Nuclear Physics

This scientific article analyzes two of the experiments that were developed in chemistry class, whose main objective was to distill "pure water" from two different mixtures, one of them with oil (simple distillation), and the other one with nail polish remover (fractional distillation), both with a water base. These experiments were an amazing and dynamic way to observe how liquids with different boiling points, densities, and properties can be separated. It also illustrates procedures used in real life in the petroleum, alcohol, and water treatment industries, among others.

Cornell University has developed a SCRF injector cryomodule for the acceleration of high current, low emittance beams in continuous wave operation. This cryomodule is based on superconducting RF technology, and is currently under extensive testing in the Cornell ERL injector prototype with CW beam currents exceeding 50 mA. Strong damping of Higher-Order-Modes in the cavities is essential for high beam current operation, and is achieved by beamline RF absorber located at cryogenic temperatures in the beam pipe sections between the cavities. This paper gives an overview of the experience gained during the high beam current operation of the cryomodule.

We present a new 'green energy' approach to the Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) and Recirculating Linac Accelerators (RLA) for the future Electron Ion Colliders (EIC) using single beam line made of very strong focusing combined function permanent magnets and the Fixed Field Alternating Linear Gradient (FFA-LG) principle. We are basing our design on recent very successful commissioning results of the Cornell University and Brookhaven National Laboratory ERL Test Accelerator.

A proposal was formulated to increase the CEBAF energy from the present 12 GeV to 20-24 GeV by replacing the highest-energy arcs with Fixed Field Alternating Gradient (FFA) arcs. The new pair of arcs would provide six or seven new beam passes, going through this magnet array, allowing the energy to be nearly doubled using the existing CEBAF SRF cavity system. One of the immediate accelerator design tasks is to develop a proof-of-principle FFA arc magnet lattice that would support simultaneous transport of 6-7 passes with energies spanning a factor of two. We also examine the possibility of using combined function magnets to configure a cascade, six-way beam split switchyard. Finally, a novel multi-pass linac optics based on a weakly focusing lattice is being explored.

The Large Hadron–Electron Collider (LHeC) is designed to move the field of deep inelastic scattering (DIS) to the energy and intensity frontier of particle physics. Exploiting energy-recovery technology, it collides a novel, intense electron beam with a proton or ion beam from the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). The accelerator and interaction region are designed for concurrent electron–proton and proton–proton operations. This report represents an update to the LHeC’s conceptual design report (CDR), published in 2012. It comprises new results on the parton structure of the proton and heavier nuclei, QCD dynamics, and electroweak and top-quark physics. It is shown how the LHeC will open a new chapter of nuclear particle physics by extending the accessible kinematic range of lepton–nucleus scattering by several orders of magnitude. Due to its enhanced luminosity and large energy and the cleanliness of the final hadronic states, the LHeC has a strong Higgs physics prog...

Kevin Almeida Cheminanta, David Alvarez Castilloa Dariusz Góraa, Piotr Homolaa, Konrad Kopańskia Wojciech Nogaa, Jarosław Stasielaka Sławomir Stuglika Oleksandr Sushchova, Krzysztof Woźniaka, Michał Krupińskia Peter Kovacsc, Michał Niedźwieckid, Katarzyna Smelcerzd Aleksander Ćwikład, Alan R. Duffye, Paweł Jagodaf Marcin Kasztelang, Vahabeddin Nazarih, Marek Magryśi Karel Smolekj, Matías Rosask, Mateusz Sułekl, Marek Knapl Szymon Ryszkowskil

We perform the first amplitude analysis of experimental data using deep neural networks to determine the nature of an exotic hadron. Specifically, we study the line shape of the P c ð4312Þ signal reported by the LHCb collaboration, and we find that its most likely interpretation is that of a virtual state. This method can be applied to other near-threshold resonance candidates.

We have analyzed the γp → pK + K -reaction in the K + K -effective mass region around the mass of the φ(1020) meson. The interference of the S-wave contribution with the P -wave has been studied. Both scalar resonances f 0 (980) and a 0 (980) have been taken into account. We obtained a good description of the available experimental data, in particular the mass distributions and the moments of the kaon angular distribution. Our calculations give values of the integrated S-wave total photoproduction cross section between 4 and 7 nb for the K + K -effective mass range around the φ(1020) mass and at the laboratory photon energy near 5 GeV. These numbers favor lower experimental estimates obtained at DESY.

Assuming that the π + π -photoproduction at forward angles and high energies is dominated by one pion exchange we calculate the π + π -mass distributions for low partial waves. Predictions of the model agree well with the experimental data which indicate that the S, P and D waves are dominated by the f 0 (980), ρ(770) and f 2 (1270), resonances respectively.

The low energy (below 2 GeV) πη channel interaction amplitude becomes an object of interest mainly because of the search for exotic mesons in just beginning to collect data detector GlueX in JLab. Finding and interpretation of expected weak signals from these states require a comparison with a very accurate amplitude containing standard (q q) states i.e. a 0 (980) and a 0 (1450). The main problem in the determination of such amplitude is a total absence of data about the phases and inelasticities in the elastic and inelastic region. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the next two coupled higher channels -K K and πη . Presented here amplitude is based on separable potential model (working very well for the scalar-isoscalar ππ interactions) with only 9 free parameters. To determine such 3-coupled channel amplitude, the following information has been taken into account: experimental branching ratios and positions of both a 0 resonances, theoretical couplings, scattering length from ChPT and value of squared radius of the πη form factor. Phase shifts, inelasticities and cross sections in all single and crossed channels are presented.

We present the coupled channel model of the scalar isovector resonance photoproduction including the πη, KK and πη ′ channels and calculate resulting mass distribution and the cross section in the πη channel. We show that the shape of this mass distribution, is strongly affected by the phase of background amplitude. We also discuss the effect of inclusion the πη ′ channel on the overall isovector photoproduction process.

We report on the results of the first measurement of exclusive f0(980) meson photoproduction on protons for Eγ = 3.0 -3.8 GeV and -t = 0.4 -1.0 GeV 2 . Data were collected with the CLAS detector at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. The resonance was detected via its decay in the π + π -channel by performing a partial wave analysis of the reaction γp → pπ + π -. Clear evidence of the f0(980) meson was found in the interference between P and S waves at M π + π -∼ 1 GeV. The S-wave differential cross section integrated in the mass range of the f0(980) was found to be a factor of 50 smaller than the cross section for the ρ meson. This is the first time the f0(980) meson has been measured in a photoproduction experiment.

Tensor meson photoproduction is described as either a direct production process or a consequence of the final state ππ interactions. We calculate the mass distributions for selected partial waves and confront our predictions with the measurements of the CLAS experiment. We also point out the structures in the photoproduction amplitudes which may result in observable effects able to indicate the dominant tensor meson photoproduction mechanism.

We report on the results of the first measurement of exclusive f 0 ð980Þ meson photoproduction on protons for E ¼ 3:0-3:8 GeV and Àt ¼ 0:4-1:0 GeV 2 . Data were collected with the CLAS detector at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. The resonance was detected via its decay in the þ À channel by performing a partial wave analysis of the reaction p ! p þ À . Clear evidence of the f 0 ð980Þ meson was found in the interference between P and S waves at M þ À $ 1 GeV. The S-wave differential cross section integrated in the mass range of the f 0 ð980Þ was found to be a factor of about 50 smaller than the cross section for the meson. This is the first time the f 0 ð980Þ meson has been measured in a photoproduction experiment.

For safe and reliable operation of commercial radioisotope production medical cyclotrons the implementation of preventative maintenance at regular intervals becomes mandatory. During the long-term operation of a medical cyclotron, numerous (radio) activated zones at various locations of the cyclotron facility producing high levels of gamma radiation are created. These radioactive zones are caused by the neutrons produced during the bombardment of the radioisotope producing target. Present report highlights the major operational health physics aspects, including (a) dose assessment of activated regions, (b) personnel dosimetry and (c) radioactive waste management during the maintenance of the 30 MeV, H ion medical cyclotron jointly operated by the Royal Prince

In the article, on the basis of the easily provable dialectical "principle of dichotomy" of nonequilibrium processes, it is shown that the processes of hot and cold nuclear fusion, transmutation of chemical elements and the phenomenon of "excess" energy release in various kinds of "fuel-free generators" and "over-unit" devices are due to the consumption of free energy released in the process of continuous condensation of the "hidden" mass of the Universe. The presence of its vibrational part of gravitational energy is substantiated and its value is found. It is shown that it is the transformation of this energy that is the cause of all evolutionary phenomena in nature. The specificity of these phenomena, their accompanying radiation losses, and the consequences of these processes in terms of the circulation of matter and energy in the Universe are discussed. Аннотация В статье на основании легко доказуемого диалектического «принципа дихотомии» неравновесных процессов показывается, что процессы горячего и холодного ядерного синтеза, трансмутации химических элементов и явления «избыточного» энерговыделения в разного рода «бестопливных генераторах» и «сверхединичных» устройствах обусловлены потреблением свободной энергии, выделяющейся в процессе непрерывной конденсации «скрытой» массы Вселенной. Обосновано наличие у неё колебательной составляющей гравитационной энергии и найдена её величина. Показано, что именно превращение этой энергии являются причиной всех эволюционных явлений в природе. Обсуждаются специфика этих явлений, сопровождающие их потери на излучение и последствия этих процессов в плане кругооборота материи и энергии во Вселенной.

We present mass spectrum and magnetic moments of the nnQQ states, where n = u, d, s and Q = c, b. We solve four-body Schrödinger equation with a quark potential model by using diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) method. The quark potential is based on the Coulomb, confinement and spin-spin interaction terms. We find mass and magnetic moment of the T + cc state as M T + cc = 3892 MeV and µ = 0.28µN ,respectively. We also find the mass and magnetic moment of T - bb as M T - bb = 10338 MeV and µ = -0.32µN , respectively. We find some bound state candidates of doubly heavy tetraquark systems with I(J P ) = 0(1) + nn bb , I(J P ) = 0(0) + nnc b, I(J P ) = 0(1) + nnc b, and I(J P ) = 1/2(1) + ns bb . We compare our results with other approaches in the literature.

Minerals are solid state nuclear track detectors -nuclear recoils in a mineral leave latent damage to the crystal structure. Depending on the mineral and its temperature, the damage features are retained in the material from minutes (in low-melting point materials such as salts at a few hundred • C) to timescales much larger than the 4.5 Gyr-age of the Solar System (in refractory materials at room temperature). The damage features from the O(50) MeV fission fragments left by spontaneous fission of 238 U and other heavy unstable isotopes have long been used for fission track dating of geological samples. Laboratory studies have demonstrated the readout of defects caused by nuclear recoils with energies as small as O(1) keV. This whitepaper discusses a wide range of possible applications of minerals as detectors for E R O(1) keV nuclear recoils: Using natural minerals, one could use the damage features accumulated over O(10) Myr-O(1) Gyr to measure astrophysical neutrino fluxes (from the Sun, supernovae, or cosmic rays interacting with the atmosphere) as well as search for Dark Matter. Using signals accumulated over months to few-years timescales in laboratory-manufactured minerals, one could measure reactor neutrinos or use them as Dark Matter detectors, potentially with directional sensitivity. Research groups in Europe, Asia, and America have started developing microscopy techniques to read out the O(1)-O(100) nm damage features in crystals left by O(0.1)-O(100) keV nuclear recoils. We report on the status and plans of these programs. The research program towards the realization of such detectors is highly interdisciplinary, combining geoscience, material science, applied and fundamental physics with techniques from quantum information and Artificial Intelligence. Step Forward 65 5.2 JAMSTEC 66 5.2.1 Direct observations of samples with the damage tracks 66 5.2.2 Observations of etched samples with AFM 69 5.2.3 Summary and perspective 71 5.3 Toho and Nagoya University 73 5.3.1 Optical Microscope Scanning system and the Speed 73 5.3.2 Study for high contrast imaging 74 5.3.3 Calibration 75 5.

The differential cross sections of the 9 Be( 3 He, p i ) 11 B reactions for i = 0-6 were determined within the laboratory energy range 1.24-2.87 MeV and for backward angles from 107 °to 164 °with 2 °steps using two double sided silicon strip detectors. The obtained cross sections covered the angle and energy ranges typically used for the analysis of beryllium targets with the nuclear reaction analysis technique. The experiments were carried out at the Ruđer Bošković Institute and the determined cross sections were benchmarked with the measurement of thick target reaction yields from a pure beryllium target at two beam energies, 1.8 and 2.7 MeV. The results are presented in graphical form and for 134 °and 164 °are also given as tables in the Appendix. The correctness of the data, verified through the comparison of thick target spectra as well as the observed discrepancies with previous data are discussed and analyzed.

We have studied the decays of the resonances of 24 Mg at excitation energies 1-6 MeV above the 12 C+ 12 C decay threshold, using the 12 C( 16 O,α) 24 Mg* reaction at E( 16 O) = 94 MeV. Some preliminary results are presented and further analysis is in progress.

The ALICE experiment at the LHC has studied J/ψ production at mid-rapidity in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{s}=7 $ TeV through its electron pair decay on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity L int = 5.6 nb−1. The fraction of J/ψ from the decay of long-lived beauty hadrons was determined for J/ψ candidates with transverse momentum p t > 1.3 GeV/c and rapidity |y| < 0.9. The cross section for prompt J/ψ mesons, i.e. directly produced J/ψ and prompt decays of heavier charmonium states such as the ψ(2S) and χc resonances, is σprompt J/ψ (p t > 1.3 GeV/c, |y| < 0.9) = 8.3 ± 0.8 (stat.) ± 1.1 (syst.) $ _{-1.4}^{+1.5 } $ (syst. pol.) μb. The cross section for the production of b-hadrons decaying to J/ψ with p t > 1.3 GeV/c and |y| < 0.9 is $ {\sigma_{{{J \left/ {{\psi \leftarrow {{\mathrm{h}}_{\mathrm{B}}}}} \right.}}}} $ (p t > 1.3 GeV/c, |y| < 0.9) = 1.46 ± 0.38 (stat.) $ _{-0.32}^{+0.26 } $ (syst.) μb. The results are compared to QCD model predictio...

Phase formation by pulsed laser irradiation of suspended nanoparticles has recently been introduced as a promising synthesis technique for heterostructures. The main challenge still lingers regarding the exact mechanism of particle formation due to the non-equilibrium kinetic by-products resulting from the localized alternative, fast, high-temperature nature of the process. Here, we analyze the bond breaking/formation of copper or copper (II) interfaces with ethanol during the absorption of pulses for Cu-CuO-Cu2O formation applicable as a hyper-electrocatalyst in ethanol oxidation fuel cells. This study includes but is not limited to, a comprehensive discussion of laser-suspension interaction for practical control of the synthesis process. We have shown that beyond the physical transitions, the local interface between dissociated ethanol and the molten sphere is responsible for the oxidative/reductive interactions resulting in the formation of catalytic-augmented Cu 3+ by-product, thanks to the reactive bond force field molecular dynamics studies confirmed by ab-initio calculations and experimental observations.

A photonuclear reaction theory is formulated in a projectionoperator formulation. We obtain a T-Matrix describing a diredt photoeffect and a resonance reaction. By introducing the doorway and the secondary-doorway states, We can conveniently study the effects of various nuclear configurations on the energy-dependence of the T-matrix. In shell-model formulation, the doorways are taken to be one particle-one hole states, which are constructed in Taxm-Dancoff approximation. The secondary doorways are assumed to be three particlethree hole states, which are constructed in the interacting-boson approximation of Iachello and Feshbach. By mixing the doorways and the secondary doorways, we obtain a microscopic description of the compound states formed in the reaction. The doorways are shown to be responsible for the gross structure of the giant-dipole resonance, while their couplings to the secondary doorways give rise to the intermediate structure. The formulation is applied to the analysis of the photonuclear cross sections of ol . ( Yn) and ( 'f, p) cross sections are calculated. The residual nucleus is left in the ground state (1/2-) or the third excited state (3/2-). The agreement with experimental data is excellent, both in magnitude and in structure of the cross sections. The calculation evidently shows the import nce of the 3p-3h admixture in the low-lying odd-parity states of olo. Our results give strong support to assign electric dipole nature (El) for the resonance states at 21, 22.2, 23, 24.2, 25.12 and 25.7 Mev.

We calculate the angular distribution and polarization of the photoneutrons from 0' in the giant-dipole region. We have to supplement our E1 amplitudes, which were obtained previously, with large phenomenological E2 amplitudes; we interpret this as evidence for a giant quadrupole resonance. We show that the importance of E2 amplitudes makes the current data analysis in El approximation very doubtful. The assumed E2 resonance is also shown to be easily detected experimentally. We have recently reported a continuum shell-model calculation of the intermediate structure in the photonuclear cross sections of 0 '. ' We were able to show that the structure could be due to mixing of 3p-3h (three particle, three hole) configurations with the lp-1h giant dipole states. For a more rigor- ous test of our reaction formalism, we now calculate the angular distribution and polarization in the (y, n,) reaction. Experimentally, the differential (y, n, ) cross section was obtained by Jury, Hewitt, and McNeil. ' The (y, n, ) polarization was recently measured, with good resolution, by Cole, Firk, and Phillips and Nath et al. ' We shall compare the results of our calculation with these experiments. We begin with the following T matrix (in the doorway-state approximation): where ~0) is the 0" ground state, and II the photonuclear interaction. The doorways ly, ) are the usual 1p-1h dipole states at E"=22.3 and 24.3 MeV. The mixing of 3p-3h secondary-doorway states (with the dipole states) causes the shift and width -6, and r"respectively to have rapid energy de- pendence. The shift h"and width I'"are parameters whose physical significance is discussed in Ref.

We deal with transmission phenomena across highly conductive interfaces, investigating the limit behavior of solutions for second order transmission problems. In particular, we investigate via finite element method the influence of thermal conductivity on the heat flux flowing into an interface.

Small-angle two-particle correlation functions, involving neutrons and protons, have been measured for E/A = 61 MeV Ar + 112,124 Sn collisions, i.e. systems similar in size but with different isospin asymmetry. The correlation strength of neutron-proton (np) and proton-proton (pp) pairs is stronger for the more neutron-rich system, indicating a shorter average emission time for this system. Comparisons with isospin-dependent BUU transport model simulations are presented, and their implications for the density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy are discussed.

An inclusive search for the standard model Higgs boson using the four-lepton final state in protonantiproton collisions produced by the Tevatron at √ s = 1.96 TeV is conducted. The data are recorded by the CDF II detector and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 9.7 fb -1 . Three distinct Higgs decay modes, namely ZZ, WW, and τ τ , are simultaneously probed. Nine potential signal events are selected and found to be consistent with the background expectation. We set a 95% credibility limit on the production cross section times the branching ratio and subsequent decay to the four lepton final state for hypothetical Higgs boson masses between 120 GeV/c 2 and 300 GeV/c 2 .

A dipole magnet based on the common-coil design and pre-reacted Nb 3 Sn cable was developed at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) for a Very Large Hadron Collider. Three technological racetrack models and a short dipole model have been fabricated and tested. This chapter summarizes the main results of this program.

The requirements and operating conditions for a Muon Collider Storage Ring (MCSR) pose significant challenges to superconducting magnets. The dipole magnets should provide a high magnetic field to reduce the ring circumference and thus maximize the number of muon collisions during their lifetime. One third of the beam energy is continuously deposited along the lattice by the decay electrons at the rate of 0.5 kW/m for a 1.5-TeV c.o.m. and a luminosity of 10 34 cm -2 s -1 . Unlike dipoles in proton machines, the MCSR dipoles should allow this dynamic heat load to escape the magnet helium volume in the horizontal plane, predominantly towards the ring center. This paper presents the analysis and comparison of radiation effects in MCSR based on two dipole magnets designs. Tungsten masks in the interconnect regions are used in both cases to mitigate the unprecedented dynamic heat deposition and radiation in the magnet coils.

A low-energy Muon Collider (MC) offers unique opportunities to study the recently found Higgs boson. However, due to a relatively large beam emittance with moderate cooling in this machine, large-aperture highfield superconducting (SC) magnets are required. The magnets need also an adequate margin to operate at a large radiation load from the muon decay showers. General specifications of the SC dipoles and quadrupoles for the 125 GeV c.o.m. Higgs Factory with an average luminosity of ~2•10 31 cm -2 s -1 are formulated. Magnet conceptual designs and parameters are reported. The impact of the magnet fringe fields on the beam dynamics as well as the IR and lattice magnet protection from radiation are also reported and discussed.

Magnetic and mechanical designs of a superconducting quadrupole magnet with 120-mm aperture suitable for interaction regions of hadron colliders are presented. The magnet is based on a two-layer shell-type coil and a cold iron yoke. Special spacers made of a low-Z material are implemented in the coil midplanes to reduce the level of radiation heat deposition in the coil. The quadrupole mechanical structure is based on a thick aluminum collar supported by the iron yoke and stainless steel skin. Magnet parameters including maximum field gradient, field quality and temperature margin for NbTi or Nb₃Sn coils at the operating temperatures of 1.9 K and 4.5 K are reported. The level and distribution of radiation heat deposition in the coil and other magnet components are discussed.

FNAL has started the development of a 15 T $$Nb_{3}Sn$$ dipole demonstrator for a 100 TeV scale hadron collider. This paper describes the design concept and parameters of the 15 T $$Nb_{3}Sn$$ dipole demonstrator. The dipole magnetic, mechanical and quench protection concept and parameters are presented and discussed.

The LHC upgrade plans foresee installation of additional collimators in the LHC lattice. To provide the necessary longitudinal space for these collimators, shorter and stronger Nb3Sn dipoles compatible with the LHC lattice and main systems could be used. This paper describes the design and status of the twin-aperture Nb3Sn dipole being developed by FNAL and CERN for the LHC, and reports test results of two collared coils to be used in the first 1 m long twin-aperture dipole model.

The updated IR optics and conceptual designs of large aperture superconducting quadrupole and dipole magnets for a 1.5×1.5 TeV muon collider and an average luminosity of 4×10 cms are presented. All magnets are based on the Nb3Sn superconductor and provide the required operating fields and gradients in the given apertures with adequate margins. Special dipole coils were added to some quadrupole designs to provide small bending field and thus facilitate chromaticity correction and dilute background fluxes on the detector. Magnet parameters are reported and compared with the requirements.

CERN and FNAL are developing 11 T Nb3Sn dipole magnets for the LHC collimation system upgrade. Due to the large stored energy, protection of these magnets during a quench is a challenging problem. This paper reports the results of experimental studies of key quench protection parameters including longitudinal and radial quench propagation in the coil, coil heating due to a quench, and energy extraction and quench-back effect. The studies were performed using a 1 m long 11 T Nb3Sn dipole coil tested in a magnetic mirror configuration.

New accelerator magnet technology based on Nb3Sn superconductor is being developed at Fermilab since late 90's. Six short dipole models, seven short quadrupole models and numerous individual dipole and quadrupole coils have been built and tested, demonstrating magnet performance parameters and their reproducibility. The technology scale up program has built and tested several dipole and quadrupole coils up to 4-m long. The results of this work are summarized in the paper.

This chapter describes the design and parameters of the 11 T dipole developed at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) in collaboration with the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) for the High Luminosity LHC project, and presents details of the single-aperture and twin-aperture dipole models that were constructed and tested. Magnet test results including magnet quench performance, magnetic measurements, and quench protection studies performed using the dipole mirror and single-aperture and twin-aperture dipole models are summarized and discussed.