Modern History

T he conference Echoes of the Holocaustthat resulted in this volume could not have been organised without the financial support of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation. Therefore, we would like to acknowledge our sincere gratitude to the Foundation. The conference at the Bishop's House in Lund in May 2003 was hosted by the incomparable Karin Dahlgren. For the production of the book, we have also been granted financial support from the Crafoord Foundation. Our thanks are also extended to all the contributors to the conference, the absolute majority of whom have participated in this volume, and our colleagues

Este artículo se enmarca dentro de un proyecto de investigación más amplio que pretende estudiar la «cortesía» de Antiguo régimen en tanto que reflejo de las teorías acerca de la naturaleza y el funcionamiento de la sociedad. En concreto, se centra en dos obras poco estudiadas pero vinculadas entre sí: el Proxeneta (1570) del humanista italiano Gerolamo Cardano y el Traicté de la Court (1616) del noble y político francés Eustache de Refuge. Ambos formulan ya algunas de las ideas de los grandes moralistas del siglo XVII (Gracián, La Rochefoucauld, La Bruyère, etc.) y trazan una imagen de las sociedad que anticipa las teorías filosóficas de Hobbes. Tales ideas influyen en la concepción que Cardano y de Refuge tienen de la cortesía, que se convierte en una peligrosa habilidad necesaria para sobrevivir tanto en la sociedad como en la corte.

Il documento 664 del Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis rappresenta un testo fondamentale per comprendere uno degli eventi più controversi del Medioevo: il processo contro l'Ordine dei Templari. Redatto il 25 marzo 1308, questo parere teologico risponde ai quesiti posti da Filippo IV il Bello riguardanti la legittimità dell'azione contro i Templari, arrestati in massa nell'ottobre 1307 con l'accusa di eresia e pratiche immorali. La risposta dei Maestri in Teologia dell'Università di Parigi – massima autorità dottrinale dell'epoca – costituisce un sofisticato equilibrio tra principi canonistici e necessità politiche, offrendo la legittimazione teologica di cui il sovrano aveva bisogno. Il documento rivela la complessa interazione tra potere politico e autorità intellettuale nel primo Trecento, illustrando come l'elaborazione dottrinale potesse essere mobilitata al servizio di progetti politici pur mantenendo un'apparente autonomia. Il suo impatto fu decisivo non solo per la soppressione dell'Ordine, avvenuta nel 1312, ma anche per l'evoluzione dei rapporti tra monarchia e Chiesa. Il documento stesso contiene indizi cronologici significativi. I maestri si scusano esplicitamente per il ritardo nella risposta ("compulit nos tardius debito respondere"), attribuendolo sia alla gravità della questione ("magnitudo negocii") sia all'assenza di alcuni membri eminenti della facoltà ("quorundam majorum nostrorum absencia"). Questo intervallo tra la richiesta e la risposta non è privo di significato: ha permesso ai teologi di valutare l'evoluzione degli eventi e di basare il loro parere su elementi concreti, come le confessioni già raccolte, alle quali fanno esplicito riferimento nelle loro argomentazioni.
La data, indicata come "anno Domini M°CCC° septimo", corrisponde al 1308 secondo il calendario moderno, poiché a Parigi l'anno iniziava a Pasqua secondo lo stile dell'Incarnazione. Questo posiziona il parere teologico in un momento cruciale: poche settimane dopo, infatti, si sarebbero tenuti a Poitiers i primi incontri tra Filippo IV e papa Clemente V per discutere del caso, e il parere dell'Università rappresentava un'importante risorsa diplomatica per il monarca.
Questa che posseediamo é dunque la risposta ufficiale fornita dai Maestri in teologia dell'Università di Parigi alle questioni poste dal re Filippo IV circa la legittimità del procedimento contro i Templari. L'importanza di questo parere va contestualizzata considerando il prestigio di cui godeva la facoltà teologica parigina, riconosciuta come massima autorità dottrinale del tempo, e il delicato equilibrio di potere tra autorità regia e autorità ecclesiastica nella gestione dei casi di eresia.
Il documento che si analizza in questo studio é classificato come il 664 del Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis, che rappresenta una delle più importanti raccolte di fonti documentarie relative alla storia dell'Università di Parigi nel Medioevo. Il documento originale si trova nell'Archivio Nazionale di Parigi con segnatura J. 413, n° 1, ed è citato in opere di Dupuy (Traitez concernant l'histoire de France, p. 10) e Baluze (Vitae paparum Avenionensium, I, 591). Una copia è conservata nella Biblioteca Vaticana, ms. lat. 939, fol. 47-49. Il documento riporta la data del 25 marzo 1308 (festa dell'Annunciazione) ed è stato redatto a Parigi.

Il libro "Forty-Four Months in the Alps" di Enrico Ricchiardi, pubblicato da Helion & Company, evidenzia la resistenza dell'esercito piemontese contro la Francia rivoluzionaria tra il 1792 e il 1796. Il libro esplora la storia del Regno di Sardegna durante questo periodo, concentrandosi sull'organizzazione, le uniformi, le bandiere e l'armamento dell'esercito piemontese. Inoltre, descrive la vita dura dei soldati e degli ufficiali nelle Alpi. Il documento include una cronologia dettagliata della guerra nelle Alpi, un glossario di termini militari piemontesi, e una serie di illustrazioni e documenti dell'epoca. Viene anche discusso il ruolo della milizia e delle truppe leggere, nonché le battaglie chiave e gli eventi significativi della guerra. In sintesi, il libro offre una panoramica completa della resistenza piemontese contro l'avanzata francese, evidenziando il coraggio e la determinazione dei soldati piemontesi nel difendere la loro patria. Il libro è anche arricchito dalle tavole a colori di Emanuele Manfredi.

The book "Forty-Four Months in the Alps" by Enrico Ricchiardi, published by Helion & Company, emphasises the resistance of the Piedmontese army against Revolutionary France between 1792 and 1796. The book explores the history of the Kingdom of Sardinia during this period, focusing on the organisation, uniforms, flags, and armament of the Piedmontese army. Additionally, it describes the harsh life of soldiers and officers in the Alps. The document includes a detailed chronology of the war in the Alps, a glossary of Piedmontese military terms, and a series of illustrations and documents from the era. It also discusses the role of the militia and light troops, as well as key battles and significant events of the war. In summary, the book provides a comprehensive overview of the Piedmontese resistance against the French advance, highlighting the courage and determination of the Piedmontese soldiers in defending their homeland. The book is also embellished by Emanuele Manfredi's coloured plates.

D e manera particular hago una exposición de las singularida des que han acom pañado a la industria azucarera m exicana durante la últim a década, es decir en el contexto posterior a la transferencia de esta industria p or parte del Estado a la iniciativa privada. Para eso inicio presentando el contexto que rodea dicho proceso de privatización así como los mecanismos puestos en marcha p ara su ejecución. E nseguida se hace un análisis de los resultados en materia cañero-azucarera bajo la actuación de los grupos industriales privados que asumieron las funciones productivas esenciales de esta actividad. F inalm ente, antes de hacer algunas propuestas para orientar el desarrollo de esta agroindustria, me refiero a los elementos principales puestos en el debate para explicar las razones p o r las cuales actualmente esta industria se encuentra en una profunda crisis. El proceso de privatización de la industria azucarera DURANTE el período de 1970 a 1988, el Estado mexicano realizó un conjunto de acciones orientadas a revertir las tendencias negativas de la producción cañe ro-azucarera iniciadas en 1967, luego de una etapa expansiva, y a reordenar *

An antidote to the frigid and shallow Malthusian and market-centred approaches to the origins of capitalism.

Final proofs of the whole book. Two volumes in one. First, a study exploring the evidence for the forced expropriation of the English peasantry c. 1380-1620. Second, for future researchers especially, a translation from Latin to English of the voluminous findings of the commission into the expropriation of English peasants throughout England in 1517-18.

In this study, it is aimed to determine the factors affecting tourism demand for Turkey from an economic, socio-demographic, Tourism-Travel and technological point of view. Another purpose of the study is to determine the decisive role of the development situations of the countries sending tourists in determining these factors. Tourism demand can vary according to the social, political and economic development of the countries sending tourists. Quantitative research methods were used in the study and panel data analysis was used. In the analysis of the data, the STATA program was preferred and the evaluations were made by taking into account comparisons between ordinary least squares, fixed effects and random effects models. 26-year-old data from 82 countries that send the most tourists to Turkey has been analyzed. Countries were divided into two separate groups according to their development status and a comparative analysis was carried out. According to the results of the study, it was found that related factors affect the demand for tourism in Turkey in different directions and with different severity. In addition, another important result of the study is that the development status of the countries sending tourists plays role in determining the factors affecting Turkey's tourism demand.

A paper in two parts. 1. A talk reflecting on the importance of movement in human history. 2. How plutocracy has revived the Old Regime of agrarian civilization as the model for world society today, this time with a machine revolution whose dangers we don’t understand. **** Part 1 starts from some general propositions: 1. What is the difference between animals and plants? Animals move to where the food is; plants expect it to come to them. 2. The basic human right is free movement: the whole world was open to our ancestors until they discovered agriculture 3. For 5,000 years unequal territorial states have tied the masses to the land: Bronze Age agrarian civilization was based on urban elites and manorial estates; unfree workers received diminishing returns on their labour. 4. Movement is the opposite of inequality; force is used to keep people tied to the land **** Part 2 shows how national capitalism, based on an alliance between big money and the military landlord class has reversed the positive consequences of the bourgeois industrial revolution, restoring the Old Regime of rent-seeking as the model of world society today.

This was a PowerPoint I presented at the Universitas Ciputra on 10 May 2025 to mark the 27th anniversary of the May 1998 riots in Indonesia and the widespread violence against the Indonesian Chinese community which were the hallmark of these tragic events. My presentation looks at the longue durée history of Chinese settlement in Indonesia from 8th-century Palembang to the present era looking particularly at the comparisons between the anti-Chinese violence and massacres which accompanied the outbreak of the Java War in July 1825 and the events of May 1998. The struggle of man/women against power is the struggle of memory against forgetting (Milan Kundera) is the default setting of this presentation which was summed up in an article by the journalist Cak Pono in 'Pena Bersayap' (10 May 1998) as 'History is not only about the past but about how we read the present and plan the future. In Indonesian history, the Chinese Indonesian narrative is too often ignored or simplified and it is now time for us to look at this narrative more honestly and critically! [Sejarah tidak hanya soal masa lulu, tapi juga tenting bagaimana kita membaca masa kini dan menata masa depan. Dalam sejarah Indonesia, Narasi Hoakiau terlalu sering diabaikan atau diserdahanakan. Ini saatnya kita melihatnya secara lebih jujur dan kritis.]'

This series is dedicated to serving growing academic interests in the dynamic, complex and strategically important Gulf region, offering a publication platform to scholars in the region and globally. The series takes an interdisciplinary approach to documenting the changes taking place in the Gulf societies, and examines the evolving relationship between the Gulf and other regions. The series advances non-Western perspectives in studying the Gulf societies, and their interactions with the rest of the world. The series includes work being done on the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), namely: Saudi Arabia, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait, in addition to Iran, Iraq, and Yemen. The series accepts proposals for monographs, edited volumes and handbooks that provide an understanding of the Gulf societies' contemporary social, economic, and political landscapes. The series covers a wide range of topics within four broad themes, as follows:

The existence of male mutual assistance within the Nazis' concentration camps is often not acknowledged, or misunderstood. Most prior studies have assumed a universal, femininely gendered concept of mutual assistance which men could not fully live up to. However, research into the slave labor camp of Markstädt, an almost exclusively male camp, shows extensive evidence of mutual assistance. One hundred twenty-five videotaped interviews of the Shoah Foundation's Visual History Archive were viewed for this project, and while the constraints of the interviews' structure often did not result in a full sharing of participants' history, mutual assistance is seen to be as equally important to men as it was to women. The strict discipline enforced by the camp's Jewish elder impeded the formation of mutual assistance, but men shared their friendships and partnerships willingly, although not in traditional feminine terms.

A finales de la Edad Media, se generalizaron los tipos iconográficos en los que María da el pecho a Cristo: la Virgen de la Leche y la Virgen de la Humildad; así como una variante de este último, la Virgen de la Rosaleda. El propósito de este estudio es llevar a cabo una interpretación iconográfica de estas imágenes a partir de los conocimientos medievales sobre la anatomía femenina, como una supuesta equivalencia entre la sangre menstrual y la leche materna, además de fuentes literarias de carácter teológico, en torno a distintas prerrogativas y símbolos marianos, como la rosa. Con todo esto, se establecerán relaciones entre la visualidad de la maternidad divina de María, más concretamente la lactancia de Cristo, y su virginidad perpetua; así como el carácter eucarístico y/o intercesor de los tipos de la Virgen de la Humildad y la Virgen de la Rosaleda, entre otros.

Jan Morens avhandling, som tillkommit inom ramen för arbetsvetenskap vid Karlstads universitet, syftar till att öka kunskaperna om reformer och att finna mekanismer och tendenser som säger något om reformer som generella fenomen. Det beskrivs som att det handlar om att studera reformer som redskap, anpassningar och som symboler, vilket kan uppfattas som att författaren anlägger ett metaperspektiv för att finna mönster som går igen oberoende av vad som ska förändras eller av den organisation som berörs. Morens utgångspunkt är vidare att stora reformer i offentlig sektor ofta är kopplade till demokrati som politiskt system och ett överordnat intresse sägs också vara demokratins organisering, vilket ger avhandlingen ett normativt anslag. På ett övergripande plan handlar det därför om reformernas roll i en demokrati eller i en demokratisk process och intresset är inriktat på huruvida det är möjligt att via organisering främja ideal som vägleder den representativa demokratin. Avhandlingen har även en bakgrund i ett intresse för varför organisationer förändras och vad som kan förklara dessa förändringar. Utgångspunkten är här att reformer kan förstås som aktiva och medvetna försök att förändra organisationen för att på så vis förbättra både resultat och arbetssätt. Detta organisationsperspektiv förankrar författaren i den paradox som gör sig gällande, vilken uttrycks som att det ofta är stort avstånd mellan intentioner och faktiska resultat. Ett antal inbyggda spänningar lokaliseras -mellan politik och administration, mellan teori och praktik, mellan standardisering och flexibilitet samt mellan institutionell

Jan Morens avhandling, som tillkommit inom ramen för arbetsvetenskap vid Karlstads universitet, syftar till att öka kunskaperna om reformer och att finna mekanismer och tendenser som säger något om reformer som generella fenomen. Det beskrivs som att det handlar om att studera reformer som redskap, anpassningar och som symboler, vilket kan uppfattas som att författaren anlägger ett metaperspektiv för att finna mönster som går igen oberoende av vad som ska förändras eller av den organisation som berörs. Morens utgångspunkt är vidare att stora reformer i offentlig sektor ofta är kopplade till demokrati som politiskt system och ett överordnat intresse sägs också vara demokratins organisering, vilket ger avhandlingen ett normativt anslag. På ett övergripande plan handlar det därför om reformernas roll i en demokrati eller i en demokratisk process och intresset är inriktat på huruvida det är möjligt att via organisering främja ideal som vägleder den representativa demokratin. Avhandlingen har även en bakgrund i ett intresse för varför organisationer förändras och vad som kan förklara dessa förändringar. Utgångspunkten är här att reformer kan förstås som aktiva och medvetna försök att förändra organisationen för att på så vis förbättra både resultat och arbetssätt. Detta organisationsperspektiv förankrar författaren i den paradox som gör sig gällande, vilken uttrycks som att det ofta är stort avstånd mellan intentioner och faktiska resultat. Ett antal inbyggda spänningar lokaliseras -mellan politik och administration, mellan teori och praktik, mellan standardisering och flexibilitet samt mellan institutionell

The XIII duchess of Alba, María Teresa de Silva, died in 1802. With no offspring, she adopted a child called María de la Luz as her own daughter. She was born in Cuba under the yoke of slavery, and then sent to Madrid, where she was given to the duchess. Although the child was privileged by her adoptive mother and portrayed two times by the famous painter Francisco de Goya, who had a close relationship with María Teresa, there are very little information about her. This article presents already known sources and a small text published in a Cuban newspaper from the beginning of the 19th century that provides new data about her figure, while we use her particular case to understand various aspects, related to it, of the colonial slave society of the moment.

Artykuł przedstawia ewolucję poglądów środowiska skupionego wokół pisma „Bunt Młodych” (od 1937 wychodzącego jako „Polityka”) na kwestię relacji polsko-niemieckich na gruncie społecznym. Autorzy obu tytułów w kwestiach mniejszościowych skupiali się głównie na relacjach z ludnością żydowską i ukraińską. Niemcy, jako mniejszość, ale także jako obywatele Wolnego Miasta Gdańska byli tematem pobocznym, jednak – co ważne – związanym z poglądami autorów na właściwe stosunki polsko-niemieckie na gruncie międzypaństwowym. Niniejszy tekst jest rozwinięciem i uzupełnieniem tez, które w książce Rewolucja konserwatywna – przypadek Polski. Myśl polityczna środowiska „Buntu Młodych” i „Polityki” (1931–1939) zostały jedynie zarysowane. Szczególnie istotnym elementem jest powiązanie ewolucji poglądów na relacje narodowościowe ze zmianą sytuacji międzynarodowej. Wyraźne było narastanie wagi tzw. problemu niemieckiego wraz z zaostrzeniem się stosunków z Rzeszą Niemiecką. Najbardziej wymownym elementem tej zmiany była publikacja w 1939 r. pracy Józefa Winiewicza Mobilizacja sił niemieckich w Polsce, będąca wstępem dla jego późniejszych prac teoretycznych w Ministerstwie Prac Kongresowych Rządu RP w Londynie w latach II wojny światowej. Artykuł przedstawia jeden z aspektów geopolitycznego uwarunkowania linii programowej pisma względem mniejszości, co uwypukla walor realizmu politycznego w przedwojennej działalności Jerzego Giedroycia i jego współpracowników.

In the 15th century, the rediscovery of a number of ancient works, including those of Ptolemy and Strabo, profoundly renewed geographical knowledge and debate. Pilgrims and travellers, be they humanists, scholars or the simply curious, such as Félix Fabri, Alessandro Ariosto or Arnold von Harff, also seized upon these texts and drew on them in their own narratives, using a variety of methods and other authorities.

For 44 years, Gheorghe Popovici, manged Sadova Crown Domain, a period in which he was preoccupied with the development of Sadova Domain, from all the points of view: organisational, economic and cultural. During the entire period of time, his main purpose was to stop the phenomenon of desertification, by fixing the sand with locust trees and vineyards, in order to make useful as much farm land as possible. So that to successfully accomplish this desire, he gathered around him a collective of young people, chief farmers and sylviculturists, graduates of the higher, prestigious agriculture schools, from Romania and from abroad. He did not neglect either the relations with the villagers, the main manpower from the Domain. For his activity, he was rewarded by the Kings of Romania with plenty of gratitude and honours.

La commenda di Bitonto, le cui origini risalgono alla metà del Quattrocento, nel corso del secolo successivo vide, nell’ambito del processo di riforma dell’Ordine giovannita, un consistente ampliamento finendo per inglobare gli insediamenti dei centri vicini di Ruvo e Corato. In questo contributo si vogliono esaminare le vicende della commenda nel corso del Seicento, momento storico nel quale ebbe avvio il declino dell’Ordine di Malta, soffermandosi principalmente sugli aspetti economici con l’analisi di un cabreo inedito del 1618 e di alcuni protocolli notarili.

The preceptory of Bitonto, whose origins date back to the mid-fifteenth century, saw a significant expansion during the following century, as part of the reform process in the Order of St. John, ending up incorporating the settlements of the nearby towns of Ruvo and Corato. This paper aims to examine the events of the preceptory during the seventeenth century, a historical moment in which the decline of the Order of Malta began, focusing mainly on the economic aspects with the analysis of an unpublished cabreo of 1618 and some notarial deeds.

Angela Nardo Cibele (1850-1938) was an expert in popular traditions from the Veneto region and an assiduous contributor to the journals « Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari » and « Rivista delle tradizioni popolari italiane ». Among her notable publications in the field of folkloristics are Zoologia popolare veneta (1887) and Acque, pregiudizi e leggende bellunesi (1888). Her efforts testify to the role that nineteenth-century women collectors played in gathering oral traditions and preserving local dialects. By examining the spaces within and outside her
scholarly works, this article sheds new light on her commitment to folklore studies by blending a reflection on her folkloric texts with an analysis of under-explored peritextual details drawn from manuscript sources located in archives in Venice, Florence and Palermo. In doing so, this study foregrounds Nardo Cibele’s intellectual network and scholarly contribution to the collection of folklore and fairy tales in the late nineteenth century, with attention to the entanglements of space and performance in her writings.

La colonización española de la región de la Laguna de Términos, en el Golfo de México, se articuló alrededor de la explotación del palo de tinte desarrollada en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII. A partir de cómo se gestionaron las licencias para el corte de ese preciado árbol, el artículo incursiona por los efectos de la explotación maderera en el ordenamiento territorial de la región basado en la calidad de ser vecino.The Spanish colonization of the region known as Laguna de Términos, in the Gulf of Mexico, was constructed around the exploitation of logwood in the second half of the eighteenth century. From the perspective of how the licenses for the cutting of this valued tree were granted, this article investigates the effects of the logwood harvest on the territorial order of the region based on the Spanish notion of vecino.CONACYT 23754

We review, in a unified framework, translations from five different logics—monadic second-order logic of one and two successors (S1S and S2S), linear-time temporal logic (LTL), computation tree logic (CTL), and modal µ-calculus (MC)—into appropriate models of finite-state automata on infinite words or infinite trees. Together with emptiness-testing algorithms for these models of automata, this yields decision procedures for these logics. The translations are presented in a modular fashion and in a way such that optimal ...

Spell so that your horse doesn't run away: Feed bread to your horse and say: 'As this stone doesn't move from its place, so may the horse not leave me, forever and ever.' Olonetskii sbornik (second quarter, 17th century) There is a sacred sea-ocean, and in that sacred sea-ocean is a stone, in the depths of the sea. Under that stone stands a pike-fish made of iron, and her teeth are iron. She eats up the sea foam, and just so may that pike eat up cunning women and witches, and sorcerers, both black and red. Olonetskii sbornik (second quarter, 17th century) And as the cuckoo bird grieves for her nestlings and cries for them, so may that female slave of god grieve and cry for me. ( And he told him to say the incantation while taking an eye from a live chicken. Then he should crush it and give it to women to drink. (1668/69) 1 The Volkhovnik, a book of divination condemned by the mid-sixteenth century Stoglav Church Council, described omens associated with cats. The seventeenth-century Zhitie of Sergei Nuromskii mentioned that devils had a habit of taking the form of cats. These nuggets, along with other feline-related beliefs and practices, we know thanks to a festschrift article that our current honouree, W. F. Ryan, offered to his friend and colleague John Simmons in 2005. A short piece, 'Russia and the Magic of Cats' is filled with the astonishing range, profound erudition, warmth and humour characteristic of Will Ryan in his 1

This book examines the role of information as a crucial means for governance and negotiation, through which Renaissance rulers and governments managed the composite polities under their control.

The Renaissance world was characterized by the presence of numerous composite polities and political unions, consisting of distinct territories governed by a single ruler or government. These entities varied in scale, ranging from medium-sized polities including cities and lordships to thalassocracies encompassing distant and sometimes lands separated by sea, and vast global empires comprising multiple territories and diverse populations. The chapters in this book explore how information enabled authorities to monitor events within their dominions and colonies, shape policies and decision-making processes, and interact and negotiate with local political societies. The diverse examples presented in this volume illustrate how information, communication, and archival strategies varied across regions, adapting to the constitutional structure of each polity and their geographical scope.

This volume is essential reading for students, researchers, and academics interested in political history, information studies, historical governance and European studies. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of European Review of History.

Contents:

1. Information and the government of the composite polities of the Renaissance world (c. 1350–1650)
Alessandro Silvestri

2. Ruling by information, governing by records: the spoken and written grammar of power in post-communal Italy (c. 1350–1520)
Isabella Lazzarini

3. Archiving the Swiss Tagsatzung in the early modern era: from distributed protocols to confederal archive
Randolph C. Head

4. ‘We want to know and be clearly informed’: official records, unofficial correspondence and oral communication in the fourteenth-century Crown of Aragon (Majorca, Sardinia, Sicily)
Alessandro Silvestri

5. Jem Sultan and Venice’s intelligence system: sorting and deploying information in Venice’s ‘letterocracy’
Monique O’Connell

6. An imperial formation joins a composite polity: the Portuguese Empire and the information system of the Hispanic Monarchy (1580–1640)
Jorge Flores and Pedro Cardim

7. Manila and their agents in the court: long-distance political communication and imperial configuration in the seventeenth-century Spanish monarchy
Thomas Calvo and Guillaume Gaudin

8. The composite world of early modern information
Filippo de Vivo

La venta de señoríos fue una práctica extendida en la Corona de Castilla durante la Edad Moderna, impulsada por las necesidades económicas de la Monarquía Hispánica para financiar su política imperial. Este libro se adentra en este fenómeno con un enfoque específico en el reino de Jaén, un territorio que vivió de cerca las consecuencias de estas transacciones.
A través de una profunda investigación, desvelamos quiénes fueron los individuos que adquirieron pueblos para titularse señores de vasallos, qué villas y lugares fueron vendidos a esa nobleza emergente y cuánto costaron estos señoríos. Además, observamos cómo los habitantes de estos pueblos reaccionaron ante ese cambio de poder, enfrentándose a la nueva realidad social y política que suponía su caída en el régimen señorial.
The sale of manors was a widespread practice in the Crown of Castile during the Modern Age, driven by the economic needs of the Hispanic Monarchy to finance its imperial policy. This book delves into this phenomenon with a specific focus on the kingdom of Jaén, a territory that experienced the consequences of these transactions first-hand.
Through in-depth research, we reveal who the individuals were that acquired villages to become lords of vassals, which towns and places were sold to this emerging nobility, and how much these lordships cost. In addition, we observe how the inhabitants of these villages reacted to this change in power, facing the new social and political reality that their fall into the seigniorial regime entailed.

A series of wills ‘on departure’ found in the Notarial fonds of the State Archives of Milan has made it possible to outline the fears, aspirations and mental horizons of dozens of men who left their villages, scattered across the border area of early modern Lombardy, for work (as artisans, merchants, bricklayers in the cities), for service in the armies of the Spanish monarchy, or for devotion, wishing to reach important pilgrimage destinations. The article highlights similarities and differences in the behaviour of the various individuals, who certainly shared a fear of death in the face of the dangers of the journey and the consequences of their disappearance on the lives of their families and communities.

In the tumultuous landscape of the sixteenth century, Europe saw the emergence of a new face of warfare, marked by the transition from cavalry to infantry as the core of military operations. This period of transformation, characterized by profound political, social and technological changes, shaped an era of unprecedented conflict and military innovation.
The central thesis of this work concerns the transformation of military strategies in the Renaissance - particularly during the Italian Wars - and how the emergence of the infantry and the formalization of the Spanish tercios represented a crucial turning point in European military history. This change not only redefined the way wars were conducted, but also had profound implications for the social, political and economic structures of the countries involved. The following question will be addressed by looking at the Spanish experience: was the military revolution of the early modern period an appendix to the constitution of the modern state or was it its main catalyst?
Starting from this question, this study aims to examine in detail the factors that contributed to this transformation, exploring the military strategies adopted by the main European powers - Spain above all - the tactical innovations introduced by the great leaders of the time - in particular the figure of the Gran Capitano - and the geopolitical dynamics that shaped the war landscape between the 16th and 17th centuries.
8
The research is based on a critical analysis of the historical sources of the time, including the works of Francesco Guicciardini and Niccolo Machiavelli, as well as contemporary studies such as those of Prof. Giuseppe Galasso and Prof. Raffaele Puddu. The study focuses on the Italian wars, the main theater of Spanish military innovations, and on the role of key figures such as the Gran Capitano Consalvo de Cordoba, whose reform of the army had far-reaching consequences for Spain and for Europe as a whole.
The first chapter provides a general overview of the Italian Wars, highlighting the geopolitical context and the power dynamics that characterized them. The second chapter focuses on the rise of the infantry and the evolution of Spanish military strategies, with particular attention to the innovations introduced by the Gran Capitano. Finally, the third chapter analyzes the flaws of the Spanish colossus, examining how inefficient management of resources and obsolete strategies led to the decline of Spanish hegemony.

Adapting the Law of Armed Conflict to Autonomous Weapon Systems, 2014, p. 391. Zie: <https dapting-the-Law-of-Armed-Conflict-to-Autonomous-We.aspx> en <http pdfs/framing-discussions-on-the-weaponization-of-increasingly-autonomous-technologies-en-606.pdf>. 8 P. Scharre en M.C. Horowitz, an introduction to autonomy in weapon systems, Center for a New American Security, working paper February 2015. 9 Article 36, Key areas for debate on autonomous weapons systems, briefing paper, mei 2014. 10 M. Roorda, NATO's targeting process: ensuring human control over and lawful use of autonomous' weapons. Zie: <http. Geconsulteerd op 26 mei 2015. Deze cyclus kent de volgende 6 fasen: (1) End State and Commander's Objectives, (2) Target Development and Prioritization, (3) Capabilities Analysis, (4) Commander's Decision and Force Assignment, (5) Mission Planning and Force Execution, (6) Assessment.

The Germans left their homeland and emigrated far away in the 18th and especially the 19th centuries for political, religious, economic and personal reasons. Thousands of people left the German states of that time every year. They went to America and Russia.

Napoleon's campaigns impoverished all of Germany, including the Kingdom of Württemberg. Where, in parallel with the economic hardship of the local population (the Swabians), religious sects that emerged in the Lutheran Church also became active. Among them was the “Pietist” group.

According to the Pietists, the only way for Germans to save themselves was far from their homeland, in Jerusalem, or in the Caucasus, near Mount Ararat, where Noahʼs Ark had come to rest. They were also troubled by the Napoleonic Wars. They saw Napoleon as the “Antichrist” and the “Black Angel” who opposed the “White Angel”, the Russian Emperor Alexander I. Napoleonʼs return from Elba in 1815 would herald new battles, and naturally this caused great concern among the “separatists”.

The preaching of the end of the world was supplemented by the poor harvest of 1816 in Europe and a great food crisis. The summer of 1816 was exceptionally cold for Western Europe and America. It even snowed in June, July, and August. Consequently, it was impossible to cultivate the land or grow crops. The poor harvest caused prices to increase almost tenfold, which led to famine and the spread of various diseases. As it turned out later, all this was connected with the eruption of the Tambora volcano in Indonesia in April 1815. As a result, Europe and North America were covered with a dense cloud of tons of volcanic ash for several months. The so-called “volcanic winter” was established. 1816 is also called the “Year Without a Summer”. Karl Stumpp talks in detail about the emigration of Germans in the Russian Empire, including the Caucasus. He notes that one of the reasons for the emigration of people was the cold and bad year of 1816.

The first colonies in Georgia:  According to the administrative division of the Russian Empire, the Georgian Governorate (Russian: «Грузинская губерния»), in addition to Eastern Georgia, also included the Ganja region. In 1817-1820, Germans who migrated from Württemberg founded eight settlements (Colonia) – Alexandersdorf, Annenfeld, Elisabethtal, Helenendorf, Katharinenfeld, Marienfeld, Petersdorf and Tifliser Kolonie (Neutiflis).

Namjesnik Dalmacije za vrijeme Druge austrijske uprave, podmaršal Wenzel Alois Vetter Graf von Lilienberg (1831. – 1840.), po preuzimanju dužnosti odlučio je obići pokrajinu kako bi, po njegovim riječima, stekao vlastiti dojam i dobio valjane podatke o cjelokupnom socioekonomskom stanju. Putovanje koje je poduzeo trajalo je više od dvije godine, od 1832. do 1834. U detaljnom izvještaju vlastima u Beču iznio je opis provincije koji je obuhvaćao pregled zatečenog stanja i plan unaprjeđenja pokrajine. U jednom dijelu izvještaja iznosi opasku o Dalmatincima kao narodu koji ne mari za vlastite spomenike te ih uništava. Kao dokaz takvom ponašanju donosi crtež ulomka sarkofaga za koji piše da je iz Salone. Crtež i opis koji ga prati dio su čistopisa koji se čuva u Austrijskoj nacionalnoj knjižnici te do danas nisu objavljeni. Prikazani se spomenik čuva u Arheološkom muzeju u Zadru, a u suvremenoj se literaturi navodi da je iz okolice Zadra ili Biograda. Ovim istraživanjem, a na temelju arhivskih izvora, pokazuje se da je spomenik iz Salone, a da je u Zadar prenesen za vrijeme namjesništva grofa von Lilienberga.

I. Benincampi, Fuga architetto papale e il Ponte Clemente a Cesena, in T. Manfredi, F. Mangone, F. Moschini (a cura di), Ferdinando Fuga architetto di corte, Accademia Nazionale di San Luca, Roma 2024, pp. 155-171.
ISBN: 978-88-97610-52-6

ABSTRACT:
Chief architect of the apostolic palaces, Ferdinando Fuga (1689-1782) was one of the protagonists of the pontificate of Clement XII (1730-1740). Serving the papacy not only in Rome but also in the most peripheral regions of the Papal States, among the various advice the architect gave, the design of the new «Clemente» bridge near Cesena seems to be particularly significant. In fact, due to its slow execution, many other professionals took part in the construction, including Pietro Carlo Borboni (c.1720-1773) and Luigi Vanvitelli (1700-1773).

With this article to analyze the roads utilized by the colonial authorities and by the patients for the preservation of the health in the Captains of Mato Grosso. It discuss this fear implies in understand that in this public political period or same actions coordinated by the colonial managers were punctual and when existed were part of the project of civilization Portuguese with the purpose of favor exclusively the installment privileged of the colonial population

Il volume, curato da Luca Orlandi e Silvia Pedone, raccoglie gli interventi dei relatori invitati al convegno internazionale dedicato a Pietro Canonica e Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, ideato da Luca Orlandi in occasione del Centenario della Repubblica Turca. Il convegno, organizzato e ospitato dall’Istituto Italiano di Cultura di Istanbul - con il patrocinio speciale dell’Ambasciata d’Italia in Turchia - e in collaborazione con il Museo Pietro Canonica a Villa Borghese e con l’Assessorato alla Cultura di Roma Capitale, si è tenuto il 3 novembre 2023 ed ha celebrato il significativo contributo artistico e culturale dello scultore torinese Pietro Canonica al servizio di Atatürk, evidenziando anche la rilevante presenza italiana nei primi anni della Repubblica turca.

Küratörlüğünü Luca Orlandi ve Silvia Pedone'nin yaptığı bu kitap, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin Yüzüncü Yılı vesilesiyle Luca Orlandi tarafından tasarlanan Pietro Canonica ve Mustafa Kemal Atatürk' adanmış uluslararası konferansta davetli konuşmacıların konuşmalarını bir araya getiriyor. Türkiye'deki İtalyan Büyükelçiliği'nin özel himayesinde, İstanbul İtalyan Kültür Merkezi’nin ev sahipliğinde ve Villa Borghese'de bulunan Pietro Canonica Müzesi ile Roma Başkent Kültür Dairesi'nin işbirliğiyle 3 Kasım 2023 tarihinde düzenlenen konferansta, Torinolu heykeltıraş Pietro Canonica'nın Atatürk'ün hizmetindeki önemli sanatsal ve kültürel katkısı kutlandı ve aynı zamanda Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin ilk yıllarındaki önemli İtalyan varlığı vurgulandı.

In dieser Dissertation wird der Versuch unternommen, die Ursachen und Wirkungen der vergangenen erfolgreichen Industrialisierung und der heutigen Krise der südkoreanischen Ökonomie im Zusammenhang mit der konfuzianischen Tradition zu erklären und damit entwicklungstheoretisch wie auch politisch neu zu diskutierende Überlegungen anzustellen. Dabei relativiert die vorliegende Arbeit die bisher in der Fernost-Literatur vieldiskutierten "neoklassischen", "neomerkantilistischen", "wirtschaftssoziologischen" und "kulturalistischen" Erklärungsansätze. Hervorzuheben ist, daß der Konfuzianismus für die südkoreanische Ökonomie eine ambivalente Wirkung ausübte und daß nun im Zeitalter der Globalisierung eine neue, kulturreflexive Management-und Industriepolitik gefordert ist. Dies wird durch eine Untersuchung der Entwicklungsprozessen von Arbeitsorganisationen und Managementnetzwerken der südkoreanischen Konglomerate ("Chaebol") gezeigt.

En 2010 celebramos el primer centenario de la Universidad Nacional de México. Para recordar este aniversario consideramos conveniente destacar la importancia que la autonomía ha tenido en la historia de las universidades, pues en el medio universitario mexicano no es frecuente encontrar una historia de largo plazo. Antes bien, la historia de la autonomía universitaria en México suele centrarse en el movimiento estudiantil y en los acontecimientos políticos que tuvieron lugar en 1929, como son el proceso electoral en el país y la candidatura de José Vasconcelos, antiguo rector de la universidad y ex secretario de Educación.

El propósito de estas páginas es presentr una panorama de la historiografía de la Real Universidad de México, para , por un lado, ofrecer una visión de conjunto a quien quiera acercarse a la historia de aquella corporación, y por otro, hacer un balance sobre la manera como se han estudiado las relaciones de esta universidad colonial con las otras universidades que durante la época moderna estaban bajo el gobierno de la Monarquía hispánica.

Este artículo se centra en los comportamientos políticos de la aristocracia española durante el reinado de Carlos II. Se estudian las actitudes colectivas del grupo y la evolución de la cultura política nobiliaria en el contexto de las profundas transformaciones que el ejercicio del poder experimentó en el periodo. Grandes y títulos hubieron de dar respuesta a la sucesión de escenarios políticos y, al mismo tiempo, influyeron decisivamente en la marcha de los asuntos. El progresivo deterioro de la autoridad regia determinó el paso a una poliarquía, a un modelo de múltiples centros de poder de equilibrios precarios que reflejaba el debate sobre el absolutismo y la participación política de la alta nobleza. Factores externos, como la cuestión sucesoria y la injerencia de las potencias extranjeras, y factores internos, como la incapacidad nobiliaria de cohesionarse en un proyecto común, la esperanza en liderazgos imposibles y las limitaciones de su cultura política, produjeron la rápida degeneración de la poliarquía en un régimen caótico en el crepúsculo del siglo XVII.