Oceanography

Las observaciones de un radiómetro de longitud de onda múltiple (MWR, por sus siglas en inglés) ubicado en tierra en el valle Kullu en la región noroccidental del Himalaya, de abril de 2007 a marzo de 2008, muestran que la profundidad óptica espectral del aerosol (AOD, por sus siglas en inglés) y el coeficiente Ångstr?m de turbidez (β) son altos durante la estación del monzón, ligeramente menores en el verano, bajos en invierno y los más bajos en otoño, para días claros, neblinosos y parcialmente claros, mientras que el exponente Ångstr?m de longitud de onda (α) tiene una tendencia opuesta. Los valores promedio anuales de AOD a 5000 nm son 0.25 ± 0.01, 0.46 ± 0.02 y 0.28 ± 0.02, para días de cielos claros, nebulosos y parcialmente claros, respectivamente. Los valores correspondientes para β son 0.13 ± 0.01, 0.22 ± 0.01 y 0.15 ± 0.01 y los de α 1.09 ± 0.04, 1.18 ± 0.03 y 0.89 ± 0.05. La α es ligeramente mayor pero la β es considerablemente más alta en los días nebulosos que en los claros, indicando que la niebla montañosa es rica en partículas gruesas. Hay una buena concordancia entre los valores MWR y los AOD satelitales de MODIS, con coeficientes de correlación anuales de 0.89, 0.70 y 0.81 para días claros, nebulosos y parcialmente claros, respectivamente. La correlación entre AOD a 500 nm y el coeficiente β con la temperatura, velocidad del viento y humedad es significativamente positivo, mientras que el del exponente α es negativo para la mayoría de los días, lo que sugiere alto AOD y turbidez pero baja concentración de partículas finas en días calientes, húmedos y con viento y viceversa. Asimismo, la correlación entre AOD a 500 nm y el coeficiente β con la dirección del viento es la mayoría de las veces negativa, mientras que la del exponente α es positiva, indicando que AOD y la turbidez disminuyen pero la concentración de partículas finas aumenta al cambiar la dirección del viento más hacia el sur de nuestro sitio. Así, durante el periodo analizado, los vientos que se dirigen hacia nuestro sitio desde las planicies indogangéticas son ricos en partículas gruesas, mientras que los vientos de la dirección sur o del desierto Thar transportan principalmente partículas finas.

In stitut e of Tropi cal M eteoro logy . Dr Homi I3habha Road. Pa shan. Pun e 41 10m:. India and Kh wai rakpalll Gajananda Shriralllinstillite for Indu strial Resea rch. Env iro nment Protccti on Di vision. 1<). Uni ve rsity Roaci. Delhi liD 007. India O.f; rel'i.l'et/ 20 April 2005 ; ({('ceIJ/l'd 14 Jlllle 2005 Tota l suspended particu lat e (TS P) matter on fortni ght ly basis throu ghou t th e: year and Illass si ze: distri buti on of aerosob as we l l as ultrafine: aeroso ls un week ly ba sis in th e Illonth s of May and June lVe re monitored during I <)<)6-2003 at dilTerent alti tu dinal locations of th e Kullu -M anali touri st co mpl ex in the: nort hwestern Himalaya. Conce ntrati on of TSP ra nged frolll 35.8 (A ugus t I <)l)6) to 207 .3 f1,g nf-' (Julle 2003) at Mohal II 150 m from ave rage: se a level (AS L ) I and from 31.7 (Ju ly 2003) to 23l) f1, g m'-' (A pril 200 I ) at Manali (2050 III ASL). Th e mass size di stribut ion o f aeroso ls showed a bimodal distribution hav ing onc peak in the coa rse size ra nge (3.3-l) f1, m dial and the oth er in th e finc size mnge (0.OX-2. 1 f1,1ll dial at both th e loca ti ons. Ultrafi ne aerosol (UA) (O'( )OI -O.1 f1,m radiu s) co nce ntrati ons we rc found to be hi ghes t at th e lowest experim ental altiwde site (M ohal) and l'ice 1'1' 1'.1'0. The diurn al variati on of UA co ncent rati oll for three yea rs showed lh at the conce ntrati on ranges from 2640 (a t 0500 hI'S LT) to 5 160 N umber (N) cm'-' (at 1300 hI'S L T) at M ohal and from 400 (a t 0400 Ill'S LT) to 2 1l)O N cm' .1 (at 1300 hI'S L T) at Koth i. On an ave rage. TSP crossed its permi ssib le limit set by National Ambielll Air Qua lit y Stand ard (NAAQS) leve l in th e sensiti ve area s such as Kullu -Manali hill spots. Bi modal nallire r Illass si ze dis tributi on indi cates tw o importalll sources co ntri bu tin g in total aerosols-th e fin e mode. primaril y due to anthropogenic act i vities and the coarse mode aeroso ls. mainl y due to natu ral ,ources. La rge number o f' co nce ntrati on o f ultrafine parti cles indicates th e presencc of air pollutants more <1 tl ow altitucies as co mpared to hi gh altillides. Keywords: Aerosols' beh av iour. To tal suspended particulate,. Mass size distri bu ti on. Ultrafinc aerosols. Kull u-Mana li touri st co mplex, North wes tern Himalaya

>arallelization can be achieved by either control or domain decomposition. The latter was tried for analytic (by Phipps et al'9920*21) and semianalytic (by Wallace26) propagators. Neal and Coffey14 discuss :he domain decomposition for special perturbations. The control decomposition idea is inefficient for analytic propagators (Phipp~'~), because the computation time is too short. In this report we discuss a xntrol decomposition approach to parallelize a numerical orbit propagator which may be more :om putationally intensive.

Taxonomical study on the Vetigastropoda (Mollusca) from Canopus Bank, NE Brazil, with further remarks on their distribution along the Western Atlantic Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática, Taxonomia Animal e Biodiversidade do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo como pré-requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre.

Abstract: The composition abundance spatial and temporal distribution of benthic invertebrates on the artificial rocky shore of Tarkwa bay was investigated between May 2003 and April 2004. Samples were collected or counted in-situ in a 1m2 quadrate along a ...

The intertidal burrowing crab Chasmagnathus granulatus is the dominant species in soft bare sediments and vegetated intertidal areas along the SW Atlantic estuaries (southern Brazil, 28°S, to northern Patagonia, 42°S). C. granulatus creates burrows that can reach densities of 60 burrows m -2 , and its burrowing activities increase water and organic matter content of sediments. To evaluate the long-term effect of burrows on the origin and transformation of accumulated organic matter within sediments, we compared C and N stable isotope signatures of sediments, plants, and consumers within areas with and without crabs. 15 N signatures of sediments and primary producers were enriched by 3 to 7 ‰ in areas with crabs. The enrichment was present in 4 different Argentine estuarine environments (Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon, 37°46' S, 57°19' W, Bahia Blanca, 38°50' S, 62°07' W, San Blas, 40°33' S, 62°14' W, San Antonio, 40°48' S, 64°52' W). Enrichment owing to crab activity appeared to overwhelm possible different N loads, anthropogenic influence, and other properties. Crab activity thus uncoupled the nitrogen dynamics in sediments from external controls. Enrichment of the heavier isotope of N could be the result of an increase in denitrification rates in areas with burrows. Crabs therefore forced faster transformation of available to unavailable nitrogen, making less inorganic nitrogen available to deeper waters. Food webs in areas with and without crabs were similar in shape, but less mobile benthic organisms (nematodes, fiddler crabs and the polychaete Laeonereis acuta) showed enriched N isotopic signatures. The benthic food web seemed separate from that of suspension feeders or water column consumers. Benthic microalgae were an important source for infauna, and marsh plants were particularly important for burrowing crabs.

Intertidal zones of estuaries and embayments of the SW Atlantic are dominated by the semiterrestrial burrowing grapsid crab, Neohelice (Chasmagnathus) granulata, and characterized by extensive mud flats surrounded by salt marshes. In this work we examined spatial patterns of distribution of N. granulata during two years to explain their movement patterns. The results of the population sampling showed segregation by sex and size throughout the intertidal, with seasonal variations in densities and different condition indices for adults and juveniles at the different zones. The comparison of seasonal activity (ambulatory activity outside burrows) between marshes and mudflats shows that short term (e.g. daily) variations in activity were controlled by tides. Crabs were active at high tides but increased their activity on days with higher tidal amplitude. Seasonal activity showed that at both areas, females remain with low activity except for a peak in winter, while males showed the highest activity during summer in the mudflat zone, but not so in the marsh. This pattern can be the response to differences in stress tolerance, suggesting that high temperatures are limiting the performance of adult crabs during summer, especially at the marsh where physical conditions can be more critical. The spatial size segregation can be explained by differential mortality in each zone (estimated with tethered crabs), and by the juvenile movement between these zones (estimated with movement traps). Juvenile mortality is higher at the mudflat, while adult mortality is higher in the marsh. Smaller juveniles moved to the marsh, where the mortality is lower, and the larger juveniles moved towards the mudflat. This mortality is due almost exclusively to cannibalism, so our results suggest that this movement of different size classes between zones is controlled, at least in part, by intraspecific predation.

Приводится описание и результаты апробации нового метода, позволяющего оценить спектр Ляпунова динамической системы на основании временного ряда единственной фазовой координаты системы. Численные эксперименты проведены с помощью пакета прикладных программ, разработанного в среде MATLAB 6.0. Результаты экспериментов приводятся

LAURENTSYEVA S. V., GOLOVKO V. A., EVSTIGNEEV V. V. The neural-net algorithm for an epileptic activity detectionРассмотрен нейросетевой подход для обнаружения эпилептических приступов на основе расчета старшего показателя Ляпунова. Описана структура нейросетевого модуля, позволяющая ускорить расчет старшего показателя Ляпунова. Представлен нейросетевой алгоритм обнаружения эпилептической активности в сигналах электроэнцефалограмм по значению старшего показателя Ляпунова

Zooplankton is an essential component of the marine and brackish food chains. The ecotoxicological risk of zooplanktonic communities, estimated by the modern methodological approach of biomarkers, can be used as an early warning signal of ecosystem health. The aim of this project is to estimate the potential use of several biomarkers (esterases, mixed function oxidases, porphyrins) in zooplanktonic organisms. Studies were carried out with different zooplanktonic crustaceans: the copepods Acartia margalefi and Acartia latisetosa collected in Ganzirri Lake (Messina); the mysid Siriella clausi collected in Faro Lake (Messina); the mysids Diamysis bahirensis, Siriella armata and Mysidopsis gibbosa collected in Stagnone di Marsala (Palermo); the Antarctic euphausiids Euphausia crystallorophias and Euphausia superba; the amphipod Streetsia challengeri and the euphausiid Meganycthiphanes norvegica collected after a shore-stranding along Messina's Ionian coast. Moreover, experiments were carried out with the benthic decapods Eriphia verrucosa and Pachygrapsus marmoratus from a rocky shore of Messina's Ionian coast. Acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) was determined in homogenates of whole organisms. The key result of this project concerns the different AChE activity basal values of different crustacean species. Particular attention should be paid to the difference in basal activity found between the Antarctic and the Mediterranean species.

Climate shifts are key drivers of ecosystem change. Despite the critical importance of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean for global climate, the extent of climate-driven ecological change in this region remains controversial. In particular, the biological effects of changing sea ice conditions are poorly understood. We hypothesize that rapid postglacial reductions in sea ice drove biological shifts across multiple widespread Southern Ocean species. We test for demographic shifts driven by climate events over recent millennia by analyzing population genomic datasets spanning 3 penguin genera ( Eudyptes , Pygoscelis , and Aptenodytes ). Demographic analyses for multiple species (macaroni/royal, eastern rockhopper, Adélie, gentoo, king, and emperor) currently inhabiting southern coastlines affected by heavy sea ice conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) yielded genetic signatures of near-simultaneous population expansions associated with postglacial warming. Populations of th...

Most available climate/weather stations (e.g., COOP stations) are located in valleys. The few high elevation stations we have (RAWS, SNOTEL) and are relatively sparse, so do not adequately capture temperature variation in steep complex topography. There is growing awareness of just how much information current air temperature models are missing in complex mountainous terrain. For example, cold air drainage and lapse rates vary from night to night. Many terrestrial management decisions (tree planting, growth and yield, species occurrence, etc.) are made at the stand or aspect scale, due to variation in solar insolation, and temperature predictions must match that scale in order to be useful for site-level predictions. For aquatics applications, one of the most important questions is understanding the mechanisms associated with how streams warm up & whether that information can be used to predict which types of streams will be more/less sensitive to future changes. As a result, there is growing interest in using inexpensive sensors to develop massive air temperature monitoring arrays in mountains. We are now beginning to make progress in using sensor networks to empirically downscale temperatures in complex topography (see Holden et al. (2011); Holden et al. (in press); and attachments). However, there are some real challenges to accurately measuring air temperature in forested environments. I'm now in my 3 rd year of deploying air sensor arrays across the northern Rockies, I've learned a lot mainly from mistakes that I've made and will try to share some of that information here (see attachment on tradeoffs). In short, it's a significant challenge to measure air temperature accurately but it's also a very important to try and minimize bias associated with solar radiation. Note that we are inherently dealing with a highly modified radiation environment, because of the presence of trees and vegetation, which all absorb and re-emit radiation. In the end, as a user community, ecologists and climatologists should work toward standardizing our methods for monitoring air temperatures in forested environments. I don't claim to have all the answers, but if interested in discussing further or if you'd like more information on our radiation shield design, you can contact me at:

Many military and civil applications using underwater acoustic channels (UWACs) are paired with security services, providing, for instance, secrecy and authenticity to the communication. These mechanisms however often require periodically renewed symmetric keys among two communicating devices, namely Alice and Bob. To this end, secret keys can be agreed upon using the physicallayer communication channel, leveraging, in particular, the reciprocity and randomness of the UWAC to extract a common key that remains secret to an attacker (Eve). In this paper, we propose a novel solution for the advantagedistillation part of the secret key generation procedure. After channel probing, the advantage of distillation lets Alice and Bob extract a sequence of bits from their own (analog) measurements. We propose an asymmetric advantage-distillation protocol with two novel features: i) the quantizers used by Alice and Bob are derived maximizing the secret key capacity cooperating through a public channel and ii) Alice transmits a correction over a public authenticated side channel. Numerical results prove the effectiveness of our approach, showing that exchanging a few bits of information before information reconciliation allows extracting more secret bits from the channel.

Late Holocene relative sea-level (RSL) data are important to understand the processes driving RSL change, but there is a lack of precise RSL data from the Sunda Shelf. Here, we produced the first Late Holocene RSL record from coral microatolls at Siloso Point in Sentosa, Singapore, demonstrating for the first time the utility of Diploastrea heliopora microatolls as sea-level indicators. We produced 12 sea-level index points and three marine limiting data. The precision of the RSL data (< ± 0.2 m, 2s, and < ± 26 yrs uncertainties, 95% highest density region), combined with the surface profiles of the coral microatolls, reveal small RSL fluctuations superimposed on a net RSL fall of 0.31 ± 0.18 m between 2.8 kyrs BP and 0.6 kyrs BP, at background rates between -0.1 ± 0.3 mm/yr and -0.2 ± 0.7 mm/yr. There are fluctuations in the rate of RSL fall, with periods of stable (between 2.8 and 2.5 kyrs BP), rising (at ~1.8 kyrs BP) and stable (from 0.8 to 0.6 kyrs BP) RSL. The Siloso RSL record shows good agreement with published, high-quality RSL data within the Sunda Shelf, except at 0.8 kyrs BP when data from Merang, Malaysia indicate a lower RSL lowstand than suggested by the Siloso record. Comparison to a suite of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) models indicate preference for lower viscosities in the mantle. However, more high quality and precise Late Holocene RSL data are needed to evaluate the drivers of RSL change in the region, the existence of a regional Late Holocene RSL lowstand, and to better constrain the GIA model parameters for the region.

Rock and eroded soil are transported by wind, tide, and human action (development works), and deposited as sediment in ports, estuaries, and rivers. The sediment accumulation at the bottom of ports disrupts maritime activities and disturbs the physicochemical balance of water bodies. As a result, dredging is necessary to reduce sediment deposits and restore the natural environment for proper port functioning. At the national level, the maintenance of the 6,500-kilometer French coastline would require the extraction of about fifty million cubic meters of marine sediment every year. These dredged sediments have been used in civil engineering applications for about ten years, in order to reduce their economic and environmental impact. The proposed study addresses the potential use of sediments to produce accropode blocks for maritime public works applications. It consists in developing concrete mixtures using dredged marine sediment treated to protect against erosion. A study of materi...

The application of photogrammetry to the recording of historical monuments dates almost from the invention of photography itself. Architectural photography became a specialism and is presently a category in the history of photography. It is clear that the recording and documentation of cultural heritage, specifically of monuments and sites, is important for all cultures, because it provides the world with a historical record of mankind’s past achievements. Such recording of existing items allows us not only to understand the development of mankind and its historical and cultural roots, but also to restore, reconstruct or archive for future reference. The information the picture represents cannot be overestimated. Also, the complexity of the information allows us to give a general treatment to the subject of safety including values of nature and landscapes. The idea of putting every work of art or historical structure on the List of World Heritage is unrealistic. However, due to the ...

The California sheephead Semicossyphus pulcher Ayres (Labridae) is a temperate, rocky-reef/kelp-bed fish that is sought by recreational and commercial fishermen. Long-term acoustic monitoring was used to ascertain site fidelity and seasonal movement patterns of S. pulcher. We implanted 16 adult (24 to 36 cm standard length) fish with long-term (~1 yr) acoustic transmitters and their presence and movement patterns were monitored in the Catalina Marine Science Center Marine Life Reserve using an acoustic receiver array. A method was developed that explained some of the variability in detection frequencies. A negative relationship between detection frequency and activity (rate of movement) was found for S. pulcher moving within the array. Most fish exhibited high site fidelity to the general area of the reserve, with 13 of the 16 fish detected spending an average of 99 ± 2% of their total days at liberty in the study area, with a mean of 90 ± 9% of total residence time spent within a 600 m core area. However, these fish showed some variability in area use between months, exhibiting periods of expansion in their range. Fish also tended to increase activity as seasonal water temperature increased. These expanded movements resulted in some fish crossing the reserve boundary for extended periods or leaving the reserve permanently.

In recent decades, the distribution of the very abundant squat lobster, Munida gregaria, a key species in the Beagle Channel and southernmost Patagonian waters, has widened towards lower latitudes. The general objective of this study was to assess how early life stages of this species cope with changes in environmental conditions at sites within its northern distribution in the Chilean Patagonia. In particular, we were interested in determining: i) whether the various developmental stages of M. gregaria inhabited different mean depth ranges, ii) whether diel vertical migrations were present in all stages and, iii) if they occurred, whether these migrations were modified at sites with contrasting environmental conditions. The study consisted of high-frequency (every 3 h) observations over 30-h periods at each hydrographic and stratified sampling site of a springtime oceanographic cruise. Our results showed slight variations in preferences for hydrographic characteristics among stages, differences in their relative abundance in each sampling zone, and fluctuations in the mean weight by depth of distribution among sites. However, larval behavior showed certain similarities: the abundance and vertical distribution of most stages seemed to fluctuate with the semidiurnal tides, apparently not following the day-night cycle. For all stages, the weighted mean depth (centroids) was located below the pycnocline, although the mean distance from it and vertical displacement ranges differed among stages. Late zoea and megalopa were the most abundant stages, increasing in abundance at flood tides, in agreement with the previously reported winter reproductive season and the hypothesis of inshore-offshore ontogenetic movement of plankton stages for this species, which predicts that inshore transport should occur at this time of year. In summary, our results suggest that ontogenetic changes in vertical distribution and migrations and their respective deviations at each location constitute a flexible behavior that may facilitate dispersal towards new habitats and enhance the species' chances of survival under changing environmental conditions.

The paper examined the types of sawdust suitable as partial replacements of fine aggregate in concrete. Two different types of sawdust sourced from Afara and Doka wood species were used for the experiment. DoE Method was used to design and produce three sets of concrete cube samples, i.e. Control concrete, Doka sawdust concrete and Afara sawdust concrete, each of grade 20. The cubes were subjected to compressive strength and water absorption tests. The result showed that, the control concrete, Doka and Afara sawdust concretes gained a compressive strength of 22.6 N/mm 2 , 19.6 N/mm 2 and 17.6 N/mm 2 , respectively. The control and Doka sawdust concretes exhibited low water absorption when compared with Afara sawdust concrete. This revealed Doka sawdust as more suitable than Afara sawdust for partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. Keywords: Concrete, Sawdust, waste recycling

Water column winter nutrient profiles were evaluated of 250 m especially oxic/anoxic interface layer in Southeastern Black Sea. Although nutrient concentrations according to the depth are difference, density profiles are similar. Silicate concentrations were increased depending on depth while maximum phosphate concentration observed with the boundary of the 16,2 density. Ammonium concentrations increased depending on depth below 16.2 density layer. Minimum temperature of the CIL were measured at 100 meter depth of TY, OM and OF statiton while were measured at 75 meter of AA and SB stations. Nitrite maximas were usually observed bottom boundary of oxic layer except for AA station. Nitrate maximas were showed differences on stations according to depth and concentration. Chlorophyll-a maxima, usually at a depth of 30 m and 13.8 sigma-t.

Recent decades have shown substantial changes in the Arctic Ocean, yet observations are still relatively sparse compared to most other parts of the world&#39;s oceans. Results from numerical models still differ in the distribution of key variables, such as the pathways of liquid freshwater. From salinity and temperature profiles observed by a variety of platforms since 1992 we are able to show a substantial freshening in the upper Arctic Ocean impacting an increase in stratification between the mixed-layer and the lower halocline. Based on temperature and salinity profiles, we will present an objective analysis of mixed-layer depth, sea surface height and geostrophic velocity during the recent two decades. We are able to derive decadal trends as well as seasonal cycles during the most recend decade. Surface geostrophic velocity points to a flow in the Amerasian Basin toward the Lomonosov Ridge. Although most of the freshwater volume increase occurred on the Amerasian side of the Arc...

The evolving knowledge of the Arctic Ocean, its hydrography and its water masses and their transformations and circulation is reviewed starting with the observations made on Fram 1893-1896 and extending to the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007-2009. The expeditions and observations after Fram to the mid 20th century as well as the more extensive and systematic studies of water masses and circulation made from ice stations and airborne expeditions from the late 1940s to the late 1970s are briefly described. The early concepts of the connections and exchanges between the Arctic Ocean and the world ocean are also discussed. In the 1980s scientific icebreakers were beginning to enter the inner parts of the Arctic Ocean and large international programmes were launched, culminating in the IPY. The changes in the Arctic Ocean, first noted in the Atlantic layer in 1990 and shortly after in the upper layers, are described. The exchanges between the Arctic Ocean and the surrounding seas through the four main openings, Fram Strait, Barents Sea, Bering Strait and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago as well the volume and freshwater balances of the Arctic Ocean are examined.

Freshwater in the Arctic Ocean plays an important role in the regional ocean circulation, sea ice, and global climate. From salinity observed by a variety of platforms, we are able, for the first time, to estimate a statistically reliable liquid freshwater trend from monthly gridded fields over all upper Arctic Ocean basins. From 1992 to 2012 this trend was 600±300 km3 yr−1. A numerical model agrees very well with the observed freshwater changes. A decrease in salinity made up about two thirds of the freshwater trend and a thickening of the upper layer up to one third. The Arctic Ocean Oscillation index, a measure for the regional wind stress curl, correlated well with our freshwater time series. No clear relation to Arctic Oscillation or Arctic Dipole indices could be found. Following other observational studies, an increased Bering Strait freshwater import to the Arctic Ocean, a decreased Davis Strait export, and enhanced net sea ice melt could have played an important role in the...

Unprecedented summer-season sampling of the Arctic Ocean during the period 2006-2008 makes possible a quasi-synoptic estimate of liquid freshwater (LFW) inventories in the Arctic Ocean basins. In comparison to observations from 1992 -1999, LFW content relative to a salinity of 35 in the layer from the surface to the 34 isohaline increased by 8400 ± 2000 km 3 in the Arctic Ocean (water depth greater than 500 m). This is close to the annual export of freshwater (liquid and solid) from the Arctic Ocean reported in the literature. Observations and a model simulation show regional variations in LFW were both due to changes in the depth of the lower halocline, often forced by regional wind-induced Ekman pumping, and a mean freshening of the water column above this depth, associated with an increased net sea ice melt and advection of increased amounts of river water from the Siberian shelves. Over the whole Arctic Ocean, changes in the observed mean salinity above the 34 isohaline dominated estimated changes in LFW content; the contribution to LFW change by bounding isohaline depth changes was less than a quarter of the salinity contribution, and non-linear effects due to both factors were negligible.

The distribution of alkali and heavy metals in coastal sediments of three Polish beaches was assessed. In all locations there are sandy beaches of different characteristics according to the anthropogenic impact and degree of sheltering. Core sediments collected in Czołpino and Ustka were characterized by the highest concentration of Cd, Ag, Ba, and Al, Cu, Cr, Bi, Na, respectively. Among the alkaline metals core sediments were the most abundant with Ca, Bi, Mg and Na, presenting almost stable decreasing order in all beaches. The majority of dredge material collected can be classified as light or trace contaminated by Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd and Hg. An abundance of mineralogical components in core sediments in Ustka increases in Summer and Autumn, while in Puck is stable throughout the year. The content of studied metals in core sediments collected in three Polish beaches changes both in the vertical and horizontal profiles of the beach.

Marine cyanobacteria have emerged as a source of promising bioactive compounds. The isolation of strains from tropical environments seems to be an important step in the search for molecules displaying bioactivity, besides being valuable for biotechnological purposes. Thus, the objective of the present study was to describe marine cyanobacterial strains, isolated and characterized in terms of morphology and molecular phylogeny, as well as screened for biologically active compounds. Five strains were isolated and morphologically characterized as Leptolyngbya (CENA553, CENA554 and CENA555) and Geitlerinema (CENA552 and CENA556). Considering the phylogenetic results, these strains did not match the clusters of the type-species or reference strains, indicating the possible emergence of new generic entities morphologically related to Leptolyngbya and Geitlerinema. Among the isolated strains, CENA552 and CENA556 were selected for chemical analyses. Five known nucleosides with biological activities and two amino acids were recognized and isolated from the CENA556 strain. The GC-MS analyses of strains CENA552 and CENA556 revealed distinct classes of non-polar compounds, with a predominance of octadecane (CENA556), 2-hexyl-1-decanol (CENA552) and neophytadiene (CENA552 and CENA556) hydrocarbons. All nucleosides and amino acids were highly abundant, indicating these morphotypes as promising sources of these bioactive compounds. This is the first report considering taxonomy/molecular phylogeny as well as chemistry prospection of morphotypes resembling Geitlerinema-like isolated from the Brazilian coastal area, highlighting the potential of these taxa for biotechnological applications.

In the northern Gulf of Mexico (nGoM), the Louisiana Shelf (LS) and Mississippi Bight (MB) subregions are influenced by eutrophication to varying degrees. Despite recognition that dissolved silicon may regulate diatom productivity in the nGoM, there is only one published data set reporting biogenic silica (bSiO2) production rates for each subregion. We report that bSiO2 production rates on the LS and MB are high and appear to be controlled by different nutrients among seasons. Despite exceptional upper trophic level biomass regionally, which suggests significant primary production by diatoms (as in other systems), gross euphotic-zone integrated bSiO2 production rates are lower than major bSiO2 producing regions (e.g. upwelling systems). However, when normalizing to the depth of the euphotic zone, the bSiO2 production rates on the LS are like normalized rates in upwelling systems. We suggest local river-plume influenced hydrography concentrates diatom productivity within shallow euph...

Diatoms tend to dominate the Arctic spring bloom, a key event in the ecosystem. Large sinking of diatoms is expected at the end of the bloom driven by deteriorated cell status associated to nutrients (silicon) depletion. However, there are few reports on the status of diatoms' health during Arctic blooms and its possible role on sedimentary fluxes. Here we quantify, using the Bottle-Net, Arctic diatom stocks below and above the photic 25 layer and assess their cell health status. The communities were sampled around the Svalbard Islands and encompassed a broad diversity of conditions and bloom stages. About 1/4 (mean±SE 24.2 ± 6.7 %) of the total water column (max. 415 m) diatom stock was found below the photic layer, indicating significant sinking of diatoms in the area. The fraction of living diatom cells in the photic layer averaged 59.4 ± 6.3 % but showed the highest percentages (72.0 %) in stations supporting active blooms. In contrast, populations below the photic layer were 30 dominated by dead cells (20.8 ± 4.9 % living cells). The percentage of diatom's stock found below the photic layer was negatively related to the percentage of living diatoms in the surface, indicating that healthy populations remained in the surface layer. An experiment on board in a tall (1.35 m) sedimentation column confirmed that dead diatom cells from the Arctic community sank faster that living ones. Also, diatoms cell mortality increased in darkness, showing an averaged half life of 1.025 ± 0.075 d -1 . The results conform to a conceptual model where 35 diatoms grow during the bloom until silicic acid stocks are depleted, and support a link between diatom cell health status and sedimentation fluxes in the Arctic. Healthy arctic phytoplankton communities remained at the photic layer, whereas dying communities exported a large fraction of the biomass to the aphotic zone, fuelling carbon sequestration and benthic ecosystems.

To date the final stage in deglaciation of the Greenland shelf, when a contiguous ice sheet margin on the inner shelf transitioned to outlet glaciers in troughs with intervening ice-free areas, we generated cosmogenic 10 Be dates from bedrock knobs on six outlying islands along a stretch of 300 km of the southwestern Greenland coast. Despite 10 Be inheritance influencing some dates, the ages generally support a Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) margin that retreated off the inner shelf during the middle Younger Dryas (YD) period. Published 10 Be-and 14 C-dated records show that this history of the GrIS margin is seen in other parts of Greenland but with large variations in the extent and speed of retreat, sometimes even between neighbouring areas. Areas with a chronology extending into the Allerød period show no marked ice margin change at the Allerød-YD transition except in northernmost Greenland. In contrast, landforms on the shelf (moraines and grounding zone wedges) have been suggested to indicate YD readvances or long-lasting ice margin stillstands on the middle shelf. However, these features have been dated primarily by correlation with cold periods in the ice core temperature records. Ice margin retreat during the middle and late YD is explained by advection of warm subsurface water at the ice margin and by increased seasonality. Our results therefore point to the complexity of the climate-ice margin relation and to the urgent need for direct dating of the early deglaciation history of Greenland.

In the east coast Peninsular Malaysia region, sediments are transported by several rivers from the east Malaysia into the South China Sea estuary. In the vicinity of the five river estuaries core sediments were collected in order to investigate rare earth elements (REEs) profile. Core sediments were divided into strata of between 2 to 4 cm intervals and prepared for analyzing by ICP-AES. REE concentrations of 54.3 μg/gr at 24-26 cm in EC4 increased to 114.1 μg/gr at 20-22 cm in EC5. The measured concentration of LREEs and Fe normalized enrichment factors indicated that sediments were not enriched with light rare earth elements derived from effluents of anthropogenic activities. Results of the total concentration were used to establish baseline data in environmental pollution assessment and to develop the correlations between the Ce/Ce* and Eu/Eu* anomalies and the distribution patterns of some light rare earth elements (LREEs) and the heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). The chondrite-normalized ratios of REEs showed LREEs enrichment and flat HREE depletion.

Eliminating time-consuming post-production processes and delivering high-quality videos in today's fast-paced digital landscape are the key advantages of real-time approaches. To address these needs, we present Real Time GAZED: a real-time adaptation of the GAZED framework integrated with CineFilter, a novel real-time camera trajectory stabilization approach. It enables users to create professionally edited videos in real-time. Comparative evaluations against baseline methods, including the non-real-time GAZED, demonstrate that Real Time GAZED achieves similar editing results, ensuring high-quality video output. Furthermore, a user study confirms the aesthetic quality of the video edits produced by the Real Time GAZED approach. With these advancements in real-time camera trajectory optimization and video editing presented, the demand for immediate and dynamic content creation in industries such as live broadcasting, sports coverage, news reporting, and social media content creation can be met more efficiently.

Soil organic carbon, pH and salinity were monitored in mangrove ecosystem of Indian Sundarbans in five successive years (2006-2010). Samplings were carried out at 14 stations in four different depths (0.01-0.10, 0.10-0.20, 0.20-0.30 and 0.30-0.40 m) during premonsoon period. High organic carbon load is observed in the stations of western Indian Sundarbans (mean = 1.02 Wt %) which are near to the highly urbanized city of Kolkata. The central and eastern sectors under the protected forest area show comparatively less soil organic carbon (mean = 0.64 Wt %). A unique spatial variability in soil salinity and pH was observed with lower values in the western and eastern sectors compared to central sector. Soil pH exhibited a lower value (7.47  0.071) in reserve forest zone (central and eastern sectors) compared to western sector (7.57  0.067). The soil salinity increased with depth, while organic carbon and pH decreased with depth in all the stations. The paper depicts the increase of soil organic carbon and pH due to anthropogenic activities in western Indian Sundarbans, which if continued may decrease the potential of Sundarban soil as carbon sink and make the soil highly saline. Hence curbing of anthropogenic activities may keep the soil characteristics ecologically safe.

The paleoenvironmental impact of the early Aptian Ocean Anoxic Event 1a (OAE 1a, ca. 121 Ma) has been investigated in detail in the Cismon Core (Lombardy Basin, western Tethys) by using different geochemical and micropaleontological proxies. We provide the first high-resolution data of benthic foraminiferal assemblages through the upper Barremian -lower upper Aptian stratigraphic interval. Benthic foraminifera data are integrated with calcareous nannofossil and planktonic foraminifera records to create a comprehensive characterization of bottom and surface waters across 2 OAE 1a. Benthic foraminiferal communities are indicative of a marked change in bottom-waters around the "nannoconid decline" (latest Barremian) due to increased flux of organic matter to the seafloor and intermittent dysoxic conditions probably promoted by pulses of higher productivity during the initial Greater Ontong Java Event (GOJE). Benthic foraminifera experienced a marked crisis in abundance ("benthic foraminiferal crisis" BFC) ca. 35 kyr before the OAE 1a, in correspondence with the "nannoconid crisis" and the onset of the most intense GOJE phase. The literature survey shows that the BFC is commonly recorded before the OAE 1a onset in several stratigraphic sections worldwide, and therefore, it is here proposed as a global event. At Cismon, deep-water anoxia was reached at the OAE 1a onset and lasted for ca. 300 kyr, promoted by higher productivity and eventually enhanced water stratification during the super-greenhouse climate. The continuation of OAE 1a was marked by a benthic foraminiferal repopulation event, probably resulting from the influx of relatively cooler and oxygenated waters. In turn, the OAE 1a was marked by intermittent anoxic to dysoxic conditions, likely in response to primary productivity sustained by N-fixing bacteria. The distribution and abundance of benthic foraminifera documented in other sections across the Selli Level equivalent show different features that point to local factors such as paleodepth and increased runoff. The post-OAE 1a was characterized by dysoxic conditions coupled with moderate organic matter flux to the seafloor. At the Cismon site and worldwide, the termination of OAE 1a coincided with the return of relatively more abundant benthic taxa in response to the restoration of favorable conditions allowing the development of diversified benthic foraminiferal communities.

The version presented here may differ from the published version. If citing, you are advised to consult the published version for pagination, volume/issue and date of publication 1 State of the Science: Mesozoic climates and oceans -a tribute to Hugh

The Latest Danian Event (LDE, ~ 62.2 Ma) is characterized by global changes in the carbon cycle as indicated by two negative δ 13 C excursions of up to ~ 1‰. These δ 13 C shifts are accompanied by a 2-3 °C warming of both surface and deep waters based on benthic and planktic foraminiferal δ 18 O measurements, and the LDE has, thus, been considered as a so-called hyperthermal event. The event lasted for 200 kyr and has been identified in various ocean basins and shallow marine settings. Here, we present a compilation of data from three deep-sea cores covering the Pacific, North and South Atlantic oceans as well as a southern Tethyan shelf section to document the response of planktic foraminifera assemblages to ocean warming. In all studied successions, we observe the disappearance of the planktic foraminifer genus Praemurica on a global scale that took place close to the onset of the LDE. Moreover, on the long run, praemuricids were contemporaneously replaced by morozovellids. Both the decline of Praemurica and a temperature increase started between 200 and 260 kyr before the LDE onset and were punctuated by the LDE itself. In this paper, we propose two mechanisms that have controlled the environmental changes associated with this event, (1) increased activity of the North Atlantic Igneous Province acting on long time-scales, and (2) changes of orbital parameters resulting in insolation changes on shorter time-scales. In contrast to a proposed muted benthic foraminiferal response, the planktic community has been substantially impacted by the LDE as indicated by changes in planktic foraminifera faunas and calcareous nannofossils. Finally, our quantitative and conventional approaches identifying stratigraphically important planktic foraminifera datum levels justify a revision of the upper Danian to lower Selandian planktic foraminifera biozonation.

Site U1512 was drilled during Expedition 369 of the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP), which is located in the Great Australian Bight, southern Indian Ocean. It provides exceptional insights into the benthic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoecology of a high southern latitude restricted marginal marine basin during the Late Cretaceous hot greenhouse climate and the rifting between Australia and Antarctica. The sedimentary sequence recovered at Site U1512 presents a rare record of a deep water agglutinated foraminifera (DWAF) community from the Southern High Latitudes. The Cretaceous record at Site U1512 covers the lower Turonian through Santonian (nannofossil zones UC8b to UC12/CC10b to CC16, H. helvetica to Marginotruncana spp. Planoheterohelix papula Globotruncana linneana planktonic foraminifera zones). Diverse benthic foraminiferal assemblages yield many new taxa that are yet to be described.

Benthic foraminiferal assemblages in ODP holes 1207B, 1214A, 1213A, and 1213B drilled on Shatsky Rise (Pacific Ocean) provided an opportunity to compare all taxa recorded from the Hauterivian to the Albian. The benthic foraminiferal assemblage abundances and compositions confirm an evolutionary deepening of the Shirshov and Tamu Massif during the Early Cretaceous. In the Hauterivian, recovered only at ODP holes 1213A and 1213B, an outer neritic setting (100 -200 m) is 2 inferred. The benthic foraminiferal assemblages display a deepening from an upper bathyal setting (200 -500 m) during the Barremian to a lower bathyal (1000 -2000 m) environment during the Albian. The comparison of the Pacific benthic foraminiferal assemblages with records worldwide indicates that, during the Hauterivian, only very few taxa documented in ODP holes 1213A and 1213B, occur in all bioprovinces, probably because of the shallow-water environment (outer neritic: 100 -200 m) characterizing the Shatsky Rise. Barremian to Albian benthic foraminiferal assemblages observed at Shatsky Rise reveal an affinity with taxa reported from other bioprovinces. Specifically, a strong affinity is observed between the benthic foraminifera from the Shatsky Rise and those documented from the Atlantic Ocean, whereas the affinity with taxa of the Boreal Province and the Western Tethys is less pronounced. The cosmopolitan character of most benthic foraminifera probably benefited from a very efficient circulation interconnecting various oceans in the Early Cretaceous. Concomitantly, many benthic foraminiferal taxa were able to populate different bioprovinces, showing no preference for any particular setting or paleo-latitudes. Differences between benthic foraminiferal assemblages from Shatsky Rise and other bioprovinces seem related to the geographical distance (biogeography) and sitespecific paleobathymetry.

During a spring bloom primarily composed of the centric diatom Thalassiosira paczfca in Dabob Bay, Washington, an unarmored dinoflagellate, Gyrodinium sp., phagocytized chains of Thalassiosira. The diatoms were egested in peritrophic membrane-bound fecal pellets that were collected in sediment traps. The dinoflagellate pellets accounted for an average of 29% (SD = 16%) of the volume of fecal pellet flux at 50 m. The diatoms in the pellets were intact but void of plasma content, thus reducing the flux of both POC and pigments per volume of fecal pellets, as was apparent in the sediment trap measurements. Grazing by these dinoflagellates on the large diatoms and the export of relatively carbon-and pigment-deplete pellets have much different implications for organic material cycling than if the diatoms were consumed by mesozooplankton or if they sank.