Mustafa Kemal's Duty in Yemen, 1909 - A Missing Page from Most Atatürk Biographies

New Middle Eastern Studies

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The Research on History I

The tenth chapter of the book focuses on Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey and the leader of the War of Independence. ➢ Atatürk was born in 1881 in Thessaloniki, a city that was part of the Ottoman Empire at the time. He was not only a successful military leader but also a visionary thinker. ➢ This chapter delves into various aspects of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's life, including his family background, the educational institutions he attended, the influential teachers who shaped his thinking, and the significant friends who played important roles in his life. ➢ By exploring these elements, the chapter provides insights into the formative experiences and relationships that contributed to making Mustafa Kemal into the iconic figure known as Atatürk. ➢ Through this study, readers gain a deeper understanding of Atatürk's personal and intellectual development, shedding light on the man behind the monumental role he played in Turkey's history

SEJARAH, 2011

The rise of Kemal Ataturk (1881-1938) as President of the Republic of Turkey in 1924 resulted in him being regarded as a highly respected political leader among the Malays. This is clear from the extensive coverage on him given by Malay newspapers and magazines. This article will focus on the polemics evident in the Malay newspapers and magazines of the period revolving around Kemal's modernisation plans. In the early stages, most of the Malay newspapers and magazines supported Kemal's establishment of the Republic of Turkey and his modernisation programmes. However, support for Kemal's modernisation plans reduced considerably when it became obvious that the modernisation programmes began to marginalize Islam and the elements of secularism became clear. Several controversial issues related to the modernisation programmes that were clearly against Islamic teachings eventually gave rise to polemical discussions in the Malay newspapers and journals.

Uluslararası Askeri Tarih Dergisi, Sayı 87.

1. Atatürk's life 2. Atatürk's first world war and the war of independence 3. Treaty of Sevres 4. Atatürk's reign 5. Atatürk's political thought (Kemalism)

This study has two major purposes: first an initial attempt to investigate Turkish attitudes and interactions toward Yemen during the Yemeni Uprising of 2011, second to demonstrate the perceptions of Yemen(officially) about the attitudes of Turkish foreign policy toward Yemeni Revolution in 2011. This study was conducted in Istanbul Aydin University . Data for this study were collected through emphasizing on observations and other meaningful materials data (writings, applications, oral date) that may be utilized in supporting the arguments. On the basis of the results of this research, it can be concluded that the “new” Turkish Foreign policy vision based on the “zero problems with neighbors” strategy faced a dramatic and severe test, following the onset of the Arab Spring, the AKP government’s support for “Arab Spring” countries took several forms. In Yemen the major point of this study ,Turkish attitudes and roles toward the Yemeni revolution was ethical attitudes, Turkey provided Yemen humanitarian and institutional aid to help to build stability and institutions during Yemeni uprising of 2011,the attitudes and roles of Turkey toward Yemen uprising have a positive image and reputation among the Yemeni government or Yemenis nationals .that the Yemeni government valued the roles of Turkey during the Yemeni Uprising.

The founder of Turkey Mustafa Kemal Atatürk has a unique place for the Turkish military culture. However, this commitment has mostly remained symbolic and the military has acted highly different to what Atatürk had desired. Following his death in 1938, the military claimed a guardianship duty to preserve Atatürk's "secular" republic. They implemented periodic interventions against democratically elected governments. Yet indeed, Atatürk had been known with his critical stance against military interventions. He had frequently emphasized the importance of civilian supremacy. Indeed, with these periodic interventions, there emerged a "paradox" between the military implementations and Atatürk's ideas. To elaborate this "paradox," this paper will compare Atatürk's opinions with military implementations. To do this, the paper will firstly analyze Atatürk's ideas about war, soldiering and civil-military relations. Secondly, the paper will define the relationship between military culture and Kemalism. Lastly, the paper will make a general evaluation of Turkish civil-military relations.

Journal of International Social Research, 2017

Cumhurbaşkanı seçilmesinden vefatına kadar 15 yıl süreyle yapmış olduğu devlet başkanlığı görevi esnasında yurt dışı gezisine çıkmamıştır. Makale içerisinde konuya ilişkin ortaya konulmuş olan sebepler, dönemin mevcut gelişmeleri dikkate alınarak değerlendirme şeklinde ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu makale, o dönemin ülke içi ve dışı şartlarını göz önünde bulundurarak izlenilen millî strateji, dış politika, Atatürk'ün sağlık durumu ve özellikle şahsiyeti çerçevesinde, yurt dışına neden çıkmamış olabileceği konusunu açıklığa kavuşturmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Correspondence Between Mustafa Kemal Paşa and Cemal Paşa During the War of Independence, 1922

Tal'at Paşa, Enver Paşa and Cemal Paşa, the three leaders of the Committee of Union and Progress/CUP that ruled the Ottoman State before and during the years of WWI, absconded from Istanbul on a German ship on the night of 1-2 November 1918 and went to Berlin. From there they went their separate ways to a large degree. Tal'at was content to remain in Europe (until his assassination in Berlin on 15 March 1921-interestingly, there is no mention of his passing in the letters between Mustafa Kemal Paşa and Cemal Paşa) but both Enver Paşa and Cemal Paşa were determined to have their names in lights once again. Enver Paşa tried mightily to return to Anatolia during the War of Independence but was foiled in this attempt. Instead, he headed out to Central Asia, joining with the Basmachi rebels there to oppose the Soviet Government. Conversely, Cemal Paşa set out on a quest to oppose the British in India by fomenting an anti-English uprising from Afghanistan, for which he desperately needed help from both the Soviet Government and from Mustafa Kemal Paşa. The correspondence between Mustafa Kemal Paşa and Cemal Paşa reflects a remarkable role-reversal between the two from when the former was the latter's subordinate on the WWI battlefields of Syria and Palestine. In any case, throughout their exchanges Enver Paşa looms large, because his Central Asia activities jeopardized both the Ankara Government's need for assistance from the Russians and Cemal Paşa's operations in Afghanistan against British India that relied on Moscow's backing. This correspondence was published by Dr. Hülya Baykal, who compiled the letters, transcribed from the original Ottoman Turkish into modern Turkish, from various sources, in the Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi (Atatürk Research Center Magazine) in March 1989. Herewith, the English translation of the correspondence, along with English translations of some other related articles from the Turkish 1950 journal Resimli Tarih Mecmuası (Illustrated History Magazine).

In David J. Wasserstein and Ami Ayalon, eds., *Mamluks and Ottomans: Studies in Honour of Michael Winter* (Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 2006), 195-205

Turkish Historical Review, 2011

International Journal of Turkish Studies; Madison Vol. 20, Iss. 1/2, (2014): 140-143, 2014

Hanioglu's work is a fine scholarly piece of demystification and demythologizing of a leader who was venerated and adored even in the second half of the twentieth century as a “solitary genius,” and not historically understood. Hanioglu's biography contents itself, however, with reproducing what Mustafa Kemal said and made out of ideas, without looking into and behind them, i.e. into the emotional ground of his and his cohort's nationalism. Emotions, notably angst and pride, as well as a related elite socialization play basic roles in intellectual life and the embrace of ideas at the end of of the Ottoman Empire.

Asian Social Science, 2015

Mustafa Kamal Ataturk considered one of the important figures who shape the modern life of Turkish nations. Kamal's ideology and his political structure are important to be studied since both gives important contributions towards the establishment of modern secular Turkey. This paper discusses Turkey under Kamal Atarturk. Using a secondary analysis, published materials written by scholars and writers in the field, some views and analysis of scholars like Bernard Lewis, Kemal H Karpat and several others, are reviewed and analyzed. It was found that Kemal's revolutions and reforms has brought Turkey into a new era of modernization on certain aspects but from different angels, he failed to preserve Islamic traditions and culture when he consciously amended the constitution of his country only for achieving his personal will 'Modern Turkey'. Amongst his reform were the establishment of Kamalist republic, the attack on traditional Islamic leadership, the implementation of modernist Turkified Islam and the attack on Islamic culture. These four aspects are discussed throughout this paper.

An Ottoman Turkish physician, Mustafa Hami joins an Ottoman Military expedition to Yemen. The aim of this expedition is to bring Yemen under Ottoman control again. On the 23 March 1849 the expeditionary corps, marched out of Jeddah. Mustafa Hami describes in almost 80 pages the route of the Ottoman expeditionary corps. He furnishes exact records of time and place, expressed partly in hours of march. His report ends with the re-entry of the force into Hudaydah after their abortive installation in San’ā’ in the middle of September 1849. The first part of his report on the Yemen is devoted in the first place to military matters. The second part with over 27 pages of closely written text contains geographical data. He describes minutely the fortifications of the towns with the layout and names of their towers and gates. We learn of mosques and shrines, and agrarian products and taxation revenues are tabulated. ‘Ethnographic’ information fill out the descriptions of places. Mustafā Hāmī as a trained medical man practising in the Yemen, also concerns himself with various illnesses. The manuscript ends with 27 pages of colour illustrations that were drawn by Mustafa Hami. The Illustrations contains two maps with Red Sea and Harbour of Kamran followed Yemen’s important cities, fortifications, holy shrines, but also plants, and other peculiarities, like weapons. The Manuscript in facsimile is transliterated into Latin script and translated into modern Turkish. Introduction and extensive notes both in English and in Turkish makes this book an excellent tool to learn the history, geography and human landscape of mid-19th century Yemen.