is again set. The state of knowledge of the issue in modern and older literature is highlighted. The basic terminology relating to the sphere of civil assemblies and private associations, on the one hand, and the synodal structures of the Church, on the other, is examined. Their complete identity is stated and the question is asked whether this identity indicates an institutional or only a typological continuity between the institutions of Roman civil society and the Church. The most striking similarity is that in both cases the leading figures are priests. Into the discussion of the problem is introduced the example of Ptolemaic Egypt, in which, according to the author of the article, the format of interaction between the monarch and the structures of priestly synods was first developed and later reproduced in Roman times, thus building the basis for the synodal structures of the Christian Church in their relations with the emperor. Special attention is paid to the phenomenon of «ecumenical synods» and the concept of “Oikoumene” in the specific Greek-Roman cultural vocabulary. It is indicated that the format of the “ecumenical synod”/“universal council”, essential for the Christian Church especially in Late Antique and Early Medieval period, also goes back to certain Roman social practices that have non-Christian origins and relate to the agonistic sphere and the sphere of functioning of private associations.

GILDED HELMET FROM BOBRUISK (BELARUS)
The article introduces into scientific discourse a helmet found in April 2019 during dredging work in the inlet of the right bank of the r. Berezina within the city of Bobruisk (Mogilev region, Republic of Belarus). Unfortunately, it was not possible to identify an undisturbed archaeological context in the area of the find. Despite the mechanical damage, the helmet is in good condition, which, along with high-quality restoration, made it possible to make a complete description of the dimensional сharacteristics, design and ornamental features of the helmet. The thoughtful and uniform ornamental design of the helmet is emphasized, which, together with the use of silver plating, gilding, and copper inserts, created a polychrome ensemble of amazing beauty. At the same time, the helmet undoubtedly remained functional combat equipment. The complexity of making a helmet, which required jewelry skills in addition to complex blacksmithing and metalwork, determined the high cost of the product and its undoubtedly status character. The prince and his inner circle could own such a helmet.
The helmet from Bobruisk is part of a large group of helmets found in Eastern and Central Europe, the distinctive feature of which is the design of the body, consisting of four plates, of which the front and back are superimposed on two side ones. The history of this group of helmets in Eastern Europe goes back several centuries, starting in the 8th and ending in the 14th–15th centuries. The closest analogies are found among the helmets originating from the western part of the territory where heads of this type were distributed. These are helmets from Mokroe (Ukraine), Gorzuсhy (Poland), Olszowka (Poland), Szurpily (Poland). Dating the helmet from Bobruisk at the moment, given the lack of direct archaeological context and insufficient elaboration of the issue of the chronology of heads of the same type, is difficult. General ideas about the evolution of helmets of this group suggest that the most likely dating of the Bobruisk helmet is the end of the 10th – the first quarter of the 11th century.

Introducción 1 El escritor hispano-latino Juan de Verzosa nació en Zaragoza en 1522 ó 1523 y murió en Roma en 1574. 2 Salió de su ciudad natal a los dieciséis años para completar estudios en París. Comenzó a dar clases de griego en esa ciudad, y luego las impartió en Lovaina, adonde huyeron muchos españoles en 1542 con motivo de la guerra hispano-francesa de ese año. Debido a sus conocimientos de idiomas, fue requerido en 1546 por el servicio diplomático imperial para participar como secretario y traductor en la Dieta de Ratisbona. La experiencia debió de ser exitosa, porque de inmediato fue nombrado secretario de Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, 3 que era 1 Este artículo se ha realizado en el seno del proyecto de investigación FFI2009-10133 de la DGICYT. Los autores agradecemos al Dr. D. Juan Gil Fernández sus sabios consejos para la redacción del trabajo, así como a los Drs. doña Violeta Pérez Custodio, don Bartolomé Pozuelo Calero y doña Sandra Inés Ramos Maldonado por su atenta lectura y múltiples sugerencias. Y damos igualmente las gracias a don Valentín Moreno Gallego, de la Real Biblioteca, por sus informaciones bibliográfi cas. Dedicamos el trabajo al profesor Jordi Pérez Durá en justo reconocimiento por sus múltiples desvelos en el campo del latín humanístico. 2 Para este y los demás datos que siguen de Verzosa, véase la completa biobibliografía del autor en J. M.ª Maestre Maestre (ed.

È grazie a questo studio se possiamo ora annoverare anche questa casa tra quelle dell’Ordine del Tempio, infatti sino a pocotempo fa tutti erano convinti che essa fosse sempre appartenuta all’Ordine di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme, oggi conosciuto come Ordine di Malta. L’importanza di questa scoperta dello studioso trevigiano permetterà di riscrivere alcune pagine di storia locale, quella storia spesso stilata consuperficialità da studiosi ferratissimi sul medioevo ma che ignorano completamente la tematica degli Ordini monastico-militari e dei templari in particolare.

This is a series of five blogposts published in 2013 on a blog hosted by Theresa Earenfight, "Queens in the Middle Ages." Co-written by Earenfight and myself, the blog posts report on an undergraduate seminar Earenfight and I co-taught at Seattle University in Spring 2013 on a hitherto-unstudied text on fertility and birth, Pierre André’s Pomum aureum (1444), addressed to Gaston IV, the Count of Foix.

In 1520 Martin Luther, whose appeals to ecclesiastical authorities for reform had gone unheeded, published his first appeal to secular authorities for help with reform: Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation on the Reform of the Christian Estate. Over the next quarter century he would issue still more appeals to secular authorities to support and defend needed reforms, in every case indicating the justification for such action and the limits to it. As time passed, his thinking on the subject developed and changed in significant ways in response to new circumstances. At all times the arguments he used were, in the ways and for the reasons here discussed, considerably more complicated than those of his fellow reformers and, consequently, frequently misunderstood, both then and since. Luther has, for example, often been seen as someone who, unlike his fellow reformers, was fundamentally opposed to the much deplored emergence of das landesherrliche Kirhenregiment of Protestant Germany. The relevant texts, however, reveal that Luther was, in his own way, just as much the founder and defender of the territorial church as was anyone else at the time.

Une première réflexion s'impose: la région d'Ax-les-Thermes est mieux éclairée que le pays d'Alion jusqu'au début du XIII ème siècle et heureusement certains aspects de l'occupation du sol sont clairement et sûrement communs à toute cette portion des Pyrénées, ce qui permet d'élargir quelques conclusions et notamment celles relatives à l'état des lieux au début de notre recherche. Car il faut d'abord mettre en relief les caractères originaux du peuplement sabarthésien, caractères qui se retrouvent évidemment en Axois, à savoir qu'il existe une véritable et exceptionnelle densification humaine pré-seigneuriale. Le mouvement de concentration des habitats du XI ème siècle au XIII ème siècle revêt ici une forme tout à fait originale. En fait, alors que le mouvement politique, la forme des pouvoirs -autour de l'an mil et postérieurement-se développent suivant un schéma tout à fait classique, on rencontre ici une typologie sociale et architecturale des agglomérations

L'opération présentée dans ce rapport a pu véritablement avoir lieu grâce à une synergie de personnes et d'institutions très élargie. Elle a en même temps permis que ces personnes et institutions se rencontrent et oeuvrent ensemble. L'opération a eu lieu d'abord grâce aux travaux de l'association Montagne et Patrimoine, dynamique depuis plusieurs décennies sur le sujet des patrimoines pastoraux, et qui mena par le passé plusieurs études rigoureuses et exhaustives sur ce sujet, dans la vallée du Vicdessos, sous l'impulsion et la direction de Jean Besset. L'association Montagne et Patrimoine poursuit ces travaux et mène aujourd'hui cette opération. Au sein de l'association, remercions tout particulièrement son président, Olivier Sanchez, ainsi que David Clément, Nicole Denjean et Christiane Rondi pour l'aide et l'entrain qu'ils ont montrés envers cette opération. Parce que la mairie d'Auzat s'investit largement depuis plus d'une décennie dans l'étude archéologique de son patrimoine, elle fut ici d'une aide précieuse, organisationnelle et matérielle, aide sans laquelle l'opération n'aurait pu avoir lieu. Remercions tout particulièrement, monsieur le maire, Bernard Piquemal, Nicole Denjean, première adjointe et Christian Bousquet et Aimé Maury, adjoints au maire. L'opération a eu lieu sur des terrains du Ministère de l'Agriculture dont l'ONF a eu la charge de l'O.N.F. Nous avons donc reçu l'autorisation de l'ONF pour mener cette recherche. Soulignons la cordialité des relations avec l'ONF qui nous a aussi facilité les possibilités d'hébergement sur site. L'étude a lieu grâce à l'autorisation du Service Régional de l'Archéologie. Je tiens à remercier son directeur, monsieur Michel Vaginay, et, pour les conseils utiles et nombreux qu'il nous a donnés, monsieur Michel Barrère, conservateur en charge du département de l'Ariège. L'opération intègre l'Observatoire Homme Milieu Pyrénées haut Vicdessos 1 sous la responsabilité de Didier Galop (Géode). Notre étude s'est donc Á la truelle, participants :

Heresies : une construction d'identites religieuses Quelles sortes de communautes reunissent les hommes ? Comment sont-elles construites ? Ou est l'unite, ou est la multiplicite de l'humanite ? Les hommes peuvent former des communautes distinctes, antagonistes, s'opposant violemment. La division externe est-elle necessaire pour bâtir une cohesion interne ? Rien n'est plus actuel que ces questions. Parmi toutes ces formes de dissensions, les etudes qui composent ce volume s'interessent a l'heresie. L'heresie se caracterise par sa relativite. Nul ne se revendique heretique, sinon par provocation. Le qualificatif d'heretique est toujours subi par celui qui le porte et il est toujours porte sur autrui. Cela rend l'heresie difficilement saisissable si l'on cherche ce qu'elle est en elle-meme. Mais le phenomene apparait avec davantage de clarte si l'on analyse les discours qui l'utilisent. Se dessinent des lors les representations qu...

“Evil Will Not Prevail!” What a courageous statement! But every thoughtful person will ask, “How can you be so sure? Do we not experience good and evil as almost equal combatants in our hearts, our homes, our institutions?” Pope Leo XIV’s answer from his initial sermon, “We are all in the hands of God. Without fear, unite, hand in hand with God and among ourselves, we will go forward. . . . Christ goes before us, and the world needs his light. Humanity needs him like a bridge to reach God and his love.” The recently appointed Pope added, “We have to look together how to be a missionary Church.” The World Evangelical Alliance is encouraged by your mention of mission in such a prominent speech.

Autori se u članku bave različitom ulogom seoskih utvrda u sjevernoj Istri u kontekstu različitih vojničkih zbivanja i uloge seoskog stanovništva u njima (upad osmanskih pljačkaških skupina te Prvi i Drugi mletačko-austrijski rat). Predstavljene su različite funkcije (pa i simbolične) arhitektonski različito utvrđenih zgrada (stražarskih kula, zidina sa stražarskim kulama, utvrđene crkve i utvrđene kraške jame), a za usporedbu je uzeta i veća utvrda koja je postala sjedište feuda -Socerb i to i u doba spomenutih vojnih događaja i u mirnodopsko doba. Ključne riječi: uloga seoskih utvrda, seoska vojska, simbolična vrijednost utvrda, Uskočki rat, Prvi mletačko-austrijski rat, sjeverna Istra Uvod U ranome novom vijeku seoske utvrde bile su značajka ruralnih područja kao i onih pod mletačkom vlašću te u habsburškim nasljednim zemljama. Njima su bile isprepletene sjeverna Istra i Kras (osobito koparsko zaleđe) te svi važni putovi koji su povezivali unutrašnjost s obalnim mjestima. Iako možemo zaključiti da su određene seoske utvrde nastale već u srednjemu vijeku (1411. godine je, primje-2

Il contributo - derivato dalla redazione delle schede filologiche "Antonio di Guido" e "Antonio di Matteo di Meglio" per il progetto "PoetRi" e dalla relazione tenuta alle Giornate di studio dei dottorandi e dei dottori di ricerca "Percorsi di filologia italiana", Bari, 28-30 settembre 2022 - affronta un caso di filologia attributiva relativo a un nome equivoco della Firenze del Quattrocento.

The Hanseatic zone as seen from Gdańsk in the 14th to early 16th century
The article examines the problem of the perception of the Hanseatic zone in Gdańsk in the 14th to the beginning of the 16th century. It is assumed that in the case of the "Hanseatic zone" and the cities belonging to the Hanseatic League, the basic indicator of its reach were the conditions of trade exchange, i.e. the general framework of east-west economic contacts and the participation in it of representatives of individual cities. The "zone" here is understood as an economic and social unity of human activity and organisation, with large cities being the distinguishing and defining factor of its activity (R.E. Dickinson, J.C. Russell). A fundamental dimension of the perception of the Hanseatic zone was the personal relationships of the inhabitants, resulting from the process of settlement of the population (including merchants) arriving from the North German (Imperial) area in the port cities along the Baltic Sea. Part of this process was also the migration of the German population settling in the Teutonic Order's state of Prussia, including craftsmen and merchants arriving in the area's main urban and port centres including Gdańsk. Therefore, the correspondence of the Gdańsk authorities with other cities in the 14th and 15th centuries, conducted in commercial and other matters, usually regarding the richest inhabitants of the cities (merchants and members of the power elite - councillors, jurors), was analysed. Further considerations also include the personal perspective of the merchants and burghers, as reflected in the trade books they kept (Johan Pyre), which were sometimes expanded with numerous notes of a historical and personal nature (Jakob Lubbe, Caspar Weinreich, Christoph Beyer, Bernt Stegmann). The analyses carried out show that the map of Gdańsk's economic contacts is confirmed by the intensity and extent of the correspondence carried out by the city council in the 14th and 15th centuries. The same is also true of the activities of individual merchants, both the merchant Johan Pyre, active in the first half of the 15th century, and the skipper Caspar Weinreich, active in the second half of that century. The latter in particular confirms with his notes that the Hanseatic Zone was, as it were, the natural horizon of economic interests of the inhabitants of Gdańsk. Of course, this mainly applied to merchants and skippers. The vast majority of the inhabitants of Gdańsk lived for local affairs, the city and the surrounding area, as was the case with the stallholder Jacob Lubbe. However, they had heard a lot about the faraway world and saw foreigners arriving in the harbour virtually every day.

Strefa hanzeatycka widziana z Gdańska XIV–początek XVI wieku
W artykule rozpatrzono problem postrzegania strefy hanzeatyckiej w Gdańsku w XIV–początkach XVI w. Przyjęto, że w przypadku „strefy hanzeatyckiej” i miast należących do związku hanzeatyckiego (tzw. hanzy lubeckiej lub niemieckiej) podstawowym wskaźnikiem jej zasięgu były warunki wymiany handlowej, a więc ogólne ramy kontaktów gospodarczych wschód - zachód i udział w nim przedstawicieli poszczególnych miast. Przy czym „strefa” rozumiana jest tu jako jedność gospodarcza i społeczna aktywności oraz organizacji ludzkiej, zaś czynnikiem wyróżniającym i definiującym jej działalność są duże miasta (R.E. Dickinson, J.C. Russell). Podstawowym wymiarem postrzegania strefy hanzeatyckiej były związki osobiste mieszkańców, wynikające z procesu osiedlania się ludności (w tym kupców) przybywającej z obszaru północnych Niemiec (Cesarstwa) w miastach portowych położonych nad Bałtykiem. Częścią tego procesu była też migracja ludności niemieckiej, osiedlającej się w państwie zakonu krzyżackiego w Prusach, w tym rzemieślników i kupców przybywających do głównych ośrodków miejskich i portowych tego obszaru, w tym i do Gdańska. W związku z tym przeanalizowano korespondencję władz Gdańska z innymi miastami w XIV i XV w., prowadzoną  w sprawach handlowych i innych, zazwyczaj odnośnie do najbogatszych mieszkańców miast (kupców i członków elity władzy - rajców, ławników). W dalszych rozważaniach uwzględniono również perspektywę osobistą kupców i mieszczan, która znajduje odbicie w prowadzonych przez nich księgach handlowych (Johan Pyre) rozbudowanych nieraz o liczne zapiski o charakterze historycznym i osobistym (Jakob Lubbe, Caspar Weinreich, Christoph Beyer, Bernt Stegmann). Z przeprowadzonych analiz wynika, że mapa kontaktów gospodarczych Gdańska znajduje potwierdzenie w intensywności i zasięgu korespondencji prowadzonej w XIV i XV w. przez radę miasta. Podobnie jest też w przypadku działalności poszczególnych kupców, zarówno aktywnego w pierwszej połowie XV w. kupca Johan Pyre, jak i działającego w drugiej połowie tego wieku szypra Caspar Weinreich. Szczególnie ten drugi potwierdza swoimi zapiskami, że niejako naturalny horyzont zainteresowań gospodarczych gdańszczan stanowiła przede wszystkim strefa hanzeatycka. Oczywiście dotyczyło to głównie kupców i szyprów. Zdecydowana większość mieszkańców Gdańska żyła sprawami lokalnymi, miasta i okolicy, jak było to w przypadku kramarza Jakob Lubbe. O dalekim świecie słyszała jednak wiele i widziała, właściwie codziennie cudzoziemców przybywających do portu.