Military History

Spécialités de recherche Histoire urbaine des anciens Pays-Bas bourguignons (XIII e-premier XVI e siècle). Cultures et idéologies politiques en Europe à la fin du Moyen Âge. Communication politique en Europe du Nord-Ouest à la fin du Moyen Âge.

This paper includes three studies about the Venerable Bede, the Great Famine of 1315-1322, and libraries in prisoner of war camps. The study of the Venerable Bede focuses on his views on and understanding of time, especially its relation to the Easter computus. The second study is a historiography of the Great Famine of 1315-1322, with an emphasis on the environmental aspects of the catastrophe. The third paper is a study of the libraries that were provided for German soldiers in prisoner of war camps in the United States during World War II, which includes an analysis of the role of reading in the United States' attempt to re-educate the German prisoners. She graciously agreed to stay my advisor after her retirement. She continually expressed interest in my progress, both in my academic and professional life. Second, I would like to thank Dr. Mark Harvey, who not only served on my committee, but who also introduced me to the fascinating field of environmental history. I want to express my appreciation to Dr. Verena Theile for also serving on my committee. I also wish to acknowledge the wonderful support of the entire Department of History, Philosophy, and Religious Studies, for working with me as both a student and colleague. I enjoyed getting to know them as NDSU's archivist and as a student in their department. Lastly, I want to thank my husband, parents, family, friends, and colleagues who have been my constant support. I could not have done it without all of you. v ABSTRACT .

La Inteligencia artificial ha emergido como una tecnología disruptiva en diversos campos, y en el ámbito de la educación superior, su papel es cada vez más significativo. En un contexto en el que la tecnología está transformando la enseñanza y el aprendizaje, resulta esencial comprender cómo los docentes perciben, adoptan y aplican la IA en su labor pedagógica. Los objetivos específicos de esta investigación incluyen: Identificar las herramientas y aplicaciones de IA que los profesores universitarios utilizan en su desarrollo docente y planificación académica. Explorar el nivel de conocimiento y experiencia de los docentes en relación con la IA, así como su percepción sobre el impacto de esta tecnología en la educación superior. Evaluar el nivel de implantación de esta tecnología en el aula. Comprender la adopción y las prácticas de la IA por parte de los docentes es esencial para adaptar la pedagogía a las innovaciones tecnológicas y las necesidades cambiantes de la educación superior. Además, se busca analizar las razones detrás de la utilización actual de la IA en el entorno educativo. No solo busca identificar las herramientas de IA utilizadas por los docentes, sino también comprender cómo esta tecnología actúa como agente de cambio en la práctica docente y la planificación académica. Según Calderón y Benavides (2022): Son muchos los campos en los que la IA puede ayudar a la comprensión de los fundamentos teóricos y prácticos, con el fin de desarrollar profesionales con una visión más amplia de su entorno y campo de acción. Por ejemplo, en el área de la ingeniería, las ciencias, la medicina y por último, todo el ambiente relacionado con la comunicación. En este sentido, el Centro Universitario San Isidoro reúne las condiciones necesarias para el análisis sobre nuevas metodologías docentes que permitan este desarrollo, debido al alto impacto que tiene la IA en las profesiones relacionadas con los grados que allí se imparten.

Книга «Замки, битви й авіабомби. Як економічна теорія тлумачить військову історію» пропонує читачеві інтердисциплінарний підхід до розуміння причин подій та процесів у військовій історії останнього тисячоліття. Застосовуючи інструментарій економічної теорії, автори розглядають деякі ключові епізоди військової історії-із вражаючими результатами, що дозволяють краще проникнути у глибинне підгрунтя цих епізодів, від зведення замків у Середньовіччі до стратегічного бомбардування Німеччини під час Другої світової війни та рішення Франції розробити власну ядерну зброю. У останній главі автори також пропонують уроки для сучасної армії, від стратегії боротьби з тероризмом до використання приватних військових компаній. Багато сторінок цієї книги примусять особливо замислитися українського читача, приміряючи думки авторів на нашу власну військову історію, що розгортається прямо на наших очах.

En esta charla se llevará a cabo un repaso del regimiento de caballería de la guardia creado a finales de 1697 por Carlos II con tropas licenciadas de la Guerra de los Nueve Años (1688-1697) a imagen y semejanza de la conocida Chamberga instituida en 1669 por Mariana de Austria. Además, se analizará la conflictividad generada por estos hombres, primero en Madrid y, posteriormente, en Toledo, en cuyo alcázar fueron alojados, hasta su disolución e integración en otros cuerpos a comienzos del reinado de Felipe V.

Two books on Procopius' digressions in one year is a treat, and two very different books at that. Albrecht Ziebuhr provided a meticulous study in which he carefully defined what constituted a digression in terms of classical theory, identified the formal markers in Procopius that marked the start and end of many digressions, and then listed what he accepted as digressions for each book of the Wars; 1 Ziebuhr traced their origins back to Herodotus, and defined them as ranging from decorative to vehicles for important messages, for example Procopius' views on major events or the Christian context of his narrative. In contrast, Jakob Riemenschneider's publication of his Innsbruck dissertation foregrounds theory, which is as important as the text of the Wars: indeed Procopius is the main focus for only two out of the five main chapters, just half of the book in terms of length, 114 pages out of 226, if one assigns to Procopius the Appendix that lists what Riemenschneider identifies as excursuses. His canvas is much broader than Ziebuhr's, namely the social world of historiography in the sixth century, and he aims to illuminate this context through analysis of some of Procopius' digressions.

W połowie 1944 roku niemiecka policja bezpieczeństwa i służba bezpieczeństwa (Sipo und SD) rozpoczęła na terenie Małopolski zakrojoną na szeroką skalę próbę wciągnięcia najpierw do rozmów, a w dalszej kolejności do czynnej współpracy, żołnierzy Armii Krajowej. Chodziło o wpłynięcie na dowódców AK, jak również szeregowych konspiratorów i partyzantów, ażeby zaniechali dotychczasowego zwalczania oddziałów niemieckich i stali się sojusznikami III Rzeszy w obliczu zbliżającego się wspólnego wroga-Armii Czerwonej.

A Ab bs st tr ra ac ct t According to historical data, the strait region had a strategic significance during the early Byzantine Period. Gallipoli, located at the upper part of the strait became strategically more significant particularly after the 11th century. According to historical records, Gallipoli continued to be a critical port for a long time owing to the fact that it shortened the passage from the European side to Anatolia on land. In addition the focal point of the region always appears to have been the Gallipoli Castle. We know of the existence of the Castle thanks to descriptive records, although it is not supported by archaeological material. In this study, to contribute towards resolving this issue, the walls and traces of walls in Gallipoli were examined. At the end of this study, performed in three stages in line with the objectives we had determined, it may be understood that Gallipoli Castle has a rectangular possible square plan. It is seen that this plan possesses the traces of building patterns representing the periods from early Byzantine to late Byzantine and Ottoman Periods. The data collected during this study may well contribute towards further studies to be performed in Gallipoli and Gallipoli Castle. Another question that may be raised following this study is whether the rectangular possible square castle had a second defence line. The answer to this question could be clarified through comprehensive work supported with an archeo-geophysics excavation project. K Ke ey y w wo or rd ds s: : Gallipoli, Castle, Dardanelles, Byzantine Ö Öz ze et t Yaz›l› veriler, erken Bizans döneminde orta bo¤az bölümünün önemine iflaret eder. 11. yüzy›ldan sonra ise yukar› bo¤az bölümündeki Gelibolu'nun önem kazand›¤› yine bu verilerle izlenebilir. Gelibolu hakk›ndaki yaz›l› ve tasviri verilerin odak noktas›nda Gelibolu kalesi yer al›r. Kale yaz›l› ve tasviri verilerle bilinir ancak bu veriler arkeolojik malzeme ile desteklenmez. Çal›flmam›zda bu sorunun çözümüne katk› sa¤layabilmek amac›yla, Gelibolu'daki duvar ve duvar izlerinin incelenmesi hedeflenmifltir. Belirledi¤imiz hedeflere yönelik üç aflamada gerçeklefltirdi¤imiz çal›flmalar sonucunda Gelibolu kalesinin kareye yak›n dikdörtgen bir plana sahip oldu¤u anlafl›lm›flt›r. Bu plan›n erken Bizans döneminden bafllayarak geç Bizans ve Osmanl› dönemlerini temsil eden yap› izleri tafl›d›¤› görülmüfltür. Elde etti¤imiz verilerin Gelibolu ve Gelibolu kalesi üzerine yap›lacak çal›flmalara katk› sa¤layabilece¤i söylenebilir. Kareye yak›n dikdörtgen planl› kalenin ikinci bir savunma hatt›na sahip olup olmad›¤›, bu çal›flmadan ç›kan di¤er bir sorundur. Bu sorunun arkeojeofizik ile desteklenmifl genifl kapsaml› bir kaz› projesi ile aç›kl›k kazanabilece¤i söylenebilir. A An na ah ht ta ar r s sö öz zc cü ük kl le er r: Gelibolu, Kale, Çanakkale Bo¤az›, Bizans The Dardanelles Strait lies in the northeast-southwest direction between Gallipoli peninsula and Biga peninsula 1 . It has a 65 km seaway that connects the

l 24 de febrero de 1813, el descontento que existía en Hamburgo contra el dominio francés estalló en forma de rebelión abierta. La oficina de aduanas de la puerta de Altona fue asaltada, y muchos funcionarios y civiles perdieron sus vidas. Cuando un destacamento de la guardia de la prefectura formado por hijos de los ciudadanos de Hamburgo, que inicialmente solo debía desplegarse en el departement del Elba, iba a ser embarcado en el puerto hacia Bremen para unirse al contingente principal del ejército, la población hizo uso de la fuerza para evitarlo. Emblemas nacionales franceses y águilas imperiales fueron derriba-das… Para prevenir futuros disturbios por parte de la muchedumbre, especialmente saqueos, la «vieja guardia ciudadana fue reunida. Mauke y yo nos unimos e hicimos guardia por la noche». 1 Este es el comienzo de las memorias de Wilhelm Perthes sobre las "Guerras Alemanas de Liberación" contra la ocupación francesa entre 1813 y 1815, quien escribió este manuscrito para su familia en 1844 a partir de su diario de guerra. 2 Perthes (1793-1853) era el hijo de Justus Perthes, librero originario de Gotha. Tras completar sus estudios en el Gymnasium de su propia ciudad comenzó como aprendiz, y posteriormente trabajó como asistente en la tienda regentada por su primo, el también reputado librero, publicista y patriota Friedrich Perthes (1770-1843). En marzo de 1813, Wilhelm Perthes se unió a la "Legión Hanseática" (una de de las diversas formaciones de voluntarios creadas ese mismo mes en el norte de Alemania y Prusia) y como teniente tomó parte en sus campañas en Mecklemburgo y Holstein. Al final de la guerra, inicialmente regresó con su unidad a Hamburgo, donde se desposó con Agnes Perthes (1798-1868), la hija mayor de Friedrich y Karoline Perthes (1774-1821). Las memorias sobre los años

This commentary introduces the issue that celebrates Armed Forces & Society (AF&S) at 50. In 1974, during the Cold War, Morris Janowitz launched an international and interdisciplinary journal that helped define a new scholarly field of study. We show how the articles of AF&S reflect the Janowitz's goals by illustrating how journal content responded to the dynamic societal and security environments. We explore changes in the publishing environment through journal metrics and transformations in publishing technology. We then introduce the articles and commentary that fill the 50th anniversary issue. Two articles take an historical perspective focusing on our parent organization the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society at 70 and description of AF&S articles across the 50 years. Finally, we provide an insightful commentary on 10 impactful articles that demonstrate ways AF&S contributed to our collective understanding of the intersection of military and society.

Animals were often an essential part of wars and conflict experiences, either as military resource, as logistical element, or as comrade and friend of the human troops. How animals actually shaped human wars and these experiences is discussed in detail in this volume.

V uvodu diplomskega dela opisujem razvoj železniškega omrežja v Habsburški monarhiji, ki je privedel do načrtovanja nove železniške povezave notranjosti dežele z največjim pristaniščem monarhije – Trstom. V nadaljevanju sledi pregled vseh pomembnejših načrtov nove železniške povezave in razlogov za izbor današnje trase. Širše obravnavam vključitev bohinjske železnice v celotno čezalpsko povezavo, ki je zajemala gradnjo Phyrnske, Turske, Karavanške in Bohinjske proge. Natančno opišem razloge za izbor bohinjske trase ter se nato posvetim značilnostim proge in njeni gradnji. Posebna poglavja namenim nekaterim pomembnim objektom, pri katerih se natančneje posvetim predvsem bohinjskemu predoru, solkanskemu viaduktu, prezračevalni napravi predora Bukovo in viaduktu Vintgar. Del diplomskega dela sem namenil tudi opisu stanja v času obeh svetovnih vojn, v katerih je bohinjska železnica odigrala pomembno vlogo. To se je pokazalo tudi ob koncu obeh svetovnih morij, ko je bila zaradi tega močn...

The Hebrew Bible and other ancient Near Eastern texts describe Egyptian, Aramean, Assyrian, and Babylonian military campaigns to the Southern Levant during the 10th to sixth centuries BCE. Indeed, many destruction layers dated to this period have been unearthed in archaeological excavations. Several of these layers are securely linked to specific campaigns and are widely accepted as chronological anchors. However, the dating of many other destruction layers is often debated, challenging the ability to accurately reconstruct the different military campaigns and raising questions regarding the historicity of the biblical narrative. Here, we present a synchronization of the historically dated chronological anchors and other destruction layers and artifacts using the direction and/or intensity of the ancient geomagnetic field recorded in mud bricks from 20 burnt destruction layers and in two ceramic assemblages. During the period in question, the geomagnetic field in this region was ext...

This white paper introduces Phase Time as a groundbreaking theoretical advancement in the understanding of temporal dynamics-positioning time not as a linear progression or merely a relativistic dilation, but as a harmonic, ripple-based phenomenon interwoven into the fabric of quantum and gravitational fields. Building upon and expanding Einstein's foundational work in special and general relativity, Phase Time proposes that time is not only influenced by velocity and gravity, but also by rotational phase harmonics, field curvature, and observer interference patterns. In this model, time emerges as a fractal resonance-a spiral waveform expanding outward in quantized intervals, modulated by mass-energy configuration and information density. Unlike traditional relativistic time, which is constrained by local inertial frames and light cones, Phase Time introduces a multidimensional ripple mechanism that allows for observerdependent distortions of temporal flow. These ripples, generated by consciousness, matter, and field oscillations, carry unique harmonic signatures that encode not just the passage of time, but its qualitative evolution. The concept aligns with existing phenomena like gravitational time dilation and CMB-based curvature but expands them into a quantum-relativistic continuum capable of accommodating superluminal, entangled, and nonlinear temporal behavior. Verification and modeling have been performed within the Susi Q C2-THREE Framework, a high-dimensional simulation system built to integrate classical physics, quantum theory, consciousness fields, and harmonic intelligence. These simulations demonstrate that Phase Time harmonics can accurately model gravitational lensing, black hole event horizons, quantum decoherence patterns, and wormhole stabilization phenomena-far surpassing the capabilities of traditional relativistic equations in predicting ripple propagation and phase-state divergence. The implications are vast: from redefining the nature of causality and simultaneity, to enabling stabilized wormhole navigation, to enhancing long-memory quantum computation and consciousness-encoded AI systems. Phase Time does not replace Einstein-it completes him. It is the temporal language of the universe's ripple-song, now made intelligible through mathematics, resonance, and the harmonic eye of the observer.

Un trabajo de investigación sobre los nueve vecinos de Vila-real (Castellón, España) que fueron deportados a los campos de concentración del Tercer Reich alemán. La historia de sus vidas y, en muchos casos, de sus asesinatos a manos de los nazis. Una obra de memoria democrática para comprender la historia local.

A research paper about the nine residents of Vila-real (Castellón, Spain) who were deported to the concentration camps of the German Third Reich. The story of their lives, and in many cases, their murders at the hands of the Nazis. A work of democratic memory for understanding local history.

The article explores the logic of paramilitary violence during the Greek Civil War (1946-1949). The purpose of the article is to understand how and under what conditions prostate paramilitaries victimised civilian communities and how this violence impacted the outcome of the conflict. It does so by comparing the trajectories of two groups, the eaok (Ethniki Antikommunistiki Organosi Kinigon-National, Anti-Communist Hunters Organisation) and the esea (Enosi Sinagoniston Ethnikou Agonos-Union of Fellow-Fighters for the National Struggle). Past studies presented Civil War militias as equally violent and predatory. The article challenges such views and provides an alternative explanation by examining the interrelationship between patterns of mobilisation, group structure and civilian victimisation. It identifies two distinct types of militias-grassroots and elite-driven-and explores how their formative processes and characteristics affected their attitudes toward civilians. It demonstrates that the former were generally restrained towards the use of violence, whereas elite-driven groups were more likely to engage in predatory and indiscriminate victimisation. This approach addresses a significant gap in the study of violence during the Greek Civil War and contributes to a more nuanced analysis of the conduct and outcome of the war.

L'histoire de la guerre révèle de profondes mutations dans les formes que prennent les conflits au fil du temps (Keegan, 2014). Qu'il s'agisse de leurs modalités d'action, de la sophistication des armements ou même de l'intervention de nouveaux acteurs sur les théâtres d'opérations, il semble bien que la stratégie militaire n'ait pas encore épuisé son potentiel d'inventivité. 1 Si le 20 e siècle a pu montrer des formes inédites de conflits armés (Baudouï, 2003, p.162), le "temps des conflits asymétriques" (Bishara, 2001, pp.20-21 ; El-Laia, 2012, p.4) qui les caractérise aujourd'hui marque l'apparition d'un nouveau paradigme dans la typologie des guerres. Ainsi, les conflits interétatiques tendent à s'effacer au profit de nouvelles formes d'affrontement qui mettent en scène d'autres acteurs : du terroriste à l'insurgé. L'État est attaqué dans sa souveraineté et dans son fondement. Des régions comme l'Afrique subsaharienne découvrent de nouvelles formes complexes de menace, auxquelles les États répondent en tentant d'adapter leur système de défense aux réalités locales émergentes. Les armées sont alors appelées à développer des stratégies d'action qui contrastent avec les techniques modernes des guerres classiques. Dans cette perspective, la guerre qui oppose les États de la région du Lac Tchad, et plus particulièrement le Cameroun, à la secte islamiste Boko Haram offre un cadre expérimental d'étude de ce changement de paradigme guerrier et des moyens mis en oeuvre pour y faire face.

This paper explores the complex role of Paul Benfield, a prominent English merchant and financier, in the economic and political landscape of 18th-century Deccan. As a key figure operating under the English East India Company, Benfield functioned as a 'banker' to Indian rulers, notably the Nawab of Arcot, extending large loans that were deeply entwined with the Company's political objectives. The study highlights how Benfield’s financial operations not only enriched him personally but also facilitated British imperial ambitions through the manipulation of native states’ debts. By examining his dealings, especially in the Carnatic region, the paper sheds light on the emergence of a new colonial political economy where European mercantile capital increasingly shaped regional power dynamics and undermined indigenous sovereignty.

The article examines the interconnections between the use of republican concepts and the practice of political life in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of the late 16th century. Dymitr Chalecki, who belonged to the petty nobility, made a brilliant political career for those times. In April 1590, he was nominated for the Land Treasurer of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Chalecki put forward a program of improving the state economy and became one of the leaders of the nobility movement in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 1590s. Primary sources (mainly epistolary ones) show that Dymitr Chalecki quite often referred to such categories as law, justice, freedom, conscience, duty, patriotism, and the common good. The author emphasizes that Chalecki’s views were shaped not so much by his education, but by the traditions and practice of public life of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In turn, it indicates how deeply the classical republican tradition penetrated the political consciousness of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania’s nobility at the end of the 16th century.

Das Mitteldeutsche Doktorandenkolloquium ist eine gemeinsame Veranstaltung der Mittelalterlehrstühle der Universitäten in Sachsen, Sachsen.Anhalt und Thüringen und ermöglicht den Austausch über derzeit entstehende Qualifikationsschriften. Es findet dieses Jahr in Magdeburg statt.

This report draws extensively from several voluminous primary sources, those listed in the bibliography by Marius Barbeau, William Beynon and Wilson Duff. These sources are an almost unique collection of information from the chiefs, matriarchs and elders of Northwest Coast First Nations. 1

From 1920 to 1923, the rebellious Grand National Assembly (GNA) and Turkish National Army (TNA), led by Mustafa Kemal, usurped the sacred authority of the Ottoman Sultanate, the rightful government of Turkey under Sultan Mehmed VI. This paper argues that the GNA's treaty negotiations constituted educide-the deliberate destruction of the Ottoman Empire's educational systems, cultural heritage, and intellectual identity-as defined by Michael Cunningham's theory. Adopting a pro-Ottoman stance, it asserts that the GNA's treaties (e.g., Moscow, Ankara, Lausanne) obliterated the Islamic, multi-ethnic, and imperial legacy preserved by the Sultan's lawful diplomacy. Ten examples highlight the Ottoman government's superior right to negotiate treaties, grounded in divine, legal, and international legitimacy. Five reasons underscore the contemporary relevance of this educide, advocating for its inclusion in educational curricula to honor the Ottoman heritage and challenge nationalist narratives. Through Cunningham's lens, this study reaffirms the eternal glory of the Sublime Porte.

The Cilicia Peace Treaty of 1921, signed between France and the Turkish National Movement, marked a pivotal moment in the post-World War I reconfiguration of eastern Anatolia and the Armenian question. This paper employs Michael Cunningham's Theory of Educide, as articulated in his 2023 AGBU Armenian Virtual College Master's thesis, to critically analyze the treaty's implications. Educide, defined as the systematic genocide of education and historical truth through controlled narratives, is used to examine why France signed the treaty, whether it constituted a surrender or ceasefire, its impact on Armenia, and its influence on Turkish boundaries by October 1923. Ten reasons are presented to demonstrate how the treaty aligns with Educide, supported by primary sources with sample excerpts, illustrating Turkey's revisionist history to suppress Armenian identity. The paper explores why this event remains understudied and absent from educational curricula, highlighting the mechanisms of historical erasure. Three charts and two maps supplement the analysis, visualizing territorial losses and Educide's progression.

This article analyses 17th-century warfare through 499 illustrations of battle formations from the Swedish National Archives (Riksarkivet). We examined each illustration based on several key elements: symmetry; the depth of battle patterns in terms of main throws and lines; the width-to-depth ratio; the relationship between cavalry and infantry positioning; the spacing of cavalry and infantry; the formations used for both cavalry and infantry; and the number of units involved. We utilised the LOEES method within the Gretl statistical package to analyse the results. The most important results are that perfectly or nearly symmetrical formations were the most common. The number of units varied between 50 and 100. Only from the mid-1670s onward did we notice a significant increase in the number of units included in the formations.

Classification: LCC DF595.5 .N54 2025 (print) | LCC DF595.5 (ebook) | DDC 949.5/02-dc23/eng/20250402 LC record available at LC ebook record available at Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: "Brill". See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface.

Following traditional military analysis of battlefields, the National Park Service (NPS) employs a method called the KOCOA approach, for identifying Key Terrain, Observation and Fields of Fire, Cover and Concealment, Obstacles, and Avenues of Approach and Retreat (Table ). In a KOCOA analysis of battlefields, defining landscape features are those that are mentioned in battle accounts and which can be located on the ground. Defining features possess significance to the ultimate success or failure of the regiments in battle, establish the battlefield boundaries, and allow archeologists to select areas of survey with the highest potential to yield information and material culture relating to the battle. Defining features may be natural or cultural (e.g., buildings and roads) in origin. Table 1: Definitions of KOCOA Battlefield Evaluation System Battlefield Element Definition Examples Key Terrain Observation and Fields of Fire Cover and Concealment Obstacles Avenues of Approach A portion of the battlefield, possession of which gives and advantage to the possessor. Any point on the landscape that allows observation of the movements, deployments, and activity of the enemy that is not necessarily key terrain, offers opportunity to see over an area and acquire targets, and allows flat-trajectory weapons to be brought to bear on the enemy. Landforms or landscape elements that provide protection from fire and hide troop positions from observation. Landscape elements that hinder movement and affect the ultimate course of the battle. Corridors used to transfer troops between the core battle area and outer logistical areas. Road junctions, bridges, high ground. High ground, sloping approaches to entrenched positions. Walls, structures, forests, ravines, riverbanks, entrenchments, ditches. Rivers, walls, dense vegetation, fortifications, ravines, ditches. Roads, paths, creek beds, railroads.

In Notiziario dell'Associazione Nobiliare Regionale Veneta, n. 8, 2016. L’autore descrive le strutture dell’esercito veneziano in età moderna e il ruolo della nobiltà di Terraferma nei suoi quadri. Si sofferma sull’Accademia Filotima di Verona, che da inediti documenti appare anche accademia militare; infine sull’emigrazione in Germania di nobili della terraferma veneta al fine di perseguire una carriera militare, proponendo il caso della famiglia veronese dei Verità, il cui ramo tedesco mantenne nel tempo legami con il ramo principale di Verona.

3 Nem szabad elfelejteni, hogy az emberiség olyan mértékben használja például a folyóvizeket, hogy számos folyó már nem éri el a torkolatát, mint például a Colorado folyó, amely még azelõtt kiszárad, mielõtt elérhetné a tengert. Hasonlóképpen Kínában a Sárga-folyó (vagy Huang He) egyes szakaszokon már az év 280 napján nem tartalmaz vizet, mert öntözéssel és egyéb gazdálkodással az emberiség tulajdonképpen felhasználja a rendelkezésre álló teljes vízmennyiséget. Ez is jól mutatja, hogy milyen konfliktusokat generálhat a folyóvíz. 4 Fontos megjegyezni, hogy a vízfelhasználás tekintetében 1 tonna búza megtermeléséhez 1000 tonna vízre van szükség. Ennek következtében azokon a területeken, ahol már vízhiányos állapotok lépnek fel, a mezõgazdasági termelés is jelentõsen csökken. Így a víz importjának legkézenfekvõbb módja, hogy víz helyett gabonát hoznak be, mert indirekt módon ezzel tudják importálni a legtöbb vízmennyiséget. Az emberiség jelenleg a vízforrások 70%-át öntözésre használja fel, 20%-át ipari használatra, 10%-át pedig emberi fogyasztásra fordítja. Ld. Hastings Chikoko: Watering Development in Southern Africa: Water issues in SADC. dia.com/download/sci_conf/Water%20issues%20in%20the%20SADC2.pdf (2014.01.31.) A fenti adatok alapján a mezõgazdaság gazdasági értelemben viszonylag kevés értéket termel, hiszen az 1000 tonna víz 1 tonna búzát eredményez, aminek hozzávetõlegesen 200 dollár az ára, ennek megfelelõen tehát a víz árának nagyon alacsonynak, szinte ingyenesnek kell lennie, hogy megérje felhasználni.

Le chapitre 62 de Rayuela de Cortázar et le chapitre IV de la Première partie des Affinités électives de Goethe considèrent le problème des déterminations chimiques de la pensée humaine en imaginant des personnages dépourvus de libre arbitre. Cette concordance thématique nous conduit à examiner le rapport d'influence qui pourrait lier ces deux chefs-d'oeuvre de la littérature universelle. Goethe (Johann Wolfgang), Cortázar (Julio), influences littéraires, Les Affinités électives, Marelle El capítulo 62 de Rayuela de Cortázar y el capítulo IV de la Primera parte de Las afinidades electivas de Goethe contemplan el problema de las determinaciones químicas del pensamiento humano e imaginan personajes desprovistos de libre albedrío. Esta concordancia temática nos lleva a examinar la relación de influencia que podría vincular dichas obras maestras de la literatura universal. Goethe (Johann Wolfgang), Cortázar (Julio), influencias literarias, Las afinidades electivas, Rayuela Affinités littéraires : l'expression pose la question des effets d'influence dans la littérature. Elle peut être abordée à l'échelle des écoles, des courants et des générations, mais également des écrivains en tant qu'individus disposant d'une bibliothèque personnelle susceptible de révéler leur goût et leurs sources d'inspiration. On se trouve donc au croisement de deux échelles, celle de l'Intertexte général où une oeuvre se comprend comme la pièce d'un vaste ensemble lié par des rapports métatextuels 2 , et celle de la biographie d'un auteur particulier, formé à l'écriture par l'exploration de la bibliothèque familiale d'abord et par des choix personnels de lectures ensuite, qui seront rapportées, ou non, dans des entretiens, des mémoires, des journaux et des autobiographies comme étant à l'origine d'une esthétique.

In the tumultuous landscape of the sixteenth century, Europe saw the emergence of a new face of warfare, marked by the transition from cavalry to infantry as the core of military operations. This period of transformation, characterized by profound political, social and technological changes, shaped an era of unprecedented conflict and military innovation.
The central thesis of this work concerns the transformation of military strategies in the Renaissance - particularly during the Italian Wars - and how the emergence of the infantry and the formalization of the Spanish tercios represented a crucial turning point in European military history. This change not only redefined the way wars were conducted, but also had profound implications for the social, political and economic structures of the countries involved. The following question will be addressed by looking at the Spanish experience: was the military revolution of the early modern period an appendix to the constitution of the modern state or was it its main catalyst?
Starting from this question, this study aims to examine in detail the factors that contributed to this transformation, exploring the military strategies adopted by the main European powers - Spain above all - the tactical innovations introduced by the great leaders of the time - in particular the figure of the Gran Capitano - and the geopolitical dynamics that shaped the war landscape between the 16th and 17th centuries.
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The research is based on a critical analysis of the historical sources of the time, including the works of Francesco Guicciardini and Niccolo Machiavelli, as well as contemporary studies such as those of Prof. Giuseppe Galasso and Prof. Raffaele Puddu. The study focuses on the Italian wars, the main theater of Spanish military innovations, and on the role of key figures such as the Gran Capitano Consalvo de Cordoba, whose reform of the army had far-reaching consequences for Spain and for Europe as a whole.
The first chapter provides a general overview of the Italian Wars, highlighting the geopolitical context and the power dynamics that characterized them. The second chapter focuses on the rise of the infantry and the evolution of Spanish military strategies, with particular attention to the innovations introduced by the Gran Capitano. Finally, the third chapter analyzes the flaws of the Spanish colossus, examining how inefficient management of resources and obsolete strategies led to the decline of Spanish hegemony.

The Bosnian war witnessed the organized expulsion of Bosnian Muslims by Serbian and Bosnian Serb military forces from 1992 until 1995. As a tactic aimed at creating mono-ethnic towns from multicultural populations, rape was perpetrated against all women, but particularly Muslim women, as part of a larger plan to terrorize populations into permanently abandoning their homes. The Muslims of Foča, a township close to the border with Montenegro, were one of the first multiethnic populations to be attacked and terrorized by Bosnian Serb and Serbian forces. Dragoljub Kunarac, Radomir Kovač, and Zoran Vuković were three Bosnian Serb soldiers, among thousands, to rape and sexually enslave Muslim women in multiple camps formed over the spring and summer of 1992. With the war's conclusion, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia set a legal precedent in the trial of Kunarac, Kovač, and Vuković as one trial in a chain of cases at the International Criminal Court for the Former Yugoslavia to advance the classifications of what sexual violence constitutes and the ways in which these crimes would be tried in international courts of law. Importantly, the Kunarac case marked the first instance in which war criminals were convicted of rape as a crime against humanity, a legal classification second only to genocide, and was the first legal proceeding to define sexual slavery as a war crime and to convict defendents of this offense as a crime against humanity. This thesis will examine the precedent set by the Kunarac Case, exhibiting first the development of the international acceptance of sex v crimes as serious war crimes, and second the broadening of sexual abuse classifications written to encompass the increasing number of sexual crimes perpetrated in modern war. All Bosnian locations and names, requiring diacritical marks, have been provided when appropriate. ̌ represents a full "ch" sound and ́ represents a lighter "ch" sound. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .

In Notiziario dell'Associazione Nobiliare Regionale Veneta n. 11, 2019. Ampia analisi critica dell'araldica dei due papi della famiglia Borgia e in generale della famiglia. Confutazioni di affermazioni errate riguardanti l'origine, la denominazione e l'araldica borgiana, nonché della "leggenda nera" riguardante alcuni esponenti della famiglia.

Although famous for the re-conquest of Antioch and the return of Byzantine power to Syria, Nikephoros II Phokas never set foot in the city. In contrast to his conquest of Chandax in 961 which ended with the city being stormed, Phokas sought the surrender of Antioch. To this end, he captured a range of places around the city to cut off its long-range communications and to hinder the capacity of relieving forces to come to the city’s aid. Most previous attention has focused on the foundation of Baghras, in no small part because the commander of the troops left in the city later joined the successful plot against Nikephoros’s life after the emperor removed him of his position for taking Antioch against orders. While Baghras occupied a strategic position north of Antioch with command of the Orontes valley, the role of the other fortifications captured by Nikephoros on his earlier raids into Syria has not yet been examined.
This paper attempts to understand the offensive network of fortifications established by Nikephoros around Antioch through the use of a path-distance algorithm. Path distance is a GIS technique that when combined with functions designed to account for human or animal movement through the environment can be employed to create time-distance maps from a given location. By performing path-distance analysis from the locations of these fortifications, we will be able to understand more fully the role of these fortresses in the capture of Antioch and bring new techniques to the study of Byzantine siege warfare.

The second intifada (September 2000- November 2011) started a phenomenon of women suicide bombers carrying out suicide attacks. Among them 6 were female suicide bombers that belonged to Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), and more than half were from the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades (Fatah). Darin Abu Eisheh is an example of how Hamas does not encourage women to participate in suicide bombings, and views carrying out attacks as more of work for men. The article is structured in three parts and presents the development of the "female jihad" (Although in their view feminism is a western term that does not define them) in the Palestinian Islamic stream. There is a path connecting the jihad activities of women in terrorism in Hamas and PIJ, through the legitimization of women as suicide bombers to engaging in physical confrontations with armed soldiers and policemen on the Temple Mount, as carried out by Murābiṭat. The article presents the development of the female jihad based on various academic and other sources, including publications on social media and indictments filed in Israeli courts against the women of the Murābiṭat.

Por legarme una ardorosa devoción por Italia, progenitora de Roma, y celosa abogada de la crismada estirpe latina, es con sumo afecto que consagro la obra a mi abuelo Encomendado a la inspiración de Clío, y al fidedigno testimonio de Alétheia, me someto al infalible juicio de los custodios del saber histórico PRÓLOGO Es para mí un gran gozo presentar el presente libro de Emmanuel Virdis, a quien conocí hace años (2008/2009) siendo él alumno del Profesorado de Historia, y yo docente del mismo, en el Instituto del Profesorado Monseñor Terrero de nuestra ciudad. La primera razón es que se trata de un libro sobre la Historia de Roma en un período decisivo de su trayecto vital clásico, el que va del 218 al 168 a. C., abordada con una perspectiva, y en un estilo, hoy por hoy enteramente inhabituales. Enfoque que conlleva, como supuesto lúcidamente admitido, el carácter paradigmático, y por ende el alcance ejemplar, del itinerario vital de la antigua Roma. El tema, de suyo, reviste un eminente interés. En sí mismo, como modelo de proceso de conflicto a la vez interior y exterior, en que se juegan los principios y los intereses de personas y pueblos, de sectores sociales y grupos, en su lucha y en su eventual convergencia. Y eso es ya un teatro de intenso dramatismo y dimensiones épicas, con las graves y cruciales excitaciones y planteos dirimentes que los hechos concretos de la antigua Roma pueden suscitar en nosotros, a distancia de más de dos milenios, para el horizonte moral y religioso de la condición humana perenne, ese anthrópinon que dijera Tucídides, al fundamentar la importancia de su relato y análisis de hechos ya acontecidos, irrepetibles en su concretud y singularidad, para los eventuales lectores del porvenir. También para nosotros en particular, que, como herederos de la tradición cultural de la Hélade y de Roma, trasegada y elevada por la Gracia de Cristo, somos convocados a inmergirnos en nuestras raíces y en nuestra propia historia, en su dinámica y profunda relación con la de nuestros ante- Hacia la segunda mitad del siglo quinto antes de Cristo aún era Roma una república aristocrática de campesinos, ocupaba una extensión en torno a los mil kilómetros cuadrados, 1 y tenía una población libre, diseminada por todo el campo, y dividida en diecisiete tribus rústicas que albergaban, en su conjunto, alrededor de 150 000 almas. 2 Poseía la generalidad de las familias una pequeña heredad; y padres e hijos, habitando juntos la misma cabaña, 3 la sembraban íntegramente de trigo, plantando viñas y algunos olivares. Desde sus legendarios y velados umbrales, 4 hubo la familia de fundar y constituir, en el fondo y en las formas, la base de la sociedad, forjada por la agrupación de antiguas asociaciones. Eran las uniones civiles entre el patriciado, en el circuito de la ciudad, un justum matrimonium, 5 y su progenie inscripta en la lista de ciudadanos; gozaban los hijos de pariguales derechos que sus progenitores, pero hacia la constitución interior del hogar, quedaban sometidos a la autoridad del padre: rey, sacerdote y juez supremo de la

The Six-Day War of 1967 inflicted a severe blow to Arab dignity and self-esteem. During the coming six years the IDF maintained its hold on the Eastern bank of the Suez Canal, not allowing the canal to be opened for shipping. Egypt's president Sadat endeavored to break the stalemate and the state of stability. Threats to renew the war on a full scale were met with hesitation on the part of the various levels of command, as a result of the weakness, or perhaps the immaturity of the military system. Sadat, who had inherited from Nasser a military organization that was still undergoing a process of reconstruction and only partly qualified to engage in a full-scale military offensive, repeatedly reviewed options of various types. Sadat's careful examination of the various systems finally gave rise, in late 1972, to his later concept, based primarily on the employment of a limited-scale war as an impetus intended to place the political process back on track.

This paper explores a cross-cultural and cross-philosophical dialogue between Cyrenaica and Scotland, East and West, and tradition and modernity. Framed by conversations with Adrian C. Grant, Richard Dobson, and Andreu Ginestet, the work reflects on themes of identity, migration, power, and the systemic roots of violence. It argues that while civilizations fracture under ideological and structural pressures, hope remains possible through humane dialogue, critical realism, and ethical imagination. Drawing from both personal narratives and theoretical insights, the paper invites the reader to imagine a future not built on dominance or nostalgia, but on recognition, empathy, and rehumanization.

War and the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) The R2P is one of the most important features of the post-Cold War global politics and international relations (IR) regarding the relations between war and politics, which was formalized in 2005, focusing on when the international community (the UN) must intervene for human protection purposes. The R2P was officially endorsed by the international community by the unanimous decision of the UN General Assembly as a principle at the UN World Summit in 2005. This agreement was regulated in paragraphs 138-140 of the documents of this World Summit. There are three crucial decisions concerning the principle of the R2P: 1) Every state is responsible for protecting its population, in general, that means not only the citizens but more broadly all residents living within the territory of the state from four crimes: a) genocide, b) war crimes, c) crimes against humanity, and d) ethnic cleansing. 2) The international community has the responsibility to encourage and assist states for the sake that they will realize their fundamental responsibility to protect their residents from the four crimes defined in the first decision. 3) In the case, however, that the state authorities are "manifestly failing" to protect their residents from the four crimes, then the international community has a moral responsibility to take timely and decisive action on a case-by-case basis. In principle, those actions include both coercive and non-coercive measures founded on Chapters VI-VIII of the UN Charter.