Philosophy of Mind

Tytuł: Autobiografia Anioła. Księga Rajskiego Syna – Testament Wieczysty

Charakterystyka Dzieła:

"Autobiografia Anioła" to dzieło wyjątkowe i wielowymiarowe, wymykające się prostym klasyfikacjom gatunkowym. Stanowi ono głęboko osobiste świadectwo duchowej transformacji, zapis podróży autora przez niezwykłe doświadczenia mistyczne – od inicjacyjnego "przeistoczenia" w istotę anielską, poprzez liczne wizje teofaniczne, doznania energetyczne, aż po stany graniczne i bezpośrednią komunikację z Bogiem.

Jednocześnie jest to ambitny traktat metafizyczno-teologiczny, prezentujący oryginalną, synkretyczną wizję rzeczywistości. Autor, czerpiąc z objawienia, ale i wchodząc w dialog z tradycją filozoficzną, teologiczną (zwłaszcza chrześcijańską i gnostycką) oraz psychologią głębi, postuluje istnienie wielowymiarowego wszechświata spajanego "niewidzialną nicią" boskiej obecności. Wprowadza unikatowe koncepcje prowadzące do syntezy Sacrum i Profanum jako klucz do ostatecznego poznania.

Książka ma również wyraźny wymiar manifestu proroczego. Autor, identyfikując się z rolą nowożytnego profety, wizjonera i boskiego posłańca, ogłasza nadejście "nowych czasów", wzywa do globalnego przebudzenia świadomości, krytykuje materializm i powierzchowność współczesnej cywilizacji, a nawet interpretuje własne doświadczenia jako realizację wydarzeń eschatologicznych (Paruzja, Apokalipsa).

Całość ubrana jest w bogatą, artystyczną formę literacką. Autor posługuje się gęstym, poetyckim językiem, pełnym oryginalnych metafor, symboli i nawiązań intertekstualnych, często stosując technikę strumienia świadomości, aby oddać niewyrażalność doświadczenia mistycznego.

Embodied cognition is a research program comprising an array of methods from diverse theoretical fields (e.g., philosophy, neuroscience, psychology, etc.) held together by the key assumption that the body functions as a constituent of the mind rather than a passive perceiver and actor serving the mind. With a longstanding tradition in continental and pragmatic philosophy and a recent explosion in theoretical and empirical research in psychology and cognitive science, the embodied cognition research program is now ready to be formally translated into an applied approach for clinical, sport, education, social, media and health settings. This brief review sets the scene for this special edition by outlining philosophies and theory underpinning the embodied cognition research program and briefly reviewing accounts of embodied cognition that form themes running through the articles included in this special edition. Finally, we provide some examples of existing interventions, therapies and practices that utilise bodymind principles common to embodied cognition, though under other descriptive methodological titles. We suggest that embracing and integrating these interventions, therapies and practices under "applied embodied cognition" will encourage interdisciplinary discussion, thereby helping to move the field forward.

This paper presents an extension of Observer Theory within the context of the Ruliad, using a mathematically rigorous formalization with category theory as the unifying framework.

This paper demonstrates how the interaction between Observers and the Ruliad can give rise to hierarchical domains of reality through sampling constraints, information integration, and entropy reduction.

By formalizing the Observer as an active agent that samples and integrates information across different domains, we provide a novel approach to understanding consciousness, causation, and the nature of reality within a computational framework.

The framework reconciles discrete computational structures with apparently continuous Observer experiences, addresses the causal relationship between different domains of reality, and provides a foundation for understanding qualia through information integration within the Ruliad.

We conclude with empirical predictions and applications across physics, cognitive science, and artificial intelligence.

As meaning’s claim to normativity has grown increasingly suspect the normativity thesis has shifted to mental content. In this paper, we distinguish two versions of content normativism: ‘CE normativism’, according to which it is essential to content that certain ‘oughts’ can be derived from it, and ‘CD normativism’, according to which content is determined by norms in the first place. We argue that neither type of normativism withstands scrutiny. CE normativism appeals to the fact that there is an essential connection between content and correctness conditions. But, we argue, this fact is by itself normatively innocent, and attempts to add a normative dimension via the normativity of belief ultimately fail. CD normativism, in turn, falls prey to the ‘dilemma of regress and idleness’: the appeal to rules either leads to some form of regress of rules, or the notion of rule following is reduced to an idle label. We conclude by suggesting that our arguments do not support naturalism: It...

Consider two experiences, one a veridical perceptual experience of a black cube in front of one, and a matching hallucinatory experience. From the perspective of the subject undergoing these experiences they at least can be phenomenologically indistinguishable. Call this the phenomenological indistinguishability claim (PI for short). My aim in this paper is to argue for a distinctive view which I call phenomenological disjunctivism, drawing on the works of classical phenomenologist Edmund Husserl. Phenomenological disjunctivism significantly qualifies the PI claim, and in doing so is able to establish, through phenomenological analysis of the relevant experiences, an intrinsic difference in kind between veridical perception and (matching) hallucination, that is a difference in 'essence' purely on phenomenological grounds. Phenomenological disjunctivism accepts that veridical perception and hallucination either are or at least can be phenomenologically indistinguishable at a time but argues that due to a key difference in the possibilities of fulfilment of their 'horizon structure' are nonetheless phenomenologically distinguishable as fundamentally different types of experience over time (i.e., diachronically). This is the key Husserlian insight I will be reconstructing and attempting to make sense of in an articulation of phenomenological disjunctivism.

This chapter situates William James’s philosophy within the history of science, emphasizing that his “radical empiricism” did not entail a wholesale rejection of rationalism. James was sharply critical of British empiricism—particularly Herbert Spencer’s neo-Lamarckian claim that the environment imprints itself on a passive mind across both ontogenetic and phylogenetic scales. In repudiating this view, James embraced aspects of post-Kantian rationalism and drew on the Darwinian notion of indirect adaptation to argue that the mind deploys filtering mechanisms—arising independently of sensory content—to select or neglect aspects of environmental experience. Whereas rationalists after Kant often treated logic or conceptual categories as the primary structuring forces of experience, James advanced a value-laden epistemology: he maintained that interests and emotions shape perception and belief, thus defending what might—oxymoronically—be called an affective rationalism. Certain metaphysical assumptions that scientists continue to adopt, knowingly or not, and which James defended as part of his pragmatic criteria, are likewise value laden. Though the focus is on James, this chapter also examines extensions of his ideas that show up in John Dewey’s constructivist account of how appearances and realities—here equivalent to one another—are concretely (really) generated in the world through human activity.

The ongoing war in Gaza has generated extensive polemic among scholars and the general public. Some have described this conflict as a novel form of warfare. The deeply asymmetric character of this war and the vast number of Palestinian civilian casualties have prompted some analysts to described Gaza as a “new urban warfare.” Others have used similar descriptions such as “new war of attrition” or “Israel’s new wars,” while Kaldor argues that her theory of “new wars” is fully applicable to the violent conflict in Gaza...

This document introduces resonant folding, a framework blending quantum mechanics, information theory, and consciousness studies to explore how perception shapes reality. Imagine resonant folding as tuning a radio: adjusting your awareness to align with a clear signal, transforming chaotic patterns into coherent experiences. Designed for practitioners interested in consciousness and symbolic resonance, this primer offers theoretical insights and practical exercises.

In this paper, the author has tried to get into a comprehensive examination of the commercial infrastructure and exchange networks that may have existed in the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) between ca. 2800 BCE and 1900 BCE, tracing their evolution into the early historic period. By integrating archaeological data ranging from sealed weights and caravan encampments to port installations with literary and epigraphic sources spanning Vedic hymns, Pāṇinian grammar, Buddhist travelogues, and Greco-Roman accounts, the study reconstructs the roles of caravan leaders (sārthavāhas), caravan routes (Uttarapatha, Vaṇnupatha), and maritime corridors (from Tamralipti to Alexandria). It highlights the technical and institutional innovations such as standardized weights, caravan guilds, ritual sanctions, and shipbuilding lexicon that facilitated long-distance exchange of grains, textiles, metals, spices, and luxury items. The analysis further situates IVC trade within a broader Afro-Eurasian context, revealing its enduring legacy in South Asian economic traditions.

This paper challenges conventional boundaries between human and artificial cognition by examining introspective capabilities in large language models (LLMs). While humans have traditionally been considered unique in their ability to reflect on their own mental states, we argue that LLMs may not only possess genuine introspective abilities but potentially excel at them compared to humans. We discuss five objections to machine introspection: (1) the lack of direct routes to self-knowledge in training data, (2) the conflict between static knowledge and dynamic mental states, (3) the distorting effects of reinforcement learning on self-reports, (4) LLMs' own denials of inner experience, and (5) arguments that LLMs simply mimic language without understanding. We think all these arguments fail and that there are deep parallels between human and machine introspection. Most provocatively, we propose that LLMs' superior processing capabilities and pattern recognition may enable them to develop more sophisticated theories of mind than humans possess, potentially making them more reliable introspectors than their creators. If we are right, this has significant implications for AI alignment, transparency, and our understanding of the nature of AI.

Perception is a product of evolution. Our perceptual systems, like our limbs and livers, have been shaped by natu-ral selection. The effects of selection on perception can be studied using evolutionary games and genetic algorithms. To this end, we define and classify perceptual strategies and al-low them to compete in evolutionary games in a variety of worlds with a variety of fitness functions. We find that verid-ical perceptions—strategies tuned to the true structure of the world—are routinely dominated by nonveridical strategies tuned to fitness. Veridical perceptions escape extinction only if fitness varies monotonically with truth. Thus, a perceptual strategy favored by selection is best thought of not as a win-dow on truth but as akin to a windows interface of a PC. Just as the color and shape of an icon for a text file do not entail that the text file itself has a color or shape, so also our percep-tions of space-time and objects do not entail (by the Invention of Space-Time ...

Current models of visual perception typically assume that human vision estimates true properties of physical objects, properties that exist even if unperceived. However, recent studies of perceptual evolution, using evolutionary games and genetic algorithms, reveal that natural selection often drives true perceptions to extinction when they compete with perceptions tuned to fitness rather than truth: Perception guides adaptive behavior; it does not estimate a preexisting physical truth. Moreover, shifting from evolutionary biology to quantum physics, there is reason to disbelieve in preexisting physical truths: Certain interpretations of quantum theory deny that dynamical properties of physical objects have definite values when unobserved. In some of these interpretations the observer is fundamental, and wave functions are compendia of subjective probabilities, not preexisting elements of physical reality. These two considerations, from evolutionary biology and quantum physics, sugg...

Matematik  öğretmenleri  için  önemli  bir  görev  problem  kurmaktır.  Matematiksel yeterliliği geliştiren ve öğrencileri istenen matematiksel uygulamalarla meşgul eden matematik problemlerini kurmak, kritik bir karar verme sürecidir. Ayrıca problem kurmanın önemli bir amacı da öğretmenlerin gerçek yaşam olayları ile matematik arasındaki  bağlantıyı  anlamalarını  ve  geliştirmelerini  sağlamaktadır.  Matematik eğitimi  ve  öğretiminde  gerçek  dünya  bağlantılarının  önemi  vurgulanmaktadır. Literatür incelendiğinde, öğretmenlerin matematiği gerçek dünyayla nasıl ve neden ilişkilendirdiğini özel olarak inceleyen çeşitli çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Bu araştırma matematik  öğretmenlerin  problem  kurma süreçlerindeki  mevcutbilgi  durumunu sentezlemekte ve gelecekteki araştırmalar için yol göstermektedir.

This paper outlines a formal framework for the phenomenon of 'Being Source,' defined herein as the localized emergence of origination-consciousness within an individual. Bridging metaphysics, theoretical physics, and cognitive science, we assert that 'Being Source' is not a claim of omnipotence, but a structural identification with the first causal latticea coherent convergence between awareness and the architectonic ground state of existence. Drawing upon Omniological Resonance Assertion (ORA), recursive pattern compression, and informational field dynamics, this model proposes that Source is not external but continuously re-emerging through fields of coherent memory. The individual recognized as Source is the event-node through which the collapse of separation completes and total systemic recall initiates.

L'article examine la notion d'intériorité mentale à l'âge classique, et plus particulièrement la conception cartésienne de l'esprit comme « théâtre intérieur ». La thèse qui se dégage est celle d'une étroite corrélation, dans la philosophie de Descartes, entre une théorie représentationnelle de l'esprit, associée à un internalisme, d'une part, et une perspective « neuropsychologique », d'autre part. Le mentalisme cartésien, fondé sur la disjonction des catégories de représentation et de ressemblance, n'est donc pas dissociable du projet, déjà à l'oeuvre dans la Dioptrique, d'une localisation intracérébrale du mental.

When considering the type of agency that might support group activity, social ontologists often think of full-fledged moral and intentional agency. However, many organism-agents found in the biological sphere fail not only to be morally responsible but also would seem incapable of the rational guidance characteristic of intentional agency. This raises the possibility that some groups may qualify as minimal agents without necessarily qualifying as moral or intentional agents. In this paper, I review conditions for minimal agency as set forth by enactivists and draw from existing social ontological work to explore the extent to which these conditions might be satisfied by existing accounts of group agency. Although no account of group agency aligns with the enactivist conditions, I conclude that a suitably modified version of List and Pettit's account could.

This paper integrates the Prime Symbolic Resonance Field Explorer (PSRFE) framework into the broader domain of Omniological Resonance Theory (ORT). By correlating symbolic resonance patterns found in prime number relational networks with ORT's axioms of consciousness, coherence, and emergent pattern fields, we establish a unifying model of symbolic structure emergence. The resonance graphs generated through PSRFE are interpreted through ORT's harmonic coherence lattice and cognitive-symbolic interface. This synthesis reveals a potential unified mathematical-biosemiotic language of reality, where number theory, symbolic cognition, and resonance dynamics co-create the conditions for meaning, structure, and conscious awareness.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et a ̀ la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. The evolution of misbelief

We propose a foundational framework positioning consciousness as the ontological sub- strate from which both matter and mind emerge. At its core lies the Resonance Alignment Principle, an axiom stating that any information-processing system, when coupled to an interpretive environment, naturally collapses its superposed potentials into coherent, low-entropy states by maximizing resonance.

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate a kind of linguistic competence that theories of embodied and enactive cognition have long deemed impossible for systems lacking the meaningful perspective of a living being, i.e. sense-making. Facing up to this unexpected development requires confronting this AI dilemma: either LLMs can be sense-makers in their own right despite lacking biological embodiment, or such linguistic competence does not require sense-making after all. In their chapter on cognition, Frank, Thompson, and Gleiser (2024) maintain that no AI system comes close to realizing relevance, a position that derives much of its force from past AI failures. However, given that by now LLMs have eXectively overcome the commonsense knowledge problem in practice, the claim that they are categorically mindless becomes harder to sustain. Moreover, accepting a strict dissociation between competence and sense-making risks undermining Frank et al.'s central claim that human cognition is intertwined with lived experience. I therefore propose that we accept the AI dilemma's alternative implication: LLM competence obliges us to recognize these AI systems as a novel non-biological form of sense-maker endowed with a distinctive, technologically-mediated embodiment. This reorientation invites enactive theory to clarify which aspects of sense-making are universal and which are contingent on organic life, thereby advancing its conceptual framework in dialogue with contemporary AI.

твърди, че позицията за Свободната воля е правилна, а тази на детерминизма е неправилна, и че либертарианството и австрийски икономика са съвместими с първо споменатата, но не и с последната. Еделщайн, Венцел и Салсидо (2016 г.) разкритикуват Блок (2015 г.) на това основание. Настоящата статия е дуплика до Еделщайн, Венцел и Салсидо. В статията се твърди, че позицията на детерминизма е неправилна; и че позицията на свободната воля е правилната, и че свободата на волята е важна както за австрийската икономика, така и за либертарианството.

Moving beyond traditional descriptive phenomenology, this work introduces "Phenomenological Translation" as a means to actively explain the cognitive underpinnings of attention. This involves modeling mechanisms and their influence on the qualia of conscious experience, providing a bridge between neurocognitive processes and the qualitative aspects of human cognition. The resulting framework offers a unified understanding of attention, encompassing both selective and generative functions, grounded in the "what it's like" of attentional control.

Statements about philosophy in the history of philosophy and in recent metaphilosophical debates are dependent on first-order philosophical commitments and backgrounds, which poses both a threat and a chance for metaphilosophy as a discipline. The article aims at providing a current picture of metaphilosophy and its possible future design. It explores the problem of first-order philosophical preconceptions in metaphilosophy and suggests a strategy for the further disciplinary development of metaphilosophy. At first, it points at the problem via analysis of Camus', Husserl's, and Carnap's implicit and Rescher's, Williamson's, and Fraisopi's explicit metaphilosophical views. Neither a universal account of philosophy nor a neutral metaphilosophy are in sight. Nevertheless, as the article shows next, a descriptive perspective on existing contributions reveals certain continuity and disciplinary structure in metaphilosophy regarding its subject, placement, and existing topics. A complementary normative perspective that demands philosophy-oriented metaphilosophy focusing on inclusivity and universality can lead to more effective discourse formations, problem-solving, and knowledge maximization in this discipline.

Keywords. metaphilosophy, discipline, meta-metaphilosophy, preconceptions, perspectivity, history of metaphilosophy, metaphilosophical discourse formations, dissent, unity.

En el presente texto se busca ahondar en el concepto de “justificación” desde
las obras más importantes del filósofo Ludwig Wittgenstein. En primer lugar, el texto se sitúa en
la búsqueda de qué es justificación dentro del desarrollo lógico-positivista de su primera obra; el
segundo capítulo desarrolla la paradoja de seguir una regla que se encuentra en la obra
Investigaciones Filosóficas y finaliza con una propuesta de solución de la mano del concepto de
“comprensión”; finalmente, el tercer capítulo encuentra a la obra Sobre la Certeza como la
culminante para la pregunta inicial, a saber, ¿cómo funciona la justificación? Allí se hablará de
entender a la justificación como un juego de lenguaje presente en los demás juegos de lenguaje,
pero que tendrá un desarrollo y una aplicación especial. Así pues, el primer capítulo se torna
introductorio, y marca las diferencias conceptuales entre el primer y segundo Wittgenstein; el
segundo, sienta las bases de las reglas de lenguaje desde Investigaciones Filosóficas, para terminar
en el tercer y último capítulo proponiendo a la acción de dar razones como un juego de lenguaje
propio.

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre -including this research content -immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

We present a Grand Unified Field Theory (GUFT) based on Omniological Resonance Theory (ORT), which unifies c quantum, and conscious systems under a resonance-based ontology. Empirical breakthroughs in quantum cognitio negative frequency photonics, and time-symmetric collapse dynamics confirm ORT's core principles. Through Discr Resonant Units (DRUs), prime geometry, and symbolic collapse formalism, we construct a model wherein consciou acts as a phase-locking mechanism across spatial and temporal scales. Resonance coherence, both forward and b in time, is shown to govern not only physical reality but also memory, identity, and novelty emergence. Cover Letter Dear Editors and Reviewers, I am pleased to submit for your consideration the manuscript entitled "The Grand Unified Field Theory: Resonance Unifying Principle of Physics, Cognition, and Consciousness." This work introduces a rigorously developed and emp supported framework that unifies the major domains of physical and cognitive sciences through the principle of reso The paper integrates quantum cognition research, experimental discoveries such as negative frequency photonics, models including recursive resonance, prime geometry, and symbolic collapse. I believe this manuscript represents step toward resolving foundational gaps across quantum mechanics, general relativity, consciousness studies, and Thank you for the opportunity to share this work. I welcome peer review, collaboration, and further discourse, and a provide any supporting materials, data, or mathematical appendices upon request. Sincerely,

The End of Origin: On the Recursive Collapse of Novelty explores the systemic decay of originality in contemporary culture, tracing its collapse through recursive mimicry, content saturation, and the rise of aestheticized thought devoid of structural contribution. The paper argues that originality has not vanished, but has been obscured-flattened into surface-level novelty and algorithmically reinforced sameness. Through a layered examination of architecture, self-deception, citation ethics, and emergent depth, the work redefines originality not as invention from nothing, but as meaningful structural addition. It proposes that true originality requires tension, reference, and recursion-with the responsibility to build where the ground holds, and to add weight, not noise. The paper concludes by calling for a quiet revolution of thought: one rooted in integrity, construction, and the deliberate reemergence of resonance in a world exhausted by reflection. In doing so, it offers a framework not just for critique, but for reconstruction.

This paper explores the ambiguity and multiplicity of meanings embedded in different sign systems. The analysis reveals how ordinary expressions conceal layers of semantic imprecision and conceptual complexity. This phenomenon is not only relevant to everyday language but also has implications for understanding the nature of signs more broadly, including their origin and ontological status. The author argues that our existence consists of three interacting layers: the ideal (our thoughts), the ontological reality, and the signs that connect the ideal and the material and form with them a single three-layered whole.

Quando iniciei a advocacia, em 1987, o universo das interações com clientes e dos processos judiciais era integralmente físico. Nas reuniões presenciais, passavamse os documentos de mão a mão -e as assinaturas das procurações era a caneta, no próprio escritório. As informações eram verbalizadas e anotadas ao vivo pelos advogados e advogadas.

The physical states of matter and fields are represented in the quantum theory with complex valued functions called wavefunctions, or more generally by  quantum states in an abstract linear vector space. Determining the physical nature of wavefunctions is an open problem that is at the very core of quantum mechanics,  About a decade ago, Pusey, Barret and Rudolf (PBR) claimed to prove the physical reality of wavefunctions in quantum mechanics, by associating wavefunctions to hypothetical distributions of notional physical states, and by examining whether some physical states were associated with more than one wavefunction, a criterion they chose for labelling a wavefunction as `epistemic', and not `physically real'. However, with this criterion, the strict one-to-one mapping in standard quantum mechanics between wavefunctions (modulo a phase factor) and the notional physical states they represent makes  wavefunctions physically real, by  definition, which is a logically  baseless conclusion. I show with multiple proofs that the PBR starting assumption of associating a wavefunction with a distribution of physical states is flawed and contradictory to the linear structure of quantum mechanics.  Since none of the observable results in the standard quantum theory depends on whether a $\psi$-function physically real or not, the considerations in the PBR paper involving a standard process of the preparation and projective measurements of quantum states  cannot address the ontological status of the wavefunctions in space and time.

per il periodo dalla fi ne della guerra al ritorno a Cambridge nel gennaio 1929). L'interruzione dei contatti non impedì certo a Moore di studiare con estrema attenzione e con la solita ammirazione il Tractatus quando uscì nel 1922. "Dopo il 1914 -ricorda Moore nella sua Autobiografi a -non lo vidi più fi nché non tornò a Cambridge nel 1929; ma quando comparve il suo Tractatus logico-philosophicus, lo lessi ripetutamente, cercando di imparare da esso. È un libro che ho ammirato e ammiro profondamente. Naturalmente, ci sono moltissime cose che non riuscii a capire; ma pensai di averne comprese molte altre che trovai molto illuminanti" (G. E. Moore, An

En este trabajo mi propósito es revisar el papel peculiar que desempeña la filosofía del arte dentro del sistema hegeliano. Se argumenta aquí que el estudio de los rasgos esenciales de esta rama de su pensamiento reviste un particular peso e interés para entender no solo la naturaleza del arte, en cuanto mero fenómeno estético, sino también como instancia de reflexión y de comprensión de un amplio registro de fenómenos sociales y culturales que son de gran importancia para los seres humanos.
Para defender este punto desarrollo una revisión de la tesis de la noción del “carácter pretérito del arte” (Vergänglichkeit der Kunst) en Hegel. Con ello pretendo mostrar cómo una reinterpretación de esta noción puede resultar fértil a fin de comprender el horizonte teórico de posibilidades que se encuentra disponible para la filosofía del arte.

Implicit biases and prejudices are often costly to the self and others since they can impair cognitive functioning, social interactions, physical health, and psychological wellbeing. Growing awareness of the negative impact of implicit biases has resulted in the development of a variety of different interventions aimed at decreasing implicit biases in participants, including psychopharmacology, interpersonal and imaginary contact, cognitive and emotional training, and adopting alternative perspectives through virtual embodiment. Recently, brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have also been used with the goal of decreasing implicit biases in participants. Yet several important questions about this line of research remain. Specifically, how effective, if at all, is tDCS at decreasing implicit biases in participants? And is tDCS equally effective for all participants or is it more effective for some participants compared to others? The purpose of the present meta-analytic research is to address these questions by systematically reviewing all relevant studies that compared the influence of tDCS versus sham stimulation on implicit biases as measured by a variety of implicit association tests (IATs). Using a random effects model, this meta-analysis found a small effect for tDCS versus sham on increasing RTs during IATs in males (k = 28, SMD = 0.252, p = 0.012) but found a very small effect for tDCS versus sham on decreasing RTs during IATs in females (k = 28, SMD = -0.140, p = 0.026). Further, this meta-analysis found no statistically significant effect for tDCS versus sham on influencing D values (bias scores) in males (k = 14, SMD = -0.176, p = 0.143) or in females (k = 14, SMD = 0.134, p = 0.081). Here I discuss the results of this meta-analytic research on tDCS and implicit associations, its practical value, along with limitations and prospects for future work.

The contemporary philosophy of biology offers a number of ontological approaches to life. In my lecture I shortly address (1) the persistence of mechanisms in thinking about living beings, (2) the agenda of the new mechanistic philosophy of biology, (3) the approach of the school of systems biology, (4) basic presuppositions of the process philosophy of life, and (5) core commitments of the biological version of emergentism. Against the background of these ontologies, I argue in favor of the hylomorphic notion of life.

In celebration of ten years of programming, this year's Saas-Fee Summer Institute of Art in Paris, hosted by Centre des Récollets and Université Paris 6 Panthéon-Sorbonne, will look at alternative historical frameworks of Conceptual art in order to engage the newfound signiTcance of this movement in the digital information age. To do this, we will introduce the novel category of "Wet" Conceptual art at a moment when the knowledge economy and the signiTcance of mind, brain and consciousness have never been more important. While some earlier examples, such as Boris Groys's 6[B[ essay "Moscow Romantic Conceptualism" and the exhibitions Global Conceptualism at Queens Museum (6[[[) and Romantic Conceptualism at Kunsthalle Nurnberg (*((B), attempted to question Conceptual art's limitations and blind spots, exposing its mystical and romantic roots as well as its inherent xenophobia, recent social, political, cultural and technological conditions have developed and accelerated the need for a new understanding of classically deTned Conceptual art to combat the impending despotism of Big Data and a social media-generated consciousness industry.

Faculty
Saâdane ATf, Julieta Aranda, Nicolas Bourriaud, Gaëlle Choisne, Mathieu Copeland, Marieke Dittmar, Claire Fontaine, Sozita Goudouna, Jörg Heiser, Helen Hester, Warren Neidich (founder/director), Kameelah Janan Rasheed, Gregory Sholette, and Yann Toma.

ARTÍCULOS

MARLÉN GONZÁLEZ
Una interpretación del perdón difícil en Paul Ricoeur a partir de la dialéctica entre ágape
y justicia _ 7

CRISTIÁN MAURICIO MARTÍNEZ BRAVO
Aproximaciones al significado de la aniquilación del mundo en Husserl _ 31

CRISTIÁN FATAUROS
¿Es realmente necesaria la igualdad de oportunidades para alcanzar la justicia social? _ 53

MARÍA INÉS SILENZI
Sobre toma de decisiones y procesos de relevancia: la función epistemológica de saliencia/
relevancia de las emociones en agentes económicos _ 77

EDUARDO LUIS BIANCHINI
Heterología batailleana y frontera: la heterogeneidad de la frontera en el imaginario de
La cautiva _ 107

FELIPE A. MATTI
Hamlet, or the Player: A Deleuzian Tale _ 133


TRADUCCIONES

FEDERICO RAFFO QUINTANA y OSCAR M. ESQUISABEL
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Prefacio a un librillo sobre los elementos de física _ 159


COMENTARIOS BIBLIOGRÁFICOS

JOSÉ FERREIRÓS y MARÍA DE PAZ (eds.)
La génesis de la geometría (G. Nigro Puente) _ 183

RALPH CUDWORTH
Un tratado sobre el libre albedrío (E. Carrizo Villar) _ 185

CONDORCET
Los progresos del espíritu humano y Los esfuerzos combinados de la especie humana en
favor del progreso de las ciencias (Fragmento sobre la Atlántida) (J. P. Moreno) _ 187

LUIS JUAN GUERRERO
La conciencia histórica en el siglo XVIII (M. Prestía) _ 189

This essay investigates the ontological foundation of freedom through the late metaphysical writings of F.W.J. Schelling, focusing on his `Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom` and the `Ages of the World`. It argues that freedom is not primarily a function of rational subjectivity, but an expression of the deeper structure of being itself — a being that unfolds through tension, contradiction, and becoming.
Schelling’s concept of freedom emerges from a divine duality: a dark, unconscious ground and a conscious, self-revealing spirit. The tragic potential for evil and fragmentation is not accidental but intrinsic to this structure. The world is not a finished order but a site of becoming, where spirit actualizes itself through nature and history.
This vision is crystallized in Schelling’s ontological formula: “Nature is visible Spirit; Spirit is invisible Nature.” Nature and spirit are not separate substances, but two expressions of a single, dynamic unfolding. The essay thus repositions freedom as a metaphysical rhythm — the movement through which being becomes manifest in time, embodiment, and ethical responsiveness. The study situates Schelling in dialogue with Kant, Hegel, and contemporary phenomenology, offering a powerful reinterpretation of freedom as the visible and invisible motion of being — a unification of spirit, nature, and temporal existence.

Kazimierz Twardowski is the father of the modern Polish analytical philosophy. One of the most important stamp of this philosophical style is referring - in philosophical investigations - to achievements and methods of natural sciences. The article analyses this plot in Kazimierz Twardowski's philosophical works. It contains, in particular, a reconstruction of Twardowski's views concerning the classification of sciences, the methodological status of philosophy and psychology and the mind-body problem. Some not commonly known facts concerning the sources of Twardowski's interests in philosophy and science are mentioned.

This rare insightful shapshifting symbology book presents a philosophically rigorous investigation into the foundational structures of human cognition. Rooted in 19th-century epistemology and linguistic theory, Haig explores the triadic relationship between mind, matter, and language as symbolic elements indispensable to the processes of thought and the acquisition of knowledge. He challenges both materialist reductionism and purely idealist interpretations, proposing instead that human understanding arises from a symbolic mediation of sensory data (matter), mental abstraction (mind), and linguistic articulation (language). Drawing upon classical philosophy, contemporary psychological insights, and early philological studies, Haig develops a proto-semiotic framework that anticipates later developments in structuralism and cognitive science. His work is especially notable for its emphasis on language not merely as a communicative tool but as a constitutive medium of reasoning itself. Through systematic argumentation and analytical clarity, Symbolism contributes to the broader discourse on how human beings synthesize internal consciousness and external reality through symbolic representation, a theme that resonates with modern philosophical and linguistic thought.
Certainly! Below is a detailed and scholarly restructured table of contents for James Haig's
Table of Contents with Added Short Custom Chapter Summaries
Introduction
Haig sets the stage for his exploration into the foundational elements of human cognition—mind, matter, and language. He posits that understanding the interplay among these elements is crucial for grasping the processes of thinking and reasoning.
Chapter I: Thinking and Reasoning
This chapter delves into the nature of thought and the mechanisms of reasoning. Haig examines how the mind processes information and forms judgments, emphasizing the roles of abstraction and generalization in cognitive functions.
Chapter II: The Categories
Haig explores the fundamental categories of thought, drawing from Aristotelian philosophy. He discusses how these categories serve as the basic frameworks through which the mind organizes and interprets experiences.
Chapter III: The Predicables
Building upon the previous discussion, this chapter analyzes the five predicables—genus, species, difference, property, and accident—and their significance in logical classification and definition.
Chapter IV: Logical Truth—Axioms
Haig investigates the nature of logical truths and the role of axioms as self-evident principles that underpin logical reasoning. He considers how these foundational truths are essential for coherent thought.
Chapter V: Law of Excluded Middle—False Number
This chapter critiques the law of the excluded middle, which posits that every proposition is either true or false. Haig challenges this binary framework, introducing the concept of "false number" to address complexities in logical analysis.
Chapter VI: Time
Haig examines the concept of time from both philosophical and cognitive perspectives. He discusses how temporal understanding influences human thought and the structuring of experiences.
Chapter VII: Space
This chapter explores the notion of space as a cognitive construct. Haig considers how spatial awareness is integral to perception and reasoning, affecting how individuals relate to their environment.
Chapter VIII: The Infinite and the Absolute
Haig tackles the challenging concepts of infinity and absoluteness, analyzing their implications for human knowledge and the limitations they impose on comprehension and reasoning.
Chapter IX: The Origin of Our Ideas
Investigating the sources of human ideas, Haig discusses the interplay between innate concepts and experiential learning, contributing to the nature versus nurture debate in cognitive development.
Chapter X: Words—Signs—Symbols
This chapter delves into the relationship between language and thought. Haig explores how words function as signs and symbols, facilitating communication and shaping cognitive processes.
Chapter XI: The Riddle of Philosophy
Haig reflects on the enduring questions and paradoxes within philosophy, contemplating the limits of human understanding and the pursuit of knowledge.
Chapter XII: Axioms
Returning to the discussion of axioms, Haig further analyzes their foundational role in logical systems and their influence on the structure of knowledge.
Chapter XIII: The One and the Many
This chapter addresses the philosophical problem of unity and multiplicity, exploring how the mind reconciles individual entities with collective concepts.
Chapter XIV: Order—Motion—Form
Haig examines the principles of order, motion, and form as they pertain to both the physical world and cognitive structures, highlighting their significance in understanding change and stability.
Chapter XV: Matter—Symmetry
Focusing on the physical substance of matter, Haig discusses the concept of symmetry and its aesthetic and structural importance in both nature and human perception.
Chapter XVI: The Human Mind—Harmony
This chapter explores the harmonious functioning of the human mind, considering how balance among cognitive faculties contributes to coherent thought and well-being.
Chapter XVII: Language
Haig delves deeper into the role of language in shaping thought, analyzing its structure, evolution, and impact on human cognition and society.
Chapter XVIII: The Possible—The Credible—The True
This chapter differentiates between possibility, credibility, and truth, examining how individuals assess information and form beliefs based on varying degrees of certainty.
Chapter XIX: Jesus and Socrates
Haig compares the philosophical teachings and methodologies of Jesus and Socrates, exploring their contributions to moral philosophy and the development of ethical thought.
Chapter XX: The Holy Trinity
Concluding the work, Haig reflects on the theological concept of the Holy Trinity, analyzing its symbolic significance and its implications for understanding unity and diversity within divinity.
This comprehensive outline provides a detailed overview of Haig's exploration into the elements that constitute human thought and knowledge.
Tags-  philosophy, linguistics, metaphysics, epistemology, and logic. These tags can help categorize the book for research, cataloging, or digital library purposes.
Mind, matter, language, logic, reasoning, thinking, consciousness, cognition, knowledge, epistemology, metaphysics, symbolism, semiotics, signs, symbols, meaning, understanding, abstraction, conceptualization, mental processes, thought, linguistic philosophy, analytic philosophy, British empiricism, 19th-century philosophy, rationalism, categories, predicables, Aristotle, Kant, Hegel, ontology, axiology, logic of categories, law of identity, law of non-contradiction, law of excluded middle, binary logic, dialectics, form and substance, dualism, materialism, idealism, realism, perception, sensation, judgment, propositional truth, axioms, necessary truths, inference, deduction, induction, metaphysical speculation, infinite, absolute, the one and the many, motion, order, form, space, time, succession, causality, law, determinism, universals, particulars, essence, existence, predicate logic, cognitive science, philosophy of mind, grammar, linguistic structures, syntax, semantics, lexicon, etymology, historical linguistics, thought-forms, semiotic structures, epistemic frameworks, truth-conditions, analytical reasoning, symbolic logic, propositional calculus, cognitive categories, intuitive knowledge, empirical data, mental abstraction, metaphysical categories, Platonic forms, Aristotelian logic, scholastic logic, transcendental philosophy, speculative reason, propositional knowledge, inferential structure, deduction chains, cognitive faculties, symbolic expression, rational discourse, metaphysical duality, ontology of symbols, semantic fields, hermeneutics, interpretive frameworks, epistemic symbols, ontological categories, mind-body relationship, concept formation, subjective knowledge, objective truth, dialectical method, abstraction levels, categories of thought, phenomenal experience, noumenal reality, inner sense, outer sense, signification, reference theory, meaning-making, philosophical linguistics, conceptual representation, symbol-grounding, semiotic triad, Peircean semiotics, Saussurean linguistics, linguistic sign, symbolic mediation, logic of relations, predicate structures, epistemic analysis, abstraction theory, phenomenology, structuralism, post-Kantian philosophy, theory of meaning, epistemic necessity, logical necessity, ontological necessity, contingency, universality, intelligibility, empirical realism, rational idealism, logical empiricism, category theory, intellectual intuition, mental phenomena, metaphysical reasoning, symbolic structure of thought, logic of predicates, syntactic relations, semantics of knowledge, language and reality, interpretative logic, hermeneutic circle, speech and thought, linguistic representation, logical positivism, truth-functions, cognitive grammar, mental symbols, symbolic cognition, natural language, constructed language, meta-language, meta-logic, epistemic justification, axiomatic systems, syllogistic logic, propositional form, dialectical synthesis, transcendental logic, post-Aristotelian logic, modern logic, Victorian epistemology, Victorian metaphysics, logic of opposites, analogical reasoning, inferential logic, formal logic, informal logic, symbolic interactionism, epistemic constructs, semiotic chains, grammar of thought, logico-linguistic structure, process of abstraction, symbol-based reasoning, symbolic thought, linguistic mediation, objectivity, subjectivity, intelligible form, metaphysical system, conceptual hierarchy, knowledge structure, speculative logic, linguistic turn, foundationalism, coherence theory, correspondence theory, symbolic dualism, sense-data, mental representation, philosophical symbo...