Nanomaterials Characterization

In this article, ternary oxide NiO-CdO-ZnO nanocomposite along with pure NiO, CdO and ZnO were prepared by the homogeneous co-precipitation method. The XRD pattern confirmed the formation of nanocomposite with NiO (cubic)-CdO (cubic)-ZnO (hexagonal). The volume fractions were 38% NiO, 6% CdO and 56% ZnO phase in nanocomposite determined by direct comparison method. Crystallite size and lattice strain were calculated using Scherrer plot, Williamson-Hall and Size-Strain plot methods. The UV-vis was used to study optical properties such as bandgap (E g ), refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k), optical conductivity (σ opt ) and dielectric constants (ε r , ε i ). FTIR and Raman analyses have confirmed the successful formation of NiO-CdO-ZnO nanocomposite. The current-voltage measurements revealed that nanocomposite has high electrical response. SEM images shown that nanocomposite has roughly spherical morphology and EDX described that Zn has higher concentration than Ni and Cd. PL spectra of nanocomposite demonstrated the emission bands associated with new energy levels induced by defects. The photocatalytic activity of grown nanocomposite against rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB) dyes under sunlight revealed high degradation efficiency 99% for RhB and 98% for MB in 60 and 90 min illumination respectively, indicated that grown nanocomposite is a propitious sunlightdriven photocatalyst to eliminate organic toxins.

The quest to optimize the performance of cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles has led to an investigation into how varying reaction times during synthesis impact their properties. By employing a systematic wet chemical synthesis method, the reaction time was varied while keeping other synthesis parameters constant to observe their influence on the properties of the nanoparticles. Using a combination of characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy, the changes in crystal structure, particle morphology, optical absorption, and electronic behavior associated with different reaction durations were analyzed. Shorter reaction times spanning 30–60 min tended to produce smaller particles with a more uniform size distribution, while longer reaction times spanning 90–120 min resulted in larger, more defined, and regularly shaped particles. The crystallite size increased from approximately 18.03 nm at 30 min to about 23.67 nm at 120 min. These changes correlate with variations in optical absorbance, as depicted via a Tauc plot, which shows energy bandgaps ranging approximately 2.5 eV for nanoparticles synthesized for 60 min and 1.7 eV for 120 min. Notably, this study demonstrates how tailored reaction times can fine-tune the bandgap and carrier concentration of CdO nanoparticles, which are critical factors for their performance in various technological applications. The results of this investigation offer a deeper understanding of the interplay between synthesis conditions and nanoparticle properties, paving the way for the design of advanced materials with tailored characteristics for next-generation technological applications.

In this work we aim at describing procedures and potentialities arisen from multiscale molecular modelling procedures. These relatively new techniques are now opening unexplored frontiers in the fields of material sciences. Nowadays nanocomposite materials are growing up in interest, due to their improved characteristics for industrial applications. This is the case of nanoengineered polymers, which offer better performances in terms of thermal, mechanical and barrier properties. We will show a representative study about molecular simulations potentiality for polymer-clay nanocomposites. Multiscale calculation has been performed with the task of obtaining mechanical, thermodynamic and structural properties by the use of ab initio and totallyin-silico procedures.

Liquid desiccants such as glycols are used in dehydration process, among which Triethylene Glycol (TEG) is considered as a common choice. The addition of nanoparticles to TEG as the base fluid is one of the prevalent method to improve thermal properties of TEG. In this study, an experimental investigation was performed on thermal conductivity of TEG-based nanofluids with 20 and 40 nm diameter copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles analyzed at different conditions. Thermal conductivity was measured using a Decagon thermal analyzer (KD 2 Pro Model) in the 20 °C-60 °C temperature range, and also 0.1-0.9 wt.% range. The experimental results showed that thermal conductivity of the nanofluid enhances with temperature increasing. In addition, thermal conductivity of nanofluids increased with nanoparticle concentration in both cases of 20 and 40 nm nanoparticles. The highest enhancement was also ~ 13.5%, for the nanofluid with 20 nm nanoparticles at 60 °C and a 0.9 wt.% concentration.

Sr‐ and Ba titanate particles doped with Nb, Mn, and Ce were produced via a wet‐chemical precipitation process based on salt solutions and metal chlorides around Al2O3 flake‐like particles. In a calcination process at high temperatures, a shell of doped oxides is formed that is responsible for the unusual electrical properties. The particles were investigated via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope which showed homogeneously covered Al2O3 particles. X‐ray diffraction exposed secondary phases besides BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 because of the high solubility of Ba(OH)2 and Sr(OH)2 in water and a resulting shortfall of earth alkaline metal. The oxidation states of the doping elements were determined via X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Composite materials prepared from this filler and silicone rubber showed typical nonlinear voltage‐current (U‐I) characteristics, which are of special interest for high voltage engineering. The filler was evenly distributed wi...

The increasing focus on sustainability and waste reduction has led to significant interest in recycling paper products. This study investigates the use of two types of nanocellulose (CNF and CNC) as filler materials in the production of recycled newspaper. The aim is to evaluate the effects of these nanocelluloses on the mechanical, optical, and surface properties of the recycled newspaper (ONP). Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, burst strength, and tear resistance were measured to determine the material's durability. Optical properties, including brightness, whiteness, and yellowness, were assessed to understand the aesthetic quality of the recycled paper. Surface roughness values (Ra, Rz, Rq) were also analyzed to evaluate the surface quality, which is essential for printability. The results show that CNF significantly improved the tensile and tear strengths, as well as reduced the yellowness, making the paper more visually appealing. CNC, on the other hand, demonstrated a notable enhancement in burst strength but had a less pronounced effect on other properties. This study demonstrates that nanocellulose, particularly CNF, is a promising additive for improving specific mechanical and optical characteristics of recycled newspaper, making it more suitable for various applications.

With fast steps, huge technology development goes forward and can be touched in the next few years to be easily available in our lives, may be they will be necessaries more than in the past as conceptual thinking. Therefore, our world occur complete changing in all life styles because of new technology appeared later and approved high reliability to be parallel with our daily needs in many applications in all fields, its nanotechnology1. Fig.1 Nanotechnology is technology dealing with small particles less than 1/billion meter. Through this we can deal and rearrange particles and atoms of materials to make its properties can be changed as its new planned design which could give the new one new shape, new properties or new performance. With this new discovered technology, scientist can avoid disadvantages of materials and make unmistakable materials. Nanotechnology will play an important role in the development of new materials in architecture and construction; ex. Smart materials will be 1 "Nano" derives the Greek word nanos (Latin nanus) meaning "dwarf" Nano Technology Science Medicine Built Environment (Architecture) Engineering Pharmacy field Fig.1 Diagram shows the effect of on different fields that affect the human built environment. Source: researcher. QUALITY OF LIFE-A VISION TOWARDS BETTER FUTURE simulated in different environments in order to achieve better performance in the color changing of glass and textiles.

The attachment of redox-active molecules to transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), such as MoS2, constitutes a promising approach for designing electrochemically switchable devices through the control of the material's charge/spin transport properties by the redox state of the grafted molecule and thus the applied electrical potential. In this work, defective plasma treated MoS2 is functionalized by a ferrocene derivative and thoroughly investigated by various characterization techniques, such as Raman, photoluminescence, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrochemistry. Furthermore, in-plane and out-of-plane conductive-AFM measurements (I-V and first derivative ∂I/∂V-V curves) are measured to investigate the effect of the chemical functionalization of MoS2 on the electron transport properties. While the conduction and valence bands are determined at +0.7 and -1.2 eV with respect of the electrode's Fermi energy for pristine MoS2, additional states in an energy range of ≈ 0.45 eV below the MoS2 conduction band are measured after plasma treatment, attributed to S-vacancies. For ferrocene-functionalized MoS2, the S-vacancy states are no longer observed resulting from the defect healing. However, two bumps at lower voltages in the ∂I/∂V-V indicate a contribution to the electron transport through ferrocene HOMO, which is located in the MoS2 band gap at ≈ 0.4/0.6 eV below the Fermi energy. These results are in good agreement with theoretical density functional theory (DFT) calculations and UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) measurements. Great advances in the control of graphene electronic properties have stimulated research for new two-dimensional materials with unique electronic and optoelectronic properties. 1 Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), such as molybdenum disulfide MoS2 (and its derivatives MoSe2, MoTe2, WS2, WSe2...), have recently appeared as very promising nanostructures for numerous applications in many areas ranging from electrocatalysis and electronics to optics. 2,

Nanotechnology has emerged as a revolutionary force in modern structural engineering, opening up new avenues for improving material performance, durability, and sustainability. This research investigates the use of nanotechnology in the construction sector, focusing on major building materials such as concrete, steel, and coatings. Engineers can greatly increase the mechanical qualities of structures by modifying materials on the nanoscale, including strength, flexibility, and resistance to environmental elements such as corrosion, fire, and moisture. Carbon nanotubes, nano silica, and nano clays are among the nanomaterials being used to improve the qualities of traditional materials, resulting in more robust and efficient buildings.
Furthermore, nanotechnology helps to enhance sustainable construction practices by providing energy-efficient solutions like self-cleaning surfaces and advanced insulating materials that reduce energy usage. This report also discusses obstacles, such as the high costs and scalability of nanomaterials, as well as the necessity for additional research into the long-term effects on health and the environment. As science advances, nanotechnology promises to change current engineering, propelling the construction sector toward smarter, stronger, and more sustainable structures.

Samples of the system SrCe 1-x Gd x O 3 (x = 0.0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.10) were prepared using a conventional ceramic route. The phase and structural properties of samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction. Rietveld refinement of the XRD data supported the crystallization of samples in an orthorhombic structure under space group Pnma . FTIR and TGA meas- urements indicated the presence of SrCO 3 in all the samples. The incorporation of Gd into the lattice was shown to reduce the direct optical bandgap and average grain size. The DC conductivity of the cylindrical pellets of samples was investigated using AC impedance measurements at temperatures ranging from 300 to 600 °C. The highest conductivity was observed for the composition SrCe 0.98 Gd 0.02 O 3 such as 1.54 × 10 -3 Scm -1 at 600 °C. This compound has the potential to be work as mixed ionic and electronic conductor for SOFCs. The XPS spectra of Ce 3d and O 1 s confirmed the presence of Ce in both Ce 3+ and Ce 4+ states and oxygen vacancies. The oxygen vacancies in the samples were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy. SrCeO 3 • Rietveld refinement • Electrical conductivity • Raman • XPS * Upendra Kumar

This study focuses on the fabrication of zinc-doped manganese oxide (Mn 2 O 3) nanoparticles (NPs) to unleash their potential as high-performance photocatalysts. Zn-doped Mn 2 O 3 nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared via a precipitation method, with fine adjustment of Zn content (3%, 5%, and 10%). The structural evolution from cubic Mn 2 O 3 to tetragonal ZnMn 2 O 4 was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the smooth Zn incorporation, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and FESEM revealed the transformative effect of Zn on the particle size and shape. Optical characterizations showed impressive results:UV-Vis DRS revealed a significant reduction in the band gap from 2.26 eV to 1.89 eV, enhancing light absorption. Meanwhile, the photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed vibrant emission peaks at 425, 466, 563, and 623 nm, with the intensity increasing along with the zinc content. The optical prowess of these nanoparticles was validated by the nearly complete degradation of methyl green (MG) dye under visible light. Also, Zn-doped Mn 2 O 3 samples were evaluated against harmful pathogens such as S. aureus, E. faecalis, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and C. albicans. Keywords Zinc-doped Mn 2 O 3 NPs, Photodegradation, Photoluminescence, Methyl green, Antibacterial activity Industrial organic dye runoff into water streams affects the ecosystem. These textile, paper, and pharmaceutical compounds contaminate water and endanger humans 1 The presence of this pollutant in the water stream, limits photosynthesis, and modifies pH, impacting aquatic life and biodiversity. Antibacterial infections endanger health, healthcare, the economy, and well-being. Antibacterial infections can cause mild skin disease to fatal sepsis 2. A quick solution to this situation is crucial. Water impurities can be removed using advanced oxidation processes (AOP), specifically photocatalysis 3 Photocatalysis has high oxidation potential and antibacterial characteristics and at the same time has many advantages over conventional wastewater treatment, including complete mineralization producing non-toxic byproducts like water and CO 2 , cost-effectiveness using cheaper visible light or natural sunlight, and sustainable technology since no sludge or chemicals are needed 1,2 .This study investigates doping to improve the visible light efficiency of manganese oxide. MnO, Mn 2 O 3 , and Mn 3 O 4 are the most well-known manganese oxides, with numerous uses in catalysis and battery technology 4. Manganese(III) oxide has the chemical formula Mn 2 O 3 and a molecular weight of 157.88 and has two forms: α-Mn 2 O 3 and γ-Mn 2 O 3. Many preparations of nano-crystalline Mn 2 O 3 have been reported, including syntheses utilizing the oxidation of Mn(II) salts or the reduction of MnO 2 5. Manganese oxides, specifically MnO 2 , Mn 2 O 3 , and Mn 3 O 4 , have garnered significant scientific interest for various applications, including gas sensing, batteries, supercapacitors, and magnetism 6,7. Given that it is non-toxic, affordable, has good structural flexibility, and is compatible with the environment, Mn 2 O 3 , a p-type semiconducting material,

Soil cement is a mixture of Portland cement, soil and water, in which hydration of cement and compaction causes the materials' constituents to bond together makes a dense and durable composition with low permeability and abrasion resistant. Since most of the recent researches are focused on the addition of nano-SiO2 on concrete, in this paper it has been attempted to use nano-SiO2 particles in soil-cement and observe the effects. Due to the fact that in concrete there are no particles passing sieve 200 and this restriction does not apply to soil-cements, some tests were carried out on the nano-SiO2 + soil-cement matrix because of the meaningful difference between concrete and soil-cement. The test procedure consists of moisture-dry density, unconfined compressive test and hydraulic conductivity. In these tests, silica fume (with specific surface area of 21 m 2 /g), nano-SiO2 (with specific surface area of 200 and 380 m 2 /g) were added to soilcement. The results show that adding certain amounts of nano-SiO2 particles to the soilcement matrix can improve the compressive strength and reduce permeability and speed hydration reactions in the matrix in presence of nano-SiO2 particles.

Praziquantel is a medication used to treat schistosomiasis. It has low bioavailability due to poor solubility in water and common solvents, resulting in its availability only in a solid dosage form. This study is aimed to enhance the solubility of praziquantel by the use of various solubilizing agents. The solubility evaluation was conducted using the shake-flask method. The solvents were; buffered phosphate pH 7.4, 0.5% propylene glycol in buffered phosphate pH 7.4, 0.2% tween 80 in buffered phosphate pH 7.4, 30% methanol in buffered phosphate pH 7.4, and assessment of the solubility of the drug in 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, 0.2% sodium lauryl sulfate, and a mixture of 0.2% sodium lauryl sulfate in 0.1 N hydrochloric acid. The solubility of praziquantel was determined at a temperature of 37±2°C, and the concentrations were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography at λ=210 nm. The results show that the solubility of praziquantel was 124.3±2 µg/ml in 30.0% methanol in buffered phosphate pH 7.4, 100.6±2 µg/ml in 0.2% tween 80 in buffered phosphate pH 7.4, 112.4 µg/ml in 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, 370.29 µg/ml in 0.2% sodium lauryl sulfate, and 278.7 µg/ml in a mixture of 0.2% sodium lauryl sulfate in 0.1 N hydrochloric acid (pH 2). Thus, praziquantel can be considered a highly soluble drug in 0.2% sodium lauryl sulfate. Other surfactants may improve the solubility of such poorly soluble drugs.

Understanding and measuring the magnetic properties of an individual nanowire and their relationship with crystalline structure and geometry are of scientific and technological great interest. In this work, we report the localized study of the magnetic flux distribution and the undisturbed magnetization of a single ferromagnetic nanowire that poses a bar-code like structure using off-axis electron holography (EH) under Lorentz conditions. The nanowires were grown by template-assisted electrodeposition, using AAO templates. Electron holography allows the visualization of the magnetic flux distribution within and surroundings as well as its quantification. The magnetic analysis performed at individual nanowires was correlated with the chemical composition and crystalline orientation of the nanowires.

Highly hexagonally ordered hard anodic aluminum oxide membranes, which have been modified by a thin cover layer of SiO 2 deposited by atomic layer deposition method, were used as templates for the synthesis of electrodeposited magnetic Co-Ni nanowire arrays having diameters of around 180 to 200 nm and made of tens of segments with alternating compositions of Co 54 Ni 46 and Co 85 Ni 15 . Each Co-Ni single segment has a mean length of around 290 nm for the Co 54 Ni 46 alloy, whereas the length of the Co 85 Ni 15 segments was around 430 nm. The composition and crystalline structure of each Co-Ni nanowire segment were determined by transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction techniques. The employed single-bath electrochemical nanowire growth method allows for tuning both the composition and crystalline structure of each individual Co-Ni segment. The room temperature magnetic behavior of the multisegmented Co-Ni nanowire arrays is also studied and correlated with their structural and morphological properties.

To combat the issues of energy scarcity and environmental pollution, a visible-light responsive, ternary photocatalyst (Cu-CaTiO 3 -GO) was fabricated, by photo-depositing Cu nanoparticles over a CaTiO 3 -GO binary composite. The physicochemical characteristics of Cu-CaTiO 3 -GO were investigated using XRD, HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDS-mapping XPS, Raman, FT-IR, BET, EIS, UV-vis DRS, and PL techniques. In comparison with pristine CaTiO 3 , and binary composites (Cu-CaTiO 3 , CaTiO 3 -GO), the ternary hybrid exhibited superior photocatalytic activity for H 2 generation as well as antibiotic cefixime (CFX) degradation. Under LED light, the rate of H 2 generation over Cu-CaTiO 3 -GO accumulated to 57.69 mmolh -1 , while the photodegradation efficiency for CFX reached 94.1 % in 100 min with 53.4 % of TOC removal. The upgraded performance is credited to synergistic effects of Cu NPs (SPR effect), CaTiO 3 (specialized cuboid-like morphology), and GO (high conductivity), co-existing in the trio-hybrid, which resulted in a greatly increased surface area, an expanded spectral response range, a stronger adsorption property, efficient charge migration and separation extent. Ternary catalyst performed well even in the 4 recycling tests (retaining 79.4 % CFX removal and 52.51 mmolh -1 H 2 evolution efficiency). In Cu-CaTiO 3 -GO system, the electron transport channel (Cu → CaTiO 3 → GO) with adequate band potentials effectively supports both photocatalytic oxidation and reduction. Photoelectrons are enriched and transferred by plasmonic Cu, and then captured by GO, an e -sink. This maximizes composite photo redox capability, rapidly generating active radicals ( • OH), and (O 2 •-), degrading CFX to simpler molecules and reducing proton to H 2 . The effectiveness of Cu-CaTiO 3 -GO was even tested in the real water matrices. Besides, degradation intermediates of CFX were elucidated using LC-MS, and the decomposition pathway was suggested. Finally, the probable photocatalytic reaction mechanism was deduced for both the degradation and H 2 generation processes. The current study proposes a non-noble transition metal-based perovskite-type photocatalytic material for both clean energy generation and wastewater treatment.

To combat the issues of energy scarcity and environmental pollution, a visible-light responsive, ternary photocatalyst (Cu-CaTiO 3 -GO) was fabricated, by photo-depositing Cu nanoparticles over a CaTiO 3 -GO binary composite. The physicochemical characteristics of Cu-CaTiO 3 -GO were investigated using XRD, HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDSmapping XPS, Raman, FT-IR, BET, EIS, UV-vis DRS, and PL techniques. In comparison with pristine CaTiO 3 , and binary composites (Cu-CaTiO 3 , CaTiO 3 -GO), the ternary hybrid exhibited superior photocatalytic activity for H 2 generation as well as antibiotic cefixime (CFX) degradation. Under LED light, the rate of H 2 generation over Cu-CaTiO 3 -GO accumulated to 57.69 mmolh -1 , while the photodegradation efficiency for CFX reached 94.1 % in 100 min with 53.4 % of TOC removal. The upgraded performance is credited to synergistic effects of Cu NPs (SPR effect), CaTiO 3 (specialized cuboid-like morphology), and GO (high conductivity), co-existing in the triohybrid, which resulted in a greatly increased surface area, an expanded spectral response range, a stronger adsorption property, efficient charge migration and separation extent. Ternary catalyst performed well even in the 4 recycling tests (retaining 79.4 % CFX removal and 52.51 mmolh -1 H 2 evolution efficiency). In Cu-CaTiO 3 -GO system, the electron transport channel (Cu → CaTiO 3 → GO) with adequate band potentials effectively supports both photocatalytic oxidation and reduction. Photoelectrons are enriched and transferred by plasmonic Cu, and then captured by GO, an e -sink. This maximizes composite photo redox capability, rapidly generating active radicals ( OH), and (O 2 -), degrading CFX to simpler molecules and reducing proton to H 2 . The effectiveness of Cu-CaTiO 3 -GO was even tested in the real water matrices. Besides, degradation intermediates of CFX were elucidated using LC-MS, and the decomposition pathway was suggested. Finally, the probable photocatalytic reaction mechanism was deduced for both the degradation and H 2 generation processes. The current study proposes a non-noble transition metal-based perovskite-type photocatalytic material for both clean energy generation and wastewater treatment.

Graphene oxide (GO) has now emerged as one of the most promising materials in different areas such as photocatalysis, adsorption, and energy storage due to its high surface area, unique layered structure, etc. Among various types of precursors, anthracite coal has attracted a lot of attention nowadays as it affords GO a high concentration of sp 2 carbons resulting in high conductivity and superior absorbance in the visible region. In this report, we have prepared GO-TiO 2 nanocomposites as it is supposed to possess high photocatalytic activity owing to facile electron transmission from the conduction band of TiO 2 to the GO surface resulting in a much lower degree of electron-hole pair recombination. To boost the photocatalytic activity further, TiO 2 was coated with Ag nanoparticles as well. These hybrid structures were characterized by different analytical techniques, for example, XRD, HR-TEM, SEM, and Raman spectroscopy. The XRD pattern of these composites consists of characteristic peaks corresponding to GO, TiO 2 , and Ag. The HR-TEM studies confirm the presence of GO layers, cube-shaped TiO 2 , and spherical Ag nanoparticles. Phenol and 4-nitrophenol have been used as model pollutants to evaluate the photooxidation efficiencies under both UV and visible light irradiation. Under UV irradiation, the GO/Ag-TiO 2 ternary nanocomposite shows better photooxidation efficiency (62%) compared to Ag-TiO 2 (38%), GO-TiO 2 (9%), GO (17%), and TiO 2 (8%) toward phenol degradation. The GO/Ag-TiO 2 is also having the highest photocatalytic activity toward the removal of phenol under visible light irradiation (34%). The ternary heterostructure (85%) also possesses superior photooxidation activity compared to Ag-TiO 2 (44%) and GO-TiO 2 (71%) toward the degradation of p-nitrophenol under UV light radiation for 60 min. The above observation reveals that the cooperative effect of Ag, TiO 2 , and GO is playing a crucial role to result in the high photooxidation activity of the GO/Ag-TiO 2 hetero-nanocomposites.

In this study, magnesium oxide nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using the hydrothermal method with the non-toxic urea serving as a surfactant. The synthesized samples were thoroughly characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM). The XRD pattern revealed the presence of a pure MgO crystalline phase, with the crystallite size determined using the Debye-Scherrer equation. The SEM and Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy ( EDS) analysis were employed to predict the morphology and elemental composition of the sample. The prepared magnesium oxide exhibited significant potential as a catalyst for degrading Malachite Green (MG) and Crystal Violet (CV) dyes in an aqueous medium, with hydrogen peroxide serving as an enhancer. Additionally, microwave irradiation at 100 watts was used to boost the degradation efficiency.  Notably, the degradation efficacy reached 100 % for MG and 43.46 % for CV,  even with the use of a minimal amount of catalyst under microwave irradiation at 100 watts.

Since ancient times, zinc oxide has been a crucial industrial substance, and there is a lot of new interest in it these days. Its use in an incredibly wide range of industries has been ensured by a combination of physical properties like relatively high electrical and thermal conductivity, optical absorption, and very high-temperature stability, chemical properties such as stability at neutral pHs and mildly antimicrobial action, and techno-economic attributes such as easy availability and affordable price. The processes used to produce ZnO have continuously changed. In the present study, Nanoparticles of zinc oxide (Zn Nps) have been synthesized by a green chemistry approach using zinc acetate, sodium hydroxide, and water extract of Chenopodium ambriosoides and Angelica glauca. In this study, we report here a simple green technology to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles. Biologically synthesized Zn Nps characterized by UV-Vis spectral analysis, FT-IR, XRD, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX). The Zn Nps size obtained from water extract of Chenopodium ambriosoides and Angelica glauca have also been compared. Our result suggests that the water extract of Chenopodium ambriosoides is more suitable than the water extract of Angelica glauca for synthesizing ZnO Nps.

Abstract
Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of ZnO/TiO₂ and Fe₃O₄/TiO₂ bi-oxide nanocomposites at low frequencies
(60 kHz) with their characterizations and antibacterial/antifungal applications are investigated in this
study. Using nanotechnology as the next-generation solution, this research explored the potential of
metal oxide nanoparticles as effective antibacterial agents. Nanomaterials were synthesized via a novel
and facile method (sono-synthesis) and characterized using various techniques (XRD, SEM, FTIR, zeta
potential analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS), revealing nanoscale sizes of 25 nm for ZnO/TiO₂ and
31 nm for Fe₃O₄/TiO₂. Structural analysis demonstrated the distinct crystalline phases of the synthesized
nanomaterials: TiO₂ with anatase structure (25 %), hexagonal wurtzite structure for ZnO, and Fe₃O₄ with
inverse spinel structure, formed in nano-dimensions (19–31 nm) with a near-spherical shape.
Antibacterial and antifungal assays highlighted the efficacy of both bi-nanocomposites against gram-
positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
bacteria, along with their potent activity against Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida. Moreover,
principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify potential relationships between the
physicochemical properties (zeta potential, size, conductivity, and concentration) of all nanomaterials
tested and their zone of inhibition (ZOI) against all bacterial species tested. Overall, this study
emphasizes the novelty of employing a simple and efficient sono-synthetic route to synthesize ZnO/TiO₂
and Fe₃O₄/TiO₂ bi-nanocomposites and investigate their significant antibacterial and antifungal
activities. Additionally, it identifies the potential relationships between the physicochemical properties
of the nanomaterials tested and their antimicrobial activity. This approach provides a robust framework
for future applications of bi-nanocomposites in combating microbial infections.

In this study, we prepared the starch nanomaterial for the removal of toxic lead ions from aqueous solution. Different characterization techniques like X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Transmission electron spectroscopy, Particle size analysis (PSA), Fourier transform infra-red and BET were employed to investigate the characteristic properties of the prepared starch nanomaterial. PSA & TEM study shows the size of extracted starch is reduced to nano level by acid hydrolysis. The average particle size of acid hydrolyzed starch was found to be 85 nm. EDS spectra shows that no extra peaks related with any impurity was detected in the spectra of prepared starch nanomaterial. The prepared potato starch nanomaterial was used for the removal of Pb2+ ions from aqueous solution by adsorption process. In this study, the effect of different parameters was investigated using the batch adsorption procedure. Based on the experimental results, better adsorption efficiency was found at pH 6 and at contact time of 90 minutes (~93.49 %). Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were used for evaluating the equilibrium adsorption data. The equilibrium adsorption data displayed good fit values (R2 = 0.917 and 0.911, respectively) for both the Freundlich and Langmuir models. An excellent description of the kinetics was provided by the pseudo-second order kinetic model (R2 > 0.98). The data showed that the starch nanomaterial could be used as economical, highly productive, and promising adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals.

The rapid perishability of tomatoes due to moisture loss, microbial spoilage, and oxidative degradation poses several challenges to postharvest handling and shelf-life extension. This study investigates the efficacy of protein-based edible coatings composed of zein and triphala extract in preserving the quality and extending the shelf life of fresh tomatoes under ambient storage 26 ± 1°C. Zein and triphala composite coatings ZT5 and ZT10 were developed and applied via dip coating. The physicochemical, microbial, antioxidant, structural, and sensory parameters of coated and uncoated tomatoes were evaluated over 45 days. Tomatoes coated with zein and triphala exhibited superior performance across all quality attributes, including reduced physiological weight and moisture loss, delayed increase in pH and total soluble solids, better retention of titratable acidity and firmness, and enhanced lycopene content. Microbial analyses showed markedly lower total plate counts and yeast and mold growth, between zein and triphala, contributing to coating stability and functionality. Sensory evaluation showed that ZT5-coated tomatoes retained high scores for appearance, texture, flavor, and overall acceptability up to Day 22, compared to Day 15 in control samples. These findings underscore the potential of zein and triphala edible coatings as an effective, natural, and biodegradable strategy for extending the shelf life and quality of tomatoes during postharvest storage.

This paper portrays the various combinations of nanomaterials and matrix materials analysis was made on the various ways of preparing the nano influenced matrix and compositewhich were used to fabricate the nanocomposite laminates.An in-depthpanels. The analysis ranks the 5 types of processes for suitability of use in manufacturing automotive bumper beam based on 6 main selection factors and 12 subfactors. Determining the right manufacturing process was performed based on AHP concept through utilizing Expert Choice software. Fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites offer a range of potential advantages over conventional construction matrial. But present challenges in design and manufacturing. This chapter commences with a discussion on application of polymer composites to illustrate where they may be competitive, and then briefly introduces constitutent materials and composite properties, whereas the bulk of the article covers the most common manufacturing techniques and their cha...

Many biomolecules have a great ability to diff erentiate between a certain type ofDNA from diff erent nanotubes. The diameter-dependent selective dispersion ofSWCNTs is obtained by using chitosan polymer and polyethylene glycol (PEG)oligomeric polymer through twist absorption.

Nanostructures refer to materials or structures that have at least one dimension between 1 and 100nanometersThe importance of nanoscale is in changing the properties and characteristics ofmaterials in these dimensions. Properties such as electrical conductivity, electromagneticproperties, etc. Starting to change the properties of the material by shrinking it depends above all onthe type of material and the desired property. For example, by reducing the dimensions of amaterial, generally some of the electromagnetic properties of nano-molecular materials such as theconductivity of nano particles in materials are improved. This increase in strength does not happenonly in the range of a few nanometers, and the strength of materials of several tens or even hundredsof nanometers may be much higher than the mass material of a large scale. On the other hand, thechange of some properties such as conductivity in nano-transistors and electromagnetic propertiesin nano-wires may occur in dimensions of only a few nanometers.Self-assembly (nanoparticles) innanostructures is a spontaneous process by which nanomolecules/nanophases are transformed intoorganized functions.

Purpose-This paper aims to describe the influence of maleinized linseed oil (MLO), when used as a lubricant, on the thermal and rheological properties of PLA/MWCNTs (polylactic acid/multi-walled carbon nanotubes) and PLA/HNT (halloysite nanotubes) nanocomposites, as a reference for application in 3D printing processes. Design/methodology/approach-Nanocomposites were obtained by melting in a twin-screw extruder, mixing PLA with MWCNTs and HNTs in different percentages of 0.5, 0.75 and 1 Wt.% for subsequent mixing by the same process with 5 phr MLO, for application in additive manufacturing, as analyzed by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), capillary rheometry, melt flow rate (MFL) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Findings-The results obtained for thermal characterization by using DSC indicate the non-variation of glass transition temperature Tg = 62 6 2°C and a melting temperature (Tm) around 170°C. Crystallization temperature dropped by approximately 12°C, which should be kept in mind during the transformation processes. The values obtained by capillary rheometry indicate that the material's viscosity is reduced by the influence of the MLO plasticizer's lubricant effect on the PLA's molecular structure. The melt flow index values confirm a rise of approximately 46% in the flow index and back up the capillary rheometry results. The values obtained were as follows: PLA/0.5 Wt.% MWCNT/ MLO 5 phr 54.07, PLA/0.75 Wt.% MWCNT/MLO 5 phr 53.46, PLA/1 Wt.% MWCNT/MLO 5 phr 51.84y PLA/0.5 Wt.% HNT/MLO 5 phr 61.8, PLA/ 0.75 Wt.% HNT/MLO 5 phr 68.3 and PLA/1 Wt.% HNT/MLO 5 phr 71.2 g/10 min. Apart from the nanocharge distribution, the information obtained from the FESEM shows the existence of a cluster, which could have been avoided by more energetic stirring during the nanocompound manufacturing process. Social implications-This paper presents an analysis of the insertion of plasticizer in nanocomposites for the application in additive manufacturing processes in fusion deposition modelling (FDM) system.

A simple spectrophotometric method is presented for quantifying glucose and H 2 O 2 using p-aminophenol sulfate-(PAP) & N-(1-Naphthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride-(NEDA) as novel chromogenic reagents with different morphological V 2 O 5 nanoparticles (NPs) as peroxidase mimicking nanozyme. For glucose, the method was linear in the range of 0.0289 and 0.925 mM for HRP and NPs. The substrate and nanozymes interaction was established using K m values, which were satisfactory. Recovery studies were performed with glucose and found between 83.98 % and 99.08 % for NPs and 88.48 to 99.35 for HRP. LOD range of 0.0194-0.0351 mM and LOQ range of 0.0588-0.1064 mM was observed with NPs, whereas for HRP, LOD was 0.02 and LOQ was 0.0607 mM. Maltose, sucrose, fructose, mannose, and galactose, considered potential interferants in glucose assay methods, provided negligible interference with the proposed method. Based on XRD data, the average crystalline size of the NPs was calculated using Scherrer's equation and Williamson-Hall plot and ranged between 29.14 and 45.42 nm, 32.5 and 45.7 nm, respectively. SEM and TEM images confirm the morphology of V 2 O 5 Nps were vanadium nanosheets (VNShs), nanoflowers (VNFws), and nanospheres (VNSps). DLS data revealed the Zeta potential of NPs in the range-4.5mv to 4.6mv. XPS confirms the NPs are in the V 2 O 5 state.

პროექტი "სხვა" დმანისის ისტორია: არაბობიდან ქართულ რეკონკისტამდე (VII-XII საუკუნეების დმანისის ისტორიისა და კულტურის ინტერდისციპლინური კვლევა ნაქალაქარის არქეოლოგიური ძეგლებისა და საქართველოს ეროვნული მუზეუმის კოლექციების მიხედვით) და წინამდებარე მონოგრაფიის გამოცემა განხორციელდა შოთა რუსთაველის ეროვნული სამეცნიერო ფონდის ფინანსური მხარდაჭერით The project "Other" History of Dmanisi: From Arab invasions to Georgian Reconquista (Interdisciplinary study of Dmanisi history and culture of 7 th -12 th centuries according to the archaelogical sites of Dmanisi and collections of the Georgian National Museum) and publication was carried out with the financial support of the Shota Rustaveli National Scientific Foundation საგრანტო პროექტის ხელმძღვანელი და მკვლევართა გუნდის წევრები მადლობას უხდიან საქართველოს ეროვნული მუზეუმის ადმინისტრაციას, თანამშრომლებს, კოლეგებსა და მეგობრებს თანადგომისთვის, დახმარებისა და რჩევებისთვის განსაკუთრებული მადლობა დმანისის კულტურისა და ხელოვნების ცენტრს, ასევე თბილისის მოსაწავლეახალგაზრდობის ეროვნულ სასახლეს The principal investigator of the grant project and the research team express their gratitude to the administration, staff, colleagues, and friends of the Georgian National Museum for their support, assistance, and advice Special thanks to the Dmanisi Culture and Art Center, as well as the National Youth and Children's Palace in Tbilis პროექტის სამეცნიერო ხელმძღვანელი ნათია დემურიშვილი Principal Investigator of the Project Natia Demurishvili ქართული ტექსტის რედაქტორი ნინო ნადარაია Editor of Georgian text Nino Nadaraia ინგლისური ტექსტის რედაქტორები მაიკლ ვიკერსი, ფრიდერიკე როინარდ Editors of English texts Michael Vickers, Friederike Roynard კორექტორი ნანი მოდებაძე Corrector Nani Modebadze მთარგმნელები მანანა ოდიშელი, ირინა კოშორიძე, ფრიდერიკე როინარდ Translators Manana Odisheli, Irina Koshoridze, Friederike Roynard დიზაინი ირაკლი ხუციშვილი Design Irakli Khutsishvili ავტორთა ჯგუფი: ნათია დემურიშვილი, ირინა კოშორიძე, მარინა დგებუაძე, ჯიმშერ ჩხვიმიანი, მაია პატარიძე, ფინბარი ბარი ფლუდი, მარინა ალექსიძე, ვაჟა მამიაშვილი, მარიამ ქორიძე, მარიკა ჩემია

Chitosan wide range of application is highly dependent mainly on the presence of the reactive amino groups and its degree of deacetylation (DDA) is one of the main parameters characterizing chitosan. Chitosan was produced from deacetylation of chitin using 70% alkali concentration in an autoclave at120 o C for 1 hour. The degree of deacetylation (DDA) was determined using the acid-base titration method. A degree of deacetylation (DDA) of 70.67% was achieved from the autoclave synthesized chitosan compared to the conventional synthesized chitosan using a lower alkali concentration and temperature with a degree of deacetylation of 62.36%. In conclusion, the use of autoclave and increasing alkali concentration increased the DDA and may possibly influence other functional and biological properties of chitosan.

A versatile synthetic approach for development of highly fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) from carboxymethylcellulose in the presence of linear polyethyleneimine (LPEI) has been developed. According to single factor method, central composite design incorporated with response surface methodology matrix was applied to find and model optimal conditions for the temperature (220–260 °C), duration (1–3 h) and LPEI weight (0.5–1.5%). The statistical results show that duration was the most significant parameter for efficient carbonization conversion rate in comparison with temperature and LPEI weight. The reduced cubic model (R2 = 0.9993) shows a good correlation between the experimental data and predicted values. The optimal variables were temperature of 260 °C, duration of 2 h and LPEI weight of 1%. Under these conditions, quantum yield of up to 44% was obtained. The numerically optimized N-CDs have an average size of 3.4 nm with graphitic nature owing to the abundant amino ...

This research article provides a pathway of controlled growth of ZnO nano-rods, -flowers, -needles or -tubes without external chemical catalysis, via a simple wet chemical method by control of synthesis temperature. Morphological effects on structural and optical properties are studied by Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy shows slight enhancement in the band gap, with increasing synthesis temperature. Photoluminescence (PL) data indicates the existence of defect in the nanomaterials, which is more elaborately explained by schematic band diagram. A sharp and strong peak in Raman spectroscopy is observed at ∼438cm−1 is assigned to the E2high optical mode of the ZnO, indicating the wurtzite hexagonal phase with high crystallinity.

In recent years, the widespread use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of numerous drug-resistant bacteria, posing a severe threat to both human health and the economy. As a result, it is imperative to develop efficient antibacterial agents that do not induce drug resistance. This study employed layer-by-layer assembly technology to prepare ZnFe2O4@ZnS/Cu2S nanocomposites, which were systematically characterized using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy. Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli), Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and drug-resistant Salmonella (T-Salmonella) were utilized as test bacteria to investigate the antibacterial effectiveness and mechanism of ZnFe2O4@ZnS/Cu2S. The findings demonstrated that, the MIC of the ZnFe2O4@ZnS/Cu2S against E. coli, S. aureus and T-Salmonella were 50, 60 and 80 μg/mL, respectively; At a material concentration of 200 μg/mL and a reaction time of 80 min, ZnFe2O4@ZnS/Cu2S demonstrated a bacteriostatic rate of 99.99% against the three tested bacteria. The nano-composite can disrupt cell walls and plasma membranesand effectively and resulting in bacterial rupture and demise. Furthermore, the nanocomposite displayed strong biocompatibility which, together with its superior antibacterial effects, indicate significant potential for its application in medical materials and other areas of research.

This study involved preparation and modification of Saccharum officinarium as adsorbent used for the removal of chromium (VI) ions in a batch process. The adsorbent was modified with oxalic acid for improved performance of the adsorbent by increasing the surface area of the adsorbent. Surface morphology of the adsorbents was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), while Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis was carried out before and after the adsorption of Cr (VI) ions to determine the participating functional group in the processes. The optimum adsorption was attained at pH 2 and contact time of 180 min with efficiency of adsorption of 56.7 and 92.6% onto RSO and MSO, respectively. The adsorption capacity increases with increase in initial metal ion concentration of the sorption mixture. The isotherms studies indicate that the experimental data were best fitted to Freundlich, Langmuir, and Sips models with R 2 = 0.999 for adsorption of Cr (VI) ions onto raw S. officinarium (RSO) and modified S. officinarium (MSO). The maximum adsorption capacity obtained were 227.27 and 243.90 mg*g-1 while the adsorption energy obtained from D-R were found to be 3.460 and 6.325 kJ*mol-1 onto RSO and MSO, respectively. This revealed that the physiosorption process was favored in interaction of Cr (VI) ions onto both adsorbents. Separation factors obtained showed that the process is favored with increase in initial concentration of the adsorbate. Thermodynamic parameter values obtained showed that the sorption of Cr (VI) ions onto RSO and MSO is feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic in nature. The positive value of ΔS° indicates increase in disorderliness of the adsorption process. Kinetic data achieved at different initial concentrations of adsorbate have been analyzed, and the mechanism of the reaction was also studied by intra-particle and Bangham kinetic model. Each of the models was tested with R 2 ˃ 0.9, where pseudo-second-order is the best-fitted model and Bangham mechanism only fitted with adsorption of Cr (VI) ions onto RSO. The reusability potential of RSO and MSO contributes to the economic values and reliability of the adsorbents for removal of Cr (VI) ions from aqueous solution.

This study involved preparation and modification of Saccharum officinarium as adsorbent used for the removal of chromium (VI) ions in a batch process. The adsorbent was modified with oxalic acid for improved performance of the adsorbent by increasing the surface area of the adsorbent. Surface morphology of the adsorbents was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), while Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis was carried out before and after the adsorption of Cr (VI) ions to determine the participating functional group in the processes. The optimum adsorption was attained at pH 2 and contact time of 180 min with efficiency of adsorption of 56.7 and 92.6% onto RSO and MSO, respectively. The adsorption capacity increases with increase in initial metal ion concentration of the sorption mixture. The isotherms studies indicate that the experimental data were best fitted to Freundlich, Langmuir, and Sips models with R 2 = 0.999 for adsorption of Cr (VI) ions onto raw S. officinarium (RSO) and modified S. officinarium (MSO). The maximum adsorption capacity obtained were 227.27 and 243.90 mg*g -1 while the adsorption energy obtained from D-R were found to be 3.460 and 6.325 kJ*mol -1 onto RSO and MSO, respectively. This revealed that the physiosorption process was favored in interaction of Cr (VI) ions onto both adsorbents. Separation factors obtained showed that the process is favored with increase in initial concentration of the adsorbate. Thermodynamic parameter values obtained showed that the sorption of Cr (VI) ions onto RSO and MSO is feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic in nature. The positive value of ΔS° indicates increase in disorderliness of the adsorption process. Kinetic data achieved at different initial concentrations of adsorbate have been analyzed, and the mechanism of the reaction was also studied by intra-particle and Bangham kinetic model. Each of the models was tested with R 2 ˃ 0.9, where pseudo-second-order is the best-fitted model and Bangham mechanism only fitted with adsorption of Cr (VI) ions onto RSO. The reusability potential of RSO and MSO contributes to the economic values and reliability of the adsorbents for removal of Cr (VI) ions from aqueous solution.

In this research, the effect of SiO 2 particles on the dispersion behavior of montmorillonite (MMT) in polyimide(4-APS/BTDA)/SiO 2 -MMT nanocomposite film(where 4-APS is 4-aminophenyl sulfone and BTDA is 3,3 0 ,4,4 0 -benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride), and the changes in the molecular structure and morphology of the polymer matrix during thermal imidization were characterized by means of temporal analyses. For this purpose, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of PI/MMT and PI/SiO 2 -MMT nanocomposite films prepared at different heating steps under ambient atmosphere were studied. The MMT d-spacing in the polymer matrix was determined using Bragg's equation. The XRD results showed

Review of nanomaterials existing classifications and their preparation methods is carried out. As a result, basic principles of decision-making when obtaining new nanomaterial are determined, which take into account stability, as well as properties when molding products from nanomaterials and directly reproducible properties of materials themselves with check for biocompatibility, biodegradability, and toxicity. It is proposed in decision-making process to pay attention to analysis: nanomaterial behavior in soil (mobility, stability); nanomaterials behavior in water; airborne behavior and photoactivity. It is proposed to classify nanomaterials in terms of their structural components: nanoparticles, carbon nanostructures, thin films. Proposed decision-making algorithm for obtaining new nanomaterial takes into account its safety for human health and environment throughout entire life cycle.

The widespread use of silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) in various industries has raised concerns about the fate of these materials. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effects of coating agents of Ag particles in soil and how they interact with plants as the first step in the human food chain. Radish (Raphanus sativus) was exposed to silver Nitrate (AgNO 3 ) as well as AgNPs with different coatings: Citrate (AgNPs-Cit), Polyethyleneimine (AgNPs-PEI), and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (AgNPs-PVP) at different concentrations. The effect of concentration (5, 25, 125 mg kg -1 soil) and the type of coatings on the dry weight of radish were compared with the control. The results revealed that the type of treatments affected dry weight of radish and, among all treatments, AgNO 3 had the highest weight loss, in which shoot dry weight decreased by 51%. Total silver measurement in radish root, tuber, and shoot indicated that the accumulation of AgNPs was influenced by the type and concentration of the coating. The AgNPs with positive charge coating (PEI) had a higher transfer ratio than other treatments. The findings indicated that radish had the ability to store silver in its root, tuber, and shoots in large amounts, thus having the potential to act as a source of silver contamination for humans.

Biomicrite is one of the most common types of limestone used in archaeological architecture, such as the Cairo Citadel Aqueduct, and it is organic carbonate sedimentary rock, as microfossils and metabolic residues of extinct animals are filled with fine-grained calcite and/or dolomite are scattered in the very fine-grained matrix (micrite), which makes it a relatively weak sedimentary stone, and its preservation is a difficult challenge facing conservators, so they resort to using compatible consolidate materials with limestone components. Nanocomposites are a recent trend in the treatment and conservation of monuments, as they aim to perform a number of functions at the same time, with minimal external chemicals interference. This experimental study aims to evaluate the efficiency of a number of multifunctional nanocomposites, namely nano zinc titanate added to nano barium hydroxide or nano barium titanate or nano barium oxide mixed in paraloid B-72 dissolved in high purity acetone, by examining the consolidate stones samples using stero microscope, PM, SEM, XRD and water contact angle, in addition to measuring the mechanical properties and colorimetric measurement, it was found that nano zinc titrate added to nano barium oxide mixed with paraloid B-72 dissolved in high pure acetone gave the best results.

Zinc-cobalt sulphide (Zn x Co 1Àx S) thin films were fabricated on glass substrates using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. In this study, the films were grown employing solutions of zinc acetate, cobalt sulphate, and thioacetamide as the respective sources of zinc, cobalt, and sulphur. The synthesized films were investigated for their potential use in optoelectronic device applications. Optical characterization revealed that the films exhibited a direct transition with an energy gap ranging from 3.350 to 3.360 eV. As the zinc concentrations were changing, the absorbance of the films were decreasing uniformly along the wavelength spectra. The films exhibit a low extinction coefficient (0.0-0.23) that may be due to the internal reflections within the material as concentrations changes. Variations in the thickness, reflectance and refractive index with zinc concentrations were also discussed. The electrical resistivity was found to decrease from 7:12 Â 10 8 to 5:94 Â 10 8 (Ω.cm) with zinc concentrations. According to the crystallography spectrum, Zn x Co 1Àx S has a polycrystalline structure with various distinct peaks at different orientations. Scanning electron microscopy shows that surface morphology of Zn x Co 1Àx S films has a well-defined nanoparticles of different shapes and sizes which are uniformly distributed and are significantly transformed as a function of concentrations. The results demonstrate that the chemically deposited thin films can be engineered for a range of optoelectronic applications.