Materials Engineering

Reconocer, identificar y conocer las propiedades de los materiales es muy importante en el campo de la ingeniería, ya que son ellos los que aportan las características de resistencia y estabilidad de lo que se va a diseñar. Si no se tuviese en cuenta las características de los materiales en los diseños y simplemente se construyera, existiría una amplia posibilidad de que fallaran las estructuras y/u objetos.

Natural fiber reinforced composites is an emerging area in polymer science. These natural fibers are low cost fibers with low density and high specific properties. These are biodegradable and non-abrasive. The natural fiber composites offer specific properties comparable to those of conventional fiber composites. However, in development of these composites, the incompatibility of the fibers and poor resistance to moisture often reduce the potential of natural fibers and these draw backs become critical issue. This review presents the reported work on natural fiber reinforced composites with special reference to the type of fibers, matrix polymers, treatment of fibers and fiber-matrix interface.

In order to assist researchers explore the full potential of distributed recycling of post-consumer polymer waste, this article describes a recyclebot, which is a waste plastic extruder capable of making commercial quality 3-D printing filament. The device design takes advantage of both the open source hardware methodology and the paradigm developed by the open source self-replicating rapid prototyper (RepRap) 3-D printer community. Specifically, this paper describes the design, fabrication and operation of a RepRapable Recyclebot, which refers to the Recyclebot's ability to provide the filament needed to largely replicate the parts for the Recyclebot on any type of RepRap 3-D printer. The device costs less than $700 in mate rials and can be fabricated in about 24 h. Filament is produced at 0.4 kg/h using 0.24 kWh/kg with a diameter ±4.6%. Thus, filament can be manufactured from commercial pellets for <22% of commercial filament costs. In addition, it can fabricate recycled waste plastic into filament for 2.5 cents/kg, which is <1000X commercial filament costs. The system can fabricate filament from polymers with extrusion temperatures <250 °C and is thus capable of manufacturing custom filament over a wide range of thermopolymers and composites for material science studies of new materials and recyclability studies, as well as research on novel applications of fused filament based 3-D printing.

E-waste management is a serious challenge across developed, transition, and developing countries because of the consumer society and the globalization process. E-waste is a fast-growing waste stream which needs more attention of international organizations, governments, and local authorities in order to improve the current waste management practices. The book reveals the pollution side of this waste stream with critical implications on the environment and public health, and also it points out the resource side which must be further developed under the circular economy framework with respect to safety regulations. In this context, complicated patterns at the global scale emerge under legal and illegal e-waste trades. The linkages between developed and developing countries and key issues of e-waste management sector are further examined in the book.

Megaproject Planning and Management: Essential Readings contains the seminal articles from the growing body of research on megaproject planning and management along with an original introduction by the editor, Bent Flyvbjerg. The leading and most cited authority in the field, Flyvbjerg has used crowdsourcing and 25 years of experience to cherry-pick from several hundred articles and books the writings that define the field. This volume will be an indispensable source for those wishing to speak with authority about how megaprojects are prepared, delivered, and fought over. The target audience is students, academics, practitioners, and media pundits alike, as well as communities affected by megaprojects.

The articles in this issue look at how the development and use of free and open source hardware (FOSH or simply “open hardware”) are changing the face of science, engineering, business, and law.

Free and open source software (FOSS) has proven very successful and now dominates the development of software on a global scale. It is available in source code (open source) and can be used, studied, copied, modified, and redistributed either without restriction or with restrictions only to ensure that further recipients have the same open source rights.
Similarly, FOSH provides the “code” for hardware—including the bill of materials, schematics, instructions, computer-aided designs, and other information needed to recreate a physical artifact. Use of FOSH can improve product innovation in a wide range of fields. In this issue authors from a variety of disciplines and work environments discuss how this open model of innovation will drive the future of engineering.
First, Alicia Gibb, founder and executive director of the Open Source Hardware Association (OSHWA) and director of the ATLAS1 Blow Things Up (BTU) Lab at the University of Colorado Boulder, argues that hardware is the next step to open sourcing everything. She touches on intellectual property (IP) issues, cites the benefits of open source hardware, introduces and explains the role of OSHWA, and hints at the future of open hardware.

The open source paradigm is already making deep inroads in the hardware space in 3D printing. With the development of the open source RepRap project (a 3D printer that can print itself) the cost of 3D printers has dropped to a point where nearly anyone can afford one for rapid prototyping and small batch manufacturing.

Ben Malouf and Harris Kenny of Aleph Objects describe their company’s approach to the use of open hardware in every aspect of their business to create the popular Lulzbot 3D printer. Their primary product is open—and consistently wins one of the top spots in Make: Magazine’s annual 3D printer shootout, ahead of proprietary 3D printers from much larger companies with far greater resources. Lulzbot printers, and those of many other manufacturers, are rapidly increasing in sales as the number of free and open source 3D printable designs erupts on the Web, making distributed manufacturing a reality.

In this context, law professor Lucas Osborn at the Campbell University School of Law takes us on a deep dive into how IP law will need to change in this new 3D printing era. After summarizing the basics of IP law and explaining why it was created, he discusses how it could both benefit and hinder 3D printing technology. His arguments will challenge readers independent of their views on patent law. For those with conventional IP leanings, he shows how IP law can hinder innovation. For those born in the Internet age, where sharing is second nature and little thought is given to licenses as long as the code is posted on Github, he offers some important lessons. He ends with a challenge for engineers to make more of an effort in helping form IP law that will benefit innovation.
If these lessons on IP and open hardware replication with 3D printers are turned to experimental research in science and engineering, there is an important opportunity to radically reduce the costs of experimental research while improving it. In the next article I argue that by harnessing a scalable open source method, federal funding is spent just once for the development of scientific equipment and then a return on this investment (ROI) is realized by digital replication of scientific devices for only the costs of materials. With numerous examples I show that the ROI climbs into the thousands of percent while accelerating any research that the open paradigm touches. To harness this opportunity, I propose four straightforward and negative-net-cost policies to support FOSH development and improve access to scientific tools in the United States. The policies will directly save millions in research and STEM education expenditures, while providing researchers and students access to better equipment, which will promote advances in technology and concomitant benefits for the American economy.

Thinking about the future and the changes needed to support this development in STEM education, AnnMarie Thomas and Deb Besser of the St. Thomas School of Engineering consider how engineers and engineering educators can use maker methods to introduce students to engineering and build their technological literacy. They show that the maker movement is closely tied to open hardware and sharing as well as the traits of successful engineers. Makerspaces and fabrication (fab) labs (what Gibb calls hackerspaces) are physical hubs of the maker culture.
Although these trends are clearly important for the United States, this cultural change and open hardware ethos can have dramatic impacts in the developing world. Matthew Rogge, Melissa Menke, and William Hoyle of TechforTrade explain the potential for open source and 3D printing to produce many needed items in low-resource settings, where lack of infrastructure makes local production impractical and high tariffs, unreliable supply chains, and economic instability make importation costly. Saving 90 percent on medical or scientific tools is nice in my lab, for instance, but it literally saves lives in a developing world context.
The issue concludes with an op-ed by Tom Callaway, a senior software engineer at Red Hat, Inc., an open source software company with revenue over $2 billion last year (up 15 percent year over year). What makes this business accomplishment so impressive is that all of the company’s software products are available for free. Although old ways of thinking demand that companies secure a monopoly and certainly not give away “intellectual property” for free, Red Hat’s success comes from offering its customers support, collaboration, control, and a high-quality product. Tom argues that the proven open source software mentality is porting to hardware, opening up incredible opportunities for humanity. He concludes, “open source and open innovation work…. They also empower society and make it possible to push the limits of what is possible. When the barriers to collaboration are lifted, people can accomplish incredible things.”

As all of the articles show, open source tools in the hands of this and future generations of engineers will be incredible indeed.

— This investigation present a new method for reducing electrical field in power electrical substation and also it has been paid attention to health personnel who work in this place therefore the health of staff has been a priority. In this way we have measured RMS values of electrical field by a standard device for variety level of voltage and various distances in a common prototype power electrical substation. Measured values have been prepared in this manuscript. In the following paragraphs these results were compared with International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) standards and was observed some zones are in higher than standard, so for solving this issue we have done review of basic design in substation and present a new method .we simulated this plan in comsol multi physics software and optimized design for achieving standard value of electrical field dosage is achieved and leads to more safe operating area regarding to biological considerations Index Terms— human health, electric field, high voltage, power substation, occupational exposure.

Important experimental parameters for FTIR spectra acquisition were studied: apodization, beam aperture, number of scans and spectral resolution, using polyethylene samples. The optimum conditions for the analyses were established and permitted unequivocally to identify the three most important commercially available grades: low density, high density and linear low density products (LDPE, HDPE and LLDPE respectively). 

TD Matériaux métalliques TLILI A. 2 4. Combien y a-t-il de réactions eutectiques dans ce diagramme ? Écrivez ces réactions, indiquez leur température et les compositions des phases en présence. 5. Quels sont les phases et les constituants présents à 465°C dans un alliage contenant 10% molaire de Pb ? Pour chacun(e) d'entre eux (elles), donnez leur composition (en % mol. de Pb) et leur proportion (en % mol.). 6. Que se passe-t-il si l'on refroidit, à l'équilibre, l'alliage (contenant 10% molaire de Pb) de 465°C à 20°C?

The solar photovoltaic (PV) market continues to grow rapidly throughout the world [1] offering the promise of enabling humanity to utilize sustainable and renewable solar power technology to run society [2]. As the PV industry has grown, the costs have dropped to the point that with favorable financing terms, it is clear that PV has already obtained and surpassed grid parity in specific locations [3]. Now it not uncommon to have solar power be the less expensive option (lower levelized cost of electricity) for both homeowners and businesses [3]. This is driving a positive feedback loop, where additional growth is expected. The cumulative global market for solar PV is expected to triple by 2020 to almost 700 GW, with annual demand eclipsing 100 GW in 2019 [1]. This growth is accompanied by an explosion of solar jobs [4]. Solar workers have outnumbered coal workers in the U.S. for some time, but now their ranks have swollen to surpass even the oil and gas industry [4,5]. The remarkable and sustained growth of the PV industry may tempt the solar PV scientist to sit back and relax: perhaps with a congratulatory pat on the back for a job well done. However, our work is not complete. Fossil fuels still make up over 80% of all energy use in the U.S., for example [6], and are still growing worldwide as the resultant climate destabilization. This climate alteration has 'committed to extinction' 15 -37% of species in investigated
regions and taxa by 2050 using relatively optimistic mid-range climate-warming scenarios [7]. As the late Professor Smalley has pointed out, our challenge as PV researchers is not to be content with GWs of PV production, but we must obtain terrawatt (TW) levels to eliminate fossil fuel combustion and enable a safe and stable global climate [8]. Meeting these goals by scaling what we have done will not be easy, as others have shown this would place a significant demand on the current and future supply of raw materials (chemical elements) used by those technologies [9]. To meet these needs, we still have much to do to advance the next generation
of photovoltaic materials and solar cell devices [10], to further reduce costs to enable more rapid diffusion of solar energy throughout the globe. This book covers some of the materials, modeling, synthesis, and evaluation of new materials and their solar cells, which can help us reach the goal of a sustainable solar-powered future [2].

This research was funded by, and implemented within, a UK national research organisation, while the author was the KE and Impact Evaluation Manager responsible for assessing impact on a £15m UK government-funded research programme.

This work was also submitted as the authors MBA dissertation which was accepted and awarded in 2009.

ABSTRACT: A methodology and methods ‘toolbox’ is proposed for conducting impact research and assessment from within research programmes. The emphasis is upon how to clarify and assess the wider impacts from the early stages onwards.

The approach explicitly acknowledges, and attempts to address, the known issues and challenges of impact assessment while drawing upon the resources and opportunities available to research managers and researchers within such programmes.

The study has two triangulating foundations. Firstly, it examines the academic literature to help identify and design the pilot methodology and methods. Secondly it trials these in a real programme to both test and improve them.

The study was conducted over one year within one leading UK research organisation, where two research programmes (and around 60 research projects of £15m total value) were being assessed for their impacts. The study draws upon actual impact management experience and reflection, prospective (ex ante) and retrospective (ex post) assessments, participatory contributions from leading researchers undergoing assessment, and consultation with external users. The findings of this study outline the pilot and its first iteration. Recommendations are made for improvement to the methodology and methods.

A subsequent follow-on bid to UK government incorporating the impacts identified from implementing this methodology, successfully led to a further £15m of government funding.

It is expected the pilot methodology and methods will be applicable to other organisations, conducting and funding such research programmes, required to research and assess the wider research impacts.

Although primary focus of implemetation trials was upon research in physical sciences, technology, high-tech engineering, computing/IT, and environment, the wider literature study, the methodology design and justification, the methods proposed and used, and the resulting general recommendations and lessons are expected to apply more broadly to many other research areas, where the impact is to be found more widely in the society, economy, government or public sector or within organizations, policies, professions or the public.

Interest in this work is expected from research programme managers, impact managers and assessors, management consultants advising in this area, and government funding managers, all seeking to embed a developing approach to understand, capture, and enhance wider impact.

— Theory of Eight Palaces (八宫) or Eight Veins (八 脉) is useful in understanding economic disease. By using mathematical reasoning based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Economics (TCE), this paper demonstrates the treatment principle: ―Even if all changed, it is hard to change one's nature‖ (江山易改，本性难移). It means that for the economic society, there is the mathematical structure of Eight Palaces or Eight Veins as the second physiological system of a steady multilateral system. It can be used to determine the root-cause of the sick system by using the six indexes of comprehensive judgment as the Eight palaces or Eight veins. The six indexes are PPI (the Producer Price Index), AAF (the total output value of Agriculture forestry Animal husbandry and Fishery), CPI (the Consumer Price Index), GBR (the General Budget Revenue), GDP (the Gross Domestic Product), and GDP (the right of making money), simple namely PACGGF. The six indexes of PACGGF inflation rates which can be used as diagnostic subsystem of disease. The first or second transfer law of economic society energies of Eight Palaces or Eight Veins changes according to the different PACGGF inflation rates of an economic society whether in the normal range or not. Assume that the range of one of PACGGF inflation rates is divided into four parts from small to large. Both second and third are for a healthy economy. The treating works are the treatment directly for a root-cause and the prevention indirectly for a more serious relation economic disease as symptoms. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the first transfer law of economic society energies. And both first and fourth are for an unhealthy economy. The treating works are the treatment directly for a root-cause or the prevention indirectly for a more serious relation economic disease as symptoms. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the second transfer law of economic society energies. An economic disease treatment should protect and maintain the balance of two incompatibility relations: the loving relationship and the killing relationship.Economic disease treatment should protect and maintain the balance of two incompatibility relations: the loving relationship and the killing relationship. As an application, the Chinese GDP inflation rate can be used for the water subsystem how to do works based on to diagnose the root-cause of steady multilateral systems by using Eight palaces.

Chitin is the most abundant natural amino polysaccharide and is estimated to be produced annually almost as much as cellulose. It has become of great interest not only as an underutilized resource, but also as a new functional material of high potential in various fields, and recent progress in chitin chemistry is quite noteworthy. The purpose of this review is to take a closer look at chitin and chitosan applications. Based on current research and existing products, some new and futuristic approaches in this fascinating area are thoroughly discussed.

Ultrafine grained steels with grain sizes below about 1 μm offer the prospect of high strength and high toughness with traditional steel compositions. These materials are currently the subject of extensive research efforts worldwide. Ultrafine grained steels can be produced either by advanced thermomechanical processes or by severe plastic deformation strategies. Both approaches are suited to produce submicron grain structures with attractive mechanical properties. This overview describes the various techniques to fabricate ultrafine grained bcc steels, the corresponding microstructures, and the resulting spectrum of mechanical properties.

The paper provides an overview of tribological properties of nanocomposites with aluminium matrix. Nanocomposites represent a new generation of composite materials with better properties than conventional composite materials. The paper presents and explains the most common methods of nanocomposites production. In addition, the overview of tribological properties is presented through the equipment used for testing; amount, size and type of reinforcement; matrix material and manufacturing process; and test conditions.

This paper analyses wear behaviour of Al-Si alloy A356 (AlSi7Mg) based composite reinforced with 10 wt. % SiC, and compare it with the base A356 alloy. Composite are obtained using the compocasting procedure. Tribological testing have been conducted on a block-on-disc tribometer with three varying loads (10, 20 and 30 N) and three sliding speeds (0.25, 0.5 and 1 m/s), under dry sliding conditions. Sliding distance of 300 m was constant. The goal of the paper was to optimize the influencing parameters in order to minimize specific wear rate using the Taguchi method. The analysis showed that the sliding speed has the greatest influence on specific wear rate (39.5 %), followed by the load (23.6 %), and the interaction between sliding speed and load (19.4 %). A regression analysis and experiment corroboration was conducted in order to verify the results of the optimization. Specific wear rate prediction was done using artificial neural network (ANN).

Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-Undang Dilarang memperbanyak karya tulis ini dalam bentuk dan dengan cara apapun tanpa ijin tertulis dari penerbit iii Puji syukur kita panjatkan kehadirat Tuhan Yang Mahaesa sehingga Buku Struktur dan Rekayasa Bambu ini dapat terwujud. Dalam kehidupan masyarakat di Indonesia, bambu memegang peranan sangat penting. Bahan bambu dikenal oleh masyarakat memiliki sifat-sifat yang baik untuk dimanfaatkan, antara lain batangnya kuat, ulet, lurus, rata, keras, mudah dibelah, mudah dibentuk dan mudah dikerjakan serta ringan sehingga mudah diangkut. Selain itu bambu juga relatif murah dibandingkan dengan bahan bangunan lain karena banyak ditemukan di sekitar pemukiman pedesaan. Bambu menjadi tanaman serbaguna bagi masyarakat pedesaan. Bambu telah sejak lama dikenal sebagai bahan multi-fungsi, yang salah satunya sebagai bahan bangunan. Pemrosesan bambu sebagai bahan bangunan juga telah dipahami oleh masyarakat pengguna bambu secara tradisional, terutama pemilihan jenis bambu, masa penebangan bambu, proses pengawetan bambu, proses pengeringan dan rekayasa bambu sebagai bahan bangunan unggulan.

 Abstract— Theory of Eight Palaces (八宫) or Eight Veins (八 脉) is useful in understanding economic disease. By using mathematical reasoning based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Economics (TCE), this paper demonstrates the treatment principle: " Even if all changed, it is hard to change one's nature " (江山易改，本性难移). It means that for the economic society, there is the mathematical structure of Eight Palaces or Eight Veins as the second physiological system of a steady multilateral system. It can be used to determine the root-cause of the sick system by using the six indexes of comprehensive judgment as the Eight palaces or Eight veins. The six indexes are PPI (the Producer Price Index), AAF (the total output value of Agriculture forestry Animal husbandry and Fishery), CPI (the Consumer Price Index), GBR (the General Budget Revenue), GDP (the Gross Domestic Product), and GDP (the right of making money), simple namely PACGGF. The six indexes of PACGGF inflation rates which can be used as diagnostic subsystem of disease. The first or second transfer law of economic society energies of Eight Palaces or Eight Veins changes according to the different PACGGF inflation rates of an economic society whether in the normal range or not. Assume that the range of one of PACGGF inflation rates is divided into four parts from small to large. Both second and third are for a healthy economy. The treating works are the treatment directly for a root-cause and the prevention indirectly for a more serious relation economic disease as symptoms. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the first transfer law of economic society energies. And both first and fourth are for an unhealthy economy. The treating works are the treatment directly for a root-cause or the prevention indirectly for a more serious relation economic disease as symptoms. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the second transfer law of economic society energies. An economic disease treatment should protect and maintain the balance of two incompatibility relations: the loving relationship and the killing relationship.Economic disease treatment should protect and maintain the balance of two incompatibility relations: the loving relationship and the killing relationship. As an application, the Chinese Finance inflation rate can be used for the jun-fire subsystem how to do works based on to diagnose the root-cause of steady multilateral systems by using Eight palaces.

This Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report provides information for policymakers, scientists and engineers in the field of climate change and reduction of CO2 emissions. It describes sources, capture, transport, and storage of CO2. It also discusses the costs, economic potential, and societal issues of the technology, including public perception and regulatory aspects. Storage options evaluated include geological storage, ocean storage, and mineral carbonation. Notably, the report places CO2 capture and storage in the context of other climate change mitigation options, such as fuel switch, energy efficiency, renewables and nuclear energy.

Virtual reality (VR) is a rapidly developing computer interface that strives to immerse the user completely within an experimental simulation, thereby greatly enhancing the overall impact and providing a much more intuitive link between the computer and the human participants. Virtual reality has been applied successfully to hundreds if not thousands of scenarios in diverse areas including rapid prototyping, manufacturing, scientific visualisation, engineering, and education. This paper gives an overview on the virtual reality applications in manufacturing processes.

Silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized from AgNO 3 through a simple green route using the latex of Jatropha curcas as reducing as well as capping agent. Nanoparticles were characterized with the help of HRTEM, X-ray diffraction and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the nanoparticles were of face centered cubic structure. A comparison of radius of nanoparticles obtained from HRTEM image with the optimized cavity radius of the cyclic peptides present within the latex revealed that the particles having radius 10-20 nm are mostly stabilized by the cyclic peptides.

To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, efforts are needed to develop environmentally friendly construction materials. This paper presents the development of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. In geopolymer concrete, a by-product material rich in silicon and aluminum, such as low-calcium (ASTM C 618 Class F) fly ash, is chemically activated by a high-alkaline solution to form a paste that binds the loose coarse and fine aggregates, and other unreacted materials in the mixture. The test results presented in this paper show the effects of various parameters on the properties of geopolymer concrete. The application of geopolymer concrete and future research needs are also identified.

Back cover text: Megaprojects and Risk provides the first detailed examination of the phenomenon of megaprojects. It is a fascinating account of how the promoters of multi-billion dollar megaprojects systematically and self-servingly misinform parliaments, the public and the media in order to get projects approved and built. It shows, in unusual depth, how the formula for approval is an unhealthy cocktail of underestimated costs, overestimated revenues, undervalued environmental impacts and overvalued economic development effects. This results in projects that are extremely risky, but where the risk is concealed from MPs, taxpayers and investors. The authors not only explore the problems but also suggest practical solutions drawing on theory, experience and hard, scientific evidence from the several hundred projects in twenty nations and five continents that illustrate the book. Accessibly written, it will be the standard reference for students, scholars, planners, economists, auditors, politicians and interested citizens for many years to come.

Development of green nanotechnology is generating interest of researchers toward ecofriendly biosynthesis of nanoparticles. In this study, biosynthesis of stable silver nanoparticles was done using Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) leaf extract. These biosynthesized nanoparticles were characterized with the help of UV-vis spectrophotometer, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Stability of bioreduced silver nanoparticles was analyzed using UV-vis absorption spectra, and their antimicrobial activity was screened against both gram-negative and grampositive microorganisms. It was observed that O. sanctum leaf extract can reduce silver ions into silver nanoparticles within 8 min of reaction time. Thus, this method can be used for rapid and ecofriendly biosynthesis of stable silver nanoparticles of size range 4-30 nm possessing antimicrobial activity suggesting their possible application in medical industry.

Recent progress in the recycling and recovery of polyurethane and polyurethane composites is reviewed. The various types of polyurethane waste products, consisting of either old recycled parts or production waste, are generally reduced to a more usable form, such as flakes, powder or pellets, depending on the particular type of polyurethane that is being recycled. The various recycling technologies for material and chemical recycling of PU materials have greatly contributed to improve the overall image regarding the recyclability of polyurethanes in recent years, by far the most important being regrinding and glycolysis. These technologies open an emerging, effective and economic route for recycling polyurethane rigid foams and composite. Polyurethane foam in automotive seating has been successfully recycled using regrind technology. Glycolysis of polyurethanes can be economically acceptable, but still requires more development in order to tolerate more contamination in the post-consumer material. Current technologies can recover the inherent energy value of polyurethanes and reduce fossil fuel consumption. Energy recovery is considered the only suitable disposal method for recovered material for which no markets exist or can be created. Increasing waste-to-energy and other thermal processing activities involving gasification, pyrolysis and two-stage combustion has contributed for the disposal of significant amounts of scrap PU without many difficulties. It is concluded that many of the plastic feedstock recycling processes appear to be technically feasible and robust enough to warrant further development in the future.

The paper deals with the considerations related to the basic properties and application of primarily aluminum alloys and composite materials for different purposes with the focus on the automotive industry. Through the description of the basic characteristics of aluminum alloys, the starting points for their application in different technical systems are given. On the other hand, the advantages and disadvantages of the use of certain aluminum alloys, along with the guidance and compounds and elements whose use is further enhanced and enriched by aluminum alloys, are predominantly presented. The application of aluminum alloys in the automotive industry, as well as the particular types of aluminum based materials used for individual aggregates and circuits of motor vehicles, as well as their behaviour in different operating modes are imposed as a key chapter of the work. Ultimately, the advantages that are primarily achieved with the vehicle are obtained by the use of aluminum alloys and composites, with the conclusion that there is still space in the field, further improvement of the characteristics of aluminum alloys, and in the field of expansion of the diapason of their application.

Strict requirements that are put on mechanical constructions from the aspect of increase of exploitation periods and reduction of their weights, therefore of
their prices as well, implicate developments and applications of new composite materials with matrices of lightweight metals. Composite materials with
metal matrices are used for engine cylinders, pistons, disc and drum brakes, Cardan shafts and for other elements in automotive and aviation industry. The
most important type of metallic materials is composite materials with matrices of aluminium alloys due to a set of their beneficial properties. Improvement
of mechanical, especially tribological properties of hybrid composites were provided by the use of certain reinforce materials such as SiC, Al2O3 and
graphite in defined weight or volumetric share. New developed hybrid composites with aluminium matrices have significantly higher resistance to wear,
higher specific stiffness and higher resistance to fatigue. By the increase of quantities of produced elements made of hybrid composites, decrease of their
prices is induced that even further enlarge their applications. The applications of aluminium hybrid composites are considered from the aspect and with
the focus on automotive industry

Gelagar T beton bertulang konvensional sudah sangat lazim digunakan terutama pada struktur jembatan dengan bentang 5m -25m. Akan tetapi sebenarnya, berat sendiri jembatan murni beton bertulang sangatlah berat. Pelaksanaan jembatan balok T ini juga sering mengalami kendala di lapangan pada banyaknya perancah serta schaffolding yang digunakan khususnya bila dasar sungai sangat curam. Seandainya pun dapat dilaksanakan, resiko bahaya banjir serta stabilitas tanah dan jembatan selama proses pelaksanaan sangat rentan untuk terganggu, akibatnya lendutan awalpun menjadi sangat besar. Bahan FRP dapat menjadi alternatif yang baik karena rasio kekuatan terhadap beratnya sangat tinggi.

 Abstract— Theory of Sixty JiaZi (60 甲子) is useful in understanding economic disease. By using mathematical reasoning based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Economics (TCE) , this paper demonstrates the treatment principle: " seize the momentum of development， hasten lucky avoids disaster " (顺势而为,趋吉避凶). It means that for the economic society, there is the mathematical structure of Sixty JiaZi as the second physiological system of a steady multilateral system. It is used to predict the development of the corresponding subsystem based on 60 Jiazi numbers. People should be according to its momentum of development, hasten lucky avoids disaster. Theory of Eight palaces is to determine both the root-cause and symptoms of the sick system based on the six indexes of comprehensive judgment. It is the base of Six Jiazi. The six indexes are PPI (the Producer Price Index), AAF (The total output value of Agriculture forestry Animal husbandry and Fishery), CPI(the Consumer Price Index), GBR(the General Budget Revenue), GDP (the Gross Domestic Product), and Finance (the right of making money), simple namely PACGGF. The first or second transfer law of economic society energies of Sixty JiaZi changes according to the different PACGGF inflation rates of economic society whether in the normal range or not. Assume that the range of one of PACGGF inflation rates is divided into four parts from small to large. Both second and third are for a healthy economy. The treating works are the treatment directly for a root-cause and the prevention indirectly for a more serious relation economic disease as symptoms. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the first transfer law of economic society energies. And both first and fourth are for an unhealthy economy. The treating works are the treatment directly for a root-cause or the prevention indirectly for a more serious relation economic disease as symptoms. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the second transfer law of economic society energies. An economic disease treatment should protect and maintain the balance of two incompatibility relations: the loving relationship and the killing relationship.As an application, the Chinese GDP inflation rate can be used for the water subsystem how to do works based on to predict the root-cause of steady multilateral systems by using Sixty Jiazi.

Introducing a new engineering product or changing an existing model involves making designs, reaching economic decisions, selecting materials, choosing manufacturing processes, and assessing its environmental impact. These activities are interdependent and should not be performed in isolation from each other. This is because the materials and processes used in making the product can have a large influence on its design, cost, and performance in service. For example, making a part from injection-molded plastics instead of pressed sheet metal is expected to involve large changes in design, new production facilities and widely different economic and environmental impact analysis.
Experience has shown that in most industries it is easier to meet the increasing challenge of producing more economic and yet reliable, aesthetically pleasing and environmentally friendly product if a holistic decision making approach of concurrent engineering is adopted in product development. With concurrent engineering, materials and manufacturing processes are considered in the early stages of design and are more precisely defined as the design progresses from the concept to the embodiment and finally the detail stage.
The objective of this book is to illustrate how the activities of design, materials and process selection, and economic and environmental analysis fit together and what sort of tradeoffs can be made in order to arrive at the optimum solution when developing a new product or changing an existing model.

We stand at the threshold of a New Renaissance in science and technology, based on a comprehensive understanding of the structure and behavior of matter from the nanoscale up to the most complex system yet discovered, the human brain. Unification of science based on unity in nature and its holistic investigation will lead to technological convergence and a more efficient societal structure. In the early decades of the twenty-first century, concentrated effort can bring together nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, and new humane technologies based in cognitive science. With proper attention to ethical issues and societal needs, the result can be a tremendous improvement in human abilities, societal outcomes and quality of life.

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The components of a gas turbine operate in an aggressive environment where the temperature of service varies from ambient to near melting point of materials which introduce a variety of degradation on the components. Some components that lose their dimensional tolerance during use require repair and refurbishment when high cost replacement is avoidable. Erosion of fly ash and sand particles damages compressor blades which cause engine failure at an early stage. Dovetail roots of the compressor blades are subjected to fretting fatigue due to the oscillatory motion caused by vibration. Casing of the compressor comes in contact with rotating blades due to shaft misalignment, ovality of the casing and or inadequate clearance which cause blade and casing damage. Close clearance control that has bearing on the efficiency of the engine is therefore required in addition to preventing fire where titanium to titanium rubbing might occur. Wear out of the several contact surfaces which undergo rotating and reciprocating motion occur during the running of the engine need protection. Hot gases that are produced by burning the contaminated fuel in the combustion chamber will cause oxidation and corrosion on their passage. In the hot section rotating and stationary components need thermal insulation from higher operating temperature leading to enhanced thermodynamic efficiency of the engine. This wide range of functional requirements of the engine is met by applying an array of coatings that protect the components from failures. Current overview, while not aiming at deeper insight into the field of gas turbine coatings, brings out a summary of details of these coatings at one place, methods of application and characterization, degradation mechanisms and indicative future directions which are of use to a practicing industrial engineer.

 Abstract— Theory of Eight Palaces (八宫) or Eight Veins (八 脉) is useful in understanding economic disease. By using mathematical reasoning based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Economics (TCE), this paper demonstrates the treatment principle: ―Even if all changed, it is hard to change one's nature‖ (江山易改，本性难移). It means that for the economic society, there is the mathematical structure of Eight Palaces or Eight Veins as the second physiological system of a steady multilateral system. It can be used to determine the root-cause of the sick system by using the six indexes of comprehensive judgment as the Eight palaces or Eight veins. The six indexes are PPI (the Producer Price Index), AAF (the total output value of Agriculture forestry Animal husbandry and Fishery), CPI (the Consumer Price Index), GBR (the General Budget Revenue), GDP (the Gross Domestic Product), and Finance (the right of making money), simple namely PACGGF. The six indexes of PACGGF inflation rates which can be used as diagnostic subsystem of disease. The first or second transfer law of economic society energies of Eight Palaces or Eight Veins changes according to the different PACGGF inflation rates of an economic society whether in the normal range or not. Assume that the range of one of PACGGF inflation rates is divided into four parts from small to large. Both second and third are for a healthy economy. The treating works are the treatment directly for a root-cause and the prevention indirectly for a more serious relation economic disease as symptoms. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the first transfer law of economic society energies. And both first and fourth are for an unhealthy economy. The treating works are the treatment directly for a root-cause or the prevention indirectly for a more serious relation economic disease as symptoms. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the second transfer law of economic society energies. An economic disease treatment should protect and maintain the balance of two incompatibility relations: the loving relationship and the killing relationship. As an application, the Chinese GDP inflation rate can be used for the water subsystem how to do works based on to diagnose the root-cause of steady multilateral systems by using Eight palaces.

The manufacturing cost of WT blade is about 15-20% of wind turbine production cost. The expenses of innovations in design of blades represent the small amount of overall cost of wind turbine production. Profits coming from better structural model, use of suitable composite materials and better techniques of manufacturing, both the blades and composite materials, causes necessity of application of numerical modeling and optimization techniques.

The Supplementary Green Book Guidance on Optimism Bias (HM Treasury 2003) with reference to the Review of Large Public Procurement in the UK (Mott MacDonald 2002) notes that there is a demonstrated, systematic, tendency for project appraisers to be overly optimistic and that to redress this tendency appraisers should make explicit, empirically based adjustments to the estimates of a project’s costs, benefits, and duration. HM Treasury recommends that these adjustments be based on data from past projects or similar projects elsewhere, and adjusted for the unique characteristics of the project in hand. In the absence of a more specific evidence base, HM Treasury has encouraged departments to collect data to inform future estimates of optimism, and in the meantime use the best available data. In response to this, the Department for Transport (henceforth DfT), has contracted Bent Flyvbjerg in association with COWI to undertake the consultancy assignment "Procedures for dealing with Optimism Bias in Transport Planning". The present Guidance Document is the result of this assignment.

PREFAZIONE "Metallurgia degli Acciai": l'opera per continuare a raccontare i nostri materiali e la nostra storia... perchè, da sempre, noi ci crediamo! Crediamo in quello che facciamo, con professionalità, impegno e dedizione. Crediamo nella cultura. Nella cultura di settore e nella cultura del sapere, rivolgendoci a chi, questo mestiere, lo vive con intensità e passione, o, a chi, più semplicemente è solo agli inizi. Crediamo che il nostro lavoro, a cui dedichiamo tutta una vita, non debba essere solo quotidianità, ma desiderio di continuità. Crediamo nella collaborazione tra le persone e nel valore dei progetti che nascono dalle collaborazioni. Crediamo che il futuro del nostro settore dipenda, alla fine, solo da noi. Ringrazio gli autori, grandi professionisti ma soprattutto grandi persone, e ringrazio tutti coloro che hanno reso possibile questa iniziativa. Giorgio Buzzi, Esine-BS-15 Aprile 2017 Credo di non far torto a nessuno dicendo che la prefazione di un libro viene normalmente scritta per ultima, nonostante il termine indichi esattamente il contrario. Nella prefazione di solito gli autori espongono i motivi per cui hanno deciso di scrivere quel libro, quale ne è l'utilità e per quali lettori è pensato e realizzato. Io, che di mestiere faccio l'insegnante (bello sarebbe poter dire il "maestro"... ma quello non è un mestiere), scrivo e insegno sempre con una tara mentale in testa: riuscirò a far capire quello che voglio dire o no? Proprio con questa idea mi accingo a consegnare alle stampe il volume che avete in mano. Volevo scrivere un libro semplice-ma non semplicistico-che spiegasse le basi della metallurgia degli acciai con un linguaggio comprensibile a tutti. Spesso, infatti, quando leggo dei testi tecnico-scientifici di questa disciplina (ma anche di altre) ho la spiacevole sensazione che l'autore stia parlando solo agli addetti ai lavori, ai cosiddetti "iniziati", a chi la metallurgia la sa già. Ecco, questo è proprio quello che non volevo fare. Io ho pensato ad un approccio "dal basso" dei problemi, qualcosa che potesse essere utile per i miei studenti e per tutti coloro che già lavorano nel settore metallurgico. Per i primi il desidero è quello di stuzzicare l'interesse per una materia non ancora conosciuta, per i secondi di colmare qualche lacuna teorica che permetta di spiegare la pratica quotidiana. Se si vuole scrivere bene, si deve avere un approccio altruistico; fare un libro è un atto d'amore per il lettore. Il bravo scrittore, come il bravo insegnante, non è quello che fa la somma di tutte le conoscenze possibili attorno ad un dato argomento o quello che sa trasmettere efficacemente tante informazioni. È invece quello che seduce, suggestiona, stimola. È colui che per trasmettere un sapere vero, genera in chi legge una specie di vuoto che, da quel momento in avanti, dovrà essere colmato. O, come ben osserva Massimo Recalcati, "I veri insegnanti non sono quelli che ci hanno riempito la testa con un sapere già costituito, dunque già morto, ma quelli che vi hanno fatto dei buchi al fine di animare un nuovo desiderio di sapere. Sono quelli che hanno fatto nascere domande senza offrire risposte precostituite. 1 " Chissà se sono riuscito in tutto ciò: solo i lettori potranno dirlo.

ABSTRAK: Abu terbang dan abu dasar adalah sisa hasil proses pembakaran batu bara, merupakan limbah yang meningkat setiap tahunnya, sehingga diperlukan penanggulangan. Perbedaan perlakuan terhadap abu batu bara membuat variasi kandungan dari abu batu bara. Penelitian ini menguji karakteristik kimia, fisik dan mekanik abu terbang dan abu dasar untuk dimanfaatkan dalam aplikasi geoteknik, serta pengaruhnya terhadap pertambahan umur pada 7, 28, dan 56 hari. Pengujian komposisi kimia dilakukan untuk membuktikan adanya senyawa SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 dan CaO yang berperan dalam reaksi pozzolan selama masa pemeraman. Hasil pengujian fisik menunjukkan bahwa abu terbang memiliki ukuran butiran tanah lanau dan abu dasar memiliki kemiripan perilaku seperti pasir. Pada pengujian mekanik, terjadi perubahan seperti pengecilan nilai permeabilitas, angka pori, dan indeks pemampatan seiring dengan bertambahnya umur. Selain itu terjadi peningkatan sudut geser, kohesi, dan nilai CBR seiring dengan bertambahnya umur pemeraman.

... based systems (both Bragg and Long Period), luminescent fiber sensors, plastic fiber sensors and ... to conform to this pattern, providing a useful means of systems analysis and identification. ... are now commercially available, and may be tuned to have narrow optical linewidths and ...

A critical review of the literature on the various aspects of natural fibers and biocomposites with a particular reference to chemical modifications is presented in this paper. A notable disadvantage of natural fibers is their polarity which makes it incompatible with hydrophobic matrix. This incompatibility results in poor interfacial bonding between the fibers and the matrix. This in turn leads to impaired mechanical properties of the composites. This defect can be remedied by chemical modification of fibers so as to make it less hydrophilic. This paper reviews the latest trends in chemical modifications and characterizations of natural fibers. The structure and properties of natural fibers have been discussed. Common chemical modifications and their mechanisms have also been elaborated. The importance of chemical modifications and the resultant enhancement in the properties of the composites have also been reviewed. Recent investigations dealing with chemical modifications of natural fiber-reinforced composites have also been cited.

Nikel adalah komponen yang banyak ditemukan dalam meteorit dan menjadi ciri komponen yang membedakan meteorit dari mineral lainnya. Meteorit besi atau siderit, dapat mengandung alloy besi dan nikel berkadar 5-25%. Nikel diperoleh secara komersial dari pentlandit dan pirotit di kawasan Sudbury Ontario, sebuah daerah yang menghasilkan 30% kebutuhan nikel dunia.