Positive Psychology

The aim of the research was to examine the incidence and characteristics of smoking tobacco, alcohol consumption and the abuse of different types of drugs among Croatian youth. The research was conducted on a representative sample (N=2 823) of Croatian high school students. A comprehensive questionnaire was devised for examining the frequency of smoking, alcohol consumption and abuse of various drugs along with the characteristics of the examinees and their families. The results were analysed with regard to age and gender differences regarding the frequency of substance abuse. During their lives 21.2% of high school students tried drugs, and a total of one fourth of those who tried drugs did it by the age of fifteen. The abuse of drugs is most widespread in the southern coastal area of Croatia, and in the City of Zagreb and northern coastal area. Within the month preceding the research, 62.2% of students consumed alcohol, 47.1% had successively five or more drinks in a day. Four fif...

Maintaining a good working environment devoid of interpersonal conflict is critical for the survival of a company in a competitive environment such as the hospitality sector as it can greatly influence performance. Limited literature and studies related to interpersonal conflict exist in the hotel sector in Kenya, hence the need for this study. This study investigated the effect of interpersonal conflict on organizational performance of selected hotels in Kisii town. This was carried out by investigating the types, outcomes and strategies for managing interpersonal conflict. The study employed both descriptive survey and explanatory research designs. It targeted a population of 368 employees of purposively selected hotels. A sample size comprising 194 employees were selected using stratified random sampling. Questionnaires were used to collect data which was validated through a pilot test while reliability was measured using the Cronbach‟s Alpha. The data was analysed using descript...

In the working world, the personality of a worker or employee is one of the crucial things to know. Personality can be seen from various things, including behavior patterns, to understand better how someone acts in certain situations. This study looks at the MCDL Day's Instrument as a personality measurement tool compared to the Papikostick test. This research method uses a cross-sectional quantitative approach. The research subjects were 235 people aged 17-34 years. The reliability test used a composite score. The validity test used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and concurrent criteria. The results showed that the reliability test of the composite score is 0.616 with the results of the CFA loading factor 0.30 with 18 valid items and four dimensions explaining 23% of the variables. For the criteria validity, there is no significant relationship between the MCDL Day's instrument and the dimensions in Papikostick.

An orientation to promote good (i.e., a disposition to take actions that contribute to the good of oneself and others) has been associated with better health and well-being outcomes. However, less is known about how orientation to promote good differs across countries and across sociodemographic groups within different countries. Using a sample of 202,898 adults from 22 diverse countries, this study examined the distribution of orientation to promote good across key sociodemographic groups within each country separately, and cross-nationally by pooling estimates across countries. Our results suggest that population mean levels of promoting good vary substantially across countries. In the pooled results, the means of promoting good also vary across most of the sociodemographic factors that we examined. Specifically, individuals who are older, female, married, employed or retired, highly educated, attending religious services frequently, and native-born reported higher means of promoting good than those in other demographic groups. In country-specific analyses, the sociodemographic variation in promoting good also differs across countries, indicating diverse societal influences. This study provides novel insights into the social distribution of orientation to promote good, which paves the way for future investigations into sociocultural influences that may shape individuals' expression of character across different national contexts.

Few empirical studies have focused on young children's happiness (high positive affect and low negative affect) and specifically whether it is related to adult wellbeing. Adult well-being indices (e.g., life satisfaction, workplace hope, and optimism) may have developmental roots in early affect. In the 28-year Fullerton Longitudinal Study (N = 129) we examined positive affect and negative affect as independent constructs during infancy (parent report) and adolescence (self-report) to determine their relationship to global adult life satisfaction (self-report). In addition, we tested the generalizability of the effects of positive and negative affect in relation to domain-specific adult well-being constructs (i.e., workplace hope and optimism), which hold utility for concurrent and prospective well-being. Structural equation modeling revealed that positive affect during infancy and adolescence each uniquely predicted adult life satisfaction. In a separate model for a subsample of employed adults, infant positive affect showed significant positive associations with workplace hope and optimism. Neither infant nor adolescent negative affect predicted any adult well-being outcomes. Our results highlight the need for more developmental studies examining the relationship between children's positive and negative affect and long-term well-being.

This book is thus primarily addressed to parents, caregivers, adults from all categories involved in the domestic/ communal upbringing and education of children, as well as the school environment, teachers, school counselors, authors of school programs and textbooks, as well as therapists, counselors, and coaches outside the school system engaged in support and intervention activities with children to prepare them for adult life through personal development. Of course, it is also addressed to the academic environment, teaching staff and students from the socio-human sphere, who prepare professionals for the fields of education, psychology/psychotherapy, social assistance, etc.
The book posits that the foundational skills, values, and attitudes developed during childhood are crucial in shaping a person's future trajectory. By embedding both personal and social development into the structure of early education and upbringing, we empower children to become not only successful individuals but also responsible and compassionate members of society.
In essence, the book advocates for a paradigm shift in how we view and approach personal development. It calls for an early and integrated focus on cultivating both personal and social dimensions, laying a solid foundation for a life that is not only successful in the traditional sense but also rich in purpose and connection. The sophisticated relationship between personal and social development is not just a concept but a lived reality, essential for the well-being of both individuals and communities. By fostering personal and social development in childhood, parents, teachers, counselors, therapists equip children with the essential tools they need to confront the challenges of life. They learn to:
– Cultivate self-awareness and emotional intelligence: Understanding their own thoughts, feelings, and motivations empowers them to make informed decisions and build healthy relationships.
– Develop resilience and coping mechanisms: They gain the ability to overcome challenges, adapt to change, and manage stress effectively.
– Embrace empathy and social responsibility: They learn to consider the perspectives of others, foster positive relationships, and contribute meaningfully to their communities.
The insights presented in this book have profound implications for education, parenting and therapeutic practices. They can play a pivotal role in nurturing personal development in children with the goal of personal success and social integration in adulthood by:
- Creating, fostering a safe and encouraging space where children feel valued, respected, and empowered to explore their potential.
– Encouraging and providing opportunities for children to engage in activities that spark their curiosity, develop their talents, and build their self-confidence.
– Modeling positive values and behaviors, demonstrating empathy, compassion, and social responsibility through our own actions, setting a strong example for children to follow.
Interventions and support should be tailored to the child's specific needs and developmental stage, also requiring open and ongoing communication between all stakeholders to monitor progress and address any challenges. By recognizing the interconnectedness of these three spheres and adopting a coordinated, holistic approach, we can empower children to embark on a complex and sinuous process/ way of personal growth that paves the way to a successful and fulfilling adulthood.

For more than 5000 years, people have cultivated flowers although there is no known reward for this costly behavior. In three different studies we show that flowers are a powerful positive emotion “inducer”. In Study 1, flowers, upon presentation to women, always elicited the Duchenne or true smile. Women who received flowers reported more positive moods 3 days later. In Study 2, a flower given to men or women in an elevator elicited more positive social behavior than other stimuli. In Study 3, flowers presented to elderly participants (55+ age) elicited positive mood reports and improved episodic memory. Flowers have immediate and long-term effects on emotional reactions, mood, social behaviors and even memory for both males and females. There is little existing theory in any discipline that explains these findings. We suggest that cultivated flowers are rewarding because they have evolved to rapidly induce positive emotion in humans, just as other plants have evolved to induce var...

The relationship between forgiveness and depression delves into the significant role of forgiveness in alleviating depressive symptoms. In this study a literature review spanning a decade of studies highlights the negative correlations between forgiveness and depression, establishing key propositions that suggest that unforgiveness is linked to poor mental health, while forgiveness acts as a beneficial coping strategy. The results reveal that engaging in forgiveness significantly diminishes depressive symptoms, enhances emotional well-being, strengthens interpersonal relationships, and lowers anxiety levels, contributing to an overall improved mental health. By emphasizing the transformative power of forgiveness, this research highlights its potential as a crucial therapeutic tool for enhancing resilience, emotional health, and ultimately leading to a more positive and fulfilling life experience.

In this article, we describe the statistical and design methodology of the demographic variation analyses used as part of a coordinated set of manuscripts for wave 1 of the Global Flourishing Study (GFS). Aspects covered include the following: childhood predictors regression analyses, accounting for the complex sampling design, missing data and imputation, sensitivity analysis for unmeasured confounding and meta-analysis. We provide a brief illustrative example of the childhood predictor analyses using the sense of mastery construct indicator from the GFS survey and conclude by outlining some strengths and limitations of the methodology employed.

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menguji hubungan antara psikopathi, psikopatologi dan estim kendiri. Dalam kajian ini, seramai 82 remaja perempuan telah dipilih dari beberapa buah sekolah menengah di Melaka (min umur 16.3 tahun, julat umur 14-17 tahun) telah ditadbirkan dengan soal selidik Antisocial Process Screening Device, Symptoms Checklist-90-Revised dan Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan tret psikopathi, psikopatologi dan estim kendiri tidak mempunyai korelasi yang signifikan( r = -0.009, r=0.087, dan r = 0.114). Oleh itu, estim kendiri dan psikopatologi bukan peramal yang baik kepada tret psikopathi. Kajian ini telah mencadangkan aspek lain dalam tret psikopathi seperti perbezaan jantina, pengaruh rakan, keluarga dan cara asuhan ibu bapa perlu diambil kira dalam kajian pada masa depan. Selain itu, rawatan untuk psikopathi perlu mengambil kira latar belakang subjek dan menggunakan pendekatan yang multidimensi.

In this article, we describe the statistical and design methodology of the demographic variation analyses used as part of a coordinated set of manuscripts for wave 1 of the Global Flourishing Study (GFS). Aspects covered include the following: evaluating demographic variation, accounting for the complex sampling design, missing data and imputation, and meta-analysis. We provide a brief illustrative example of the demographic variation analyses using a measure of purpose in life from the GFS survey and conclude by outlining some strengths and limitations of the analytic and statistical methodology employed.

INTRODUÇÃO: O sentido de humor tem sido estudado como uma estratégia para lidar com adversidade, sendo considerado um importante mecanismo de coping, utilizado em situações de stress. OBJETIVO: Verificar a relação entre sentido de humor, o bem-estar subjetivo e as competências de coping desportivo num grupo de atletas. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e correlacional, realizado numa amostra não probabilística de 47 atletas de triatlo e mountain Bike. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28, Multidimensional Sense of Humor Scale (versão portuguesa), Escala de Felicidade Subjectiva de Lyubomirsky e Lepper e Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva e coeficiente de correlação de Spearman e o nível de significância adotado foi p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Produção e Uso Social do Humor e Apreciação do Humor estão positivamente correlacionadas com a Felicidade Subjetiva. O Humor Adaptativo e a Produção e Uso Social do Humor estão positi...

The self-determination theory emphasizes the importance of satisfaction with autonomy, competence, and relatedness for a person's psychological growth and well-being. This study examines associations between autonomy, competence, and relatedness with quality of life in homeless young adults; and whether possible associations are mediated by psychological distress and perceived social support. By means of face-to-face interviews, 255 homeless young adults who receive care from 10 Dutch shelter facilities for homeless young adults have been interviewed (M age = 20, 77% male, 51% Dutch Nationality) shortly after entering the facility. Autonomy, competence, and relatedness are all associated with quality of life, with competence as the highest correlate. Psychological distress mediates both competence and autonomy, and social support mediates competence as well as relatedness. These findings emphasize the importance of intervention programs for homeless young adults, focusing on the enhancement of self-determination, especially competence, to improve their quality of life.

Emotions have been shown to impact the cognitive and motivational aspects of learning significantly. Therefore, choosing appropriate activities to stimulate learners' positive emotions can thus greatly enhance learning. The present study aimed to find out which learning activities induce positive/negative emotions in learners of English at the lower secondary level in three culturally different contexts (Slovakia, Austria, and Japan). The secondary aim was to identify the emotions experienced. A methodological triangulation using mixed research methods (questionnaire, interview, and observation) was conducted with 361 learners and their 6 English teachers. The results showed that joy was the predominant emotion, mainly induced by peer communication and interaction. Negative emotions of anxiety and boredom were associated with testing and frontal teaching. The analysis of learners' emotions in English classes is highly relevant to the area of teaching English for specific purposes. A better understanding of the affective aspect of foreign language learning may help foreign language teachers and methodologists select the tailored instruction and appropriate activities to effectively address learners' actual cognitive and affective needs in different educational contexts.

Subjective well-being research has often found that marriage is positively correlated with well-being. Some have argued that this correlation may be result of happier people being more likely to marry. Others have presented evidence suggesting that the well-being benefits of marriage are short-lasting. Using data from the British Household Panel Survey, we control individual pre-marital well-being levels and find that the married are still more satisfied, suggesting a causal effect at all stages of the marriage, from prenuptual bliss to marriages of long-duration. Using new data from the United Kingdom's Annual Population Survey, we find that the married have a less deep U-shape in life satisfaction across age groups than do the unmarried, indicating that marriage may help ease the causes of the mid-life dip in life satisfaction and that the benefits of marriage are unlikely to be short-lived. We explore friendship as a mechanism which could help explain a causal relationship between marriage and life satisfaction, and find that well-being effects of marriage are about twice as large for those whose spouse is also their best friend.

The COVID-19 outbreak brought a need for practical considerations of using positive technology to address mental health issues induced by social isolation (SI). Virtual reality (VR) has the potential to help people improve their mental states by providing immersive experiences and social opportunities. Using quantitative and qualitative data, this study examined the perceptions of 312 participants on VR use to combat SI and impact social lives during the pandemic. Survey data analysis revealed that non-White VR owners had statistically significantly (p = .009) higher beliefs in the potential of VR to address SI compared with White VR owners, even though few purchased VR devices in response to the pandemic. Beyond gaming, VR technology was most frequently used for meeting new people, exercising, attending virtual events, and escaping the pandemic and SI by "visiting" virtual spaces. This study provides useful insights on beliefs and the affordances of VR, offering potential support for individuals struggling with SI, particularly among non-White populations. Although this study was inspired by the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the findings may be generalizable to other types of socially compromised ordeals such as imprisonment or hospital confinement.

In the reviewed article, the author attempts based on the study of scientific literature to define the content of self-presentation as a pedagogical condition of professional self-actualization of student of higher education. Particular attention has been paid to singling out of main elements of self-presentation according to directions of their implementation, analysis of correspondence of levels of self-presentation development with degree of forming components of professional selfactualization of student. Factors of formation of students` self-presentation in the educational environment have been discussed.

In the reviewed article, the author attempts based on the study of scientific literature to define the content of self-presentation as a pedagogical condition of professional self-actualization of student of higher education. Particular attention has been paid to singling out of main elements of self-presentation according to directions of their implementation, analysis of correspondence of levels of self-presentation development with degree of forming components of professional self-actualization of student. Factors of formation of students` self-presentation in the educational environment have been discussed. Keywords: pedagogical condition, self-presentation, student of higher education, professional self-actualization, environment, personality, subject.

El objetivo de este documento es conocer un término poco trabajado y relativamente actual como es el concepto de traumatización vicaria, el cual será enfocado desde la perspectiva interventiva, ante situaciones catastróficas, por parte de los distintos profesionales que trabajan en dichos contextos. Para ello, hacemos un recorrido por los distintos elementos que permiten recrear el ambiente en el que tiene lugar la empatía del profesional que interviene y los distintos aspectos que inciden en él. Por ello, en primer lugar, tratamos el concepto de trauma planteando la perspectiva que adopta en términos generales, qué características lo definen y qué fases se identifican en éste. Posteriormente trabajamos el concepto de traumatización vicaria y el vínculo que tiene con las vivencias de los usuarios ante situaciones catastróficas. Finalmente, se hablará de la prevención y el tratamiento de la traumatización vicaria, desde el planteamiento de las posibles técnicas a utilizar para dicho cometido.

While there is increasing concern about developing and reinforcing children’s physical and emotional security, researchers have been busy working out the actual mechanics, even at the cellular level, of how this can be achieved. This report will provide a concise update on what is known about optimising children’s wellbeing and security in childhood and far beyond. In examining the ways in which children grow and develop, we can learn from that because their physical and emotional wellbeing and therefore that of our future society will depend on it. This report represents what we have learned and we hope that it will contribute in a small way to the making of the brave new ‘post-Covid’ world.

Viktor E. Frankl, the founder of the third great Viennese school of psychoanalysis, the father of Existential Analysis and Logotherapy, distinguishes three dimensions of the human being: (1) the somatic dimension, which includes things related to the body, bodily manifestations, biological, physiological, chemical functions of the body; (2) the psychic dimension, which includes emotions, moods, instincts, feelings and desires, intellectual gifts, cognitive abilities, learned patterns of behaviour, patterns shaped by the social environment. These two are known collectively as psychophysical organism (subnoetic dimensionality). The third dimension of man (3) is the spiritual (noetic) dimension, which is a kind of “primordial” “side” of man, to which he links autonomous choices (“intensionality”), professional and artistic interests, creative activities, religiousness, ethical choices (conscience), value judgements, love and humour, and considers it the part that takes a stand against the somatic and psychic dimensions. These three dimensions are not independent of each other, but interpenetrate each other, and are united in spite of the manifold and complex nature of man. This kind of conception of the human being also appears in the anthropology of the so-called Integral Personalism, in which the person is also conceived in a three-dimensional (tridimensional) structure, with its parts: (1) corporeal or physical part; (2) psychic part; (3) spiritual dimension. All three parts include “faculties” associated with affectivity, emotions; intelligence, cognition; and freedom, will, so the person is presented in a kind of “ninefold” division: one “axis” is made up of the spiritual, psychic and corporal dimensions, while the other “axis” is made up of affectivity, knowledge and dynamism, reflected in the spiritual dimension by heart, intelligence and freedom. In the “coordinate system”, the “coordinates” of the different entities can be given, e.g.: bodily affectivity are linked to the body and the affectivity, passions and emotions to the psychic dimension and the affectivity, while love and happiness are linked to the spiritual dimension and the affectivity, in this case the heart. In this concept, the person is not a sum of parts, but a unified whole, and the self is above the distinguishable parts. According to both Frankl’s dimensional ontology and the Integral Personalism, man is a being with free will, conscious, and capable of controlling his own destiny. In this paper, I will outline the origins, the nature and the consequences of these two perspectives, and then compare them.

En el momento presente en el escenario público se plantean cuestiones del tipo de si el Estado es capaz de asegurar las pensiones del futuro, del dilema entre enseñanza pública y enseñanza privada, de hasta dónde está obligada a indemnizar o a cubrir a los ciudadanos la Seguridad Social o dónde radica el límite entre responsabilidad pública e iniciativa privada. Todas ellas podrían reconducirse a esta triple cuestión: ¿Qué hace, qué se le exige y qué puede realmente abarcar el Estado del Bienestar? Nos situamos de esta manera en el punto central de la circunferencia, alrededor del cual giran planteamientos, temas y aspectos estrechamente relacionados con él. Sin embargo, desde hace un tiempo ese centro parece no ser estable ni ofrecer la misma seguridad. El Estado del Bienestar es ese centro movedizo que ha generado tanta bibliografía, especialmente en los últimos treinta años, no sólo a causa de su centralidad en la política sino sobre todo por la crisis en que está inmerso. La mayoría de las políticas que se llevan a cabo en la actualidad, tanto sociales como económicas, recubren la intención que las anima de superar la crisis bajo un ropaje de crecimiento económico, de progreso, de avances democráticos, de lograr una mayor calidad de vida e, incluso, de preocupación por la deuda internacional y la globalización económica mundial. Este centro de la circunferencia -por seguir con la metáfora-que se intenta mantener en la política actual es el tema de nuestro estudio. Precisamente fue la lectura, en el último año de carrera, de Contradicciones en el Estado del Bienestar -de Claus Offe-lo que me abrió la puerta de esta circunferencia y suscitó el interés suficiente para catalogarlo como el tema de la tesis doctoral. La concesión de una Beca de Investigación por parte del Ministerio de Educación y Cultura fue un aval importante para la materialización fáctica del interés inicial que me introdujo en este tema y me movió a descifrar sus claves. Esta Beca, además, me permitió la posibilidad de consultar in situ diversos autores y de completar la bibliografía. Nuestro planteamiento es principalmente filosófico, lo que ya, desde el inicio, nos permite diferenciar esta investigación de otros estudios sobre el Estado del Bienestar llevados a cabo desde la economía, la sociología, el derecho o la praxis política. No será, pues, un estudio de la economía ni de la sociología del bienestar; aunque reconocemos su importancia no es esa nuestra óptica. Es mucha la bibliografía que, desde estas disciplinas, trata aspectos del Estado del Bienestar, pero es escasa, sin embargo, la que los analiza desde su Filosofía. Por esta razón el presente estudio será una aportación al tema. A la fuerza ha de contar con los planteamientos ya mencionados, y, a la vez, espera aportarles algo, pero pretende ir más allá y profundizar en sus causas, o, como dice el del método seguido es el recurso a aquellos autores más relevantes en la elaboración de tales conceptos y en la explicación de los cambios y de los elementos que perduran en los modernos Estados del Bienestar. En cada época de la historia se produce un fenómeno significativo: el uso reiterado de ciertas palabras 'talismán' que suelen caracterizar las ideas que en ella circulan. Designan realidades que han existido desde siempre pero a las que se les da más protagonismo en un momento determinado. La razón, por ejemplo, fue el concepto clave para entender la Ilustración, al igual que el de libertad ha sido usado como bandera en muchas revoluciones de los siglos XIX y XX. Pues bien, el concepto que nos ocupa está jugando en esta segunda mitad del siglo XX un papel relevante junto a otros como tolerancia, igualdad o derechos humanos. Señal de la importancia del tema del bienestar es la gran cantidad de bibliografía existente sobre el mismo. Encontramos títulos muy variados en los que el bienestar aparece él solo como substantivo o acompañando a otros conceptos: bienestar, bienestar colectivo e individual, economía del bienestar, Estado del Bienestar, sociedad del bienestar, instituciones del bienestar, crisis del Estado del Bienestar, etc. Aparece también en toda clase de leyes, desde las Constituciones nacionales hasta la Declaración Mundial de los Derechos Humanos. Nuestro primer cometido será analizar qué se entiende por bienestar. Fácilmente se entrevé la dificultad que entraña tal tarea ya que encontramos muchas definiciones diferentes del bienestar y cierta ambigüedad de fondo, no sólo en la actualidad sino a lo largo de la trayectoria filosófica de la humanidad. Precisamente por esta complejidad se justifica que acometamos, en el primer capítulo, un estudio histórico que muestre las visiones más significativas que se han dado acerca del bienestar. Con el deseo también de sistematizarlas nos centraremos en dos concepciones que engloban a otras y que han sido lo suficientemente importantes e influyentes. Cada una de ellas tiene un trasfondo antropológico concreto al que también prestaremos atención. No puede tratarse del bienestar sin atender a conceptos tan afines como los de felicidad, bien, interés, virtud, satisfacción o placer. En Filosofía hay dos grandes líneas que ordenan estos elementos dentro de la jerarquía moral del ser humano de forma claramente excluyente. La aristotélica y la utilitarista-hedonista. Ambas comparten la misma meta: llegar a la felicidad, pero difieren en su concepción de la misma y en los medios empleados para obtenerla. En la primera el bienestar es concebido como el conjunto de condiciones materiales que permiten a cada persona llevar una vida desahogada, y desempeña el papel de medio para alcanzar la felicidad, que se identifica con la vida contemplativa -la más elevada actividad que el hombre puede desarrollar. En la segunda, en cambio, el bienestar se identifica con el placer y con la felicidad, con lo que pasa a ocupar el lugar del fin y deja de ser considerado un medio. Pero esto sólo se consigue a cambio de una reducción y de una gran ambigüedad terminológica acerca del bienestar y de la felicidad. A pesar de ello, la concepción ética utilitarista y hedonista es la predominante en nuestras sociedades y podemos decir, sin temor a equivocarnos, que es la verdadera Filosofía del Estado del Bienestar. Quedan también relativos al alma, cuanto más abundan, más útiles son, si hemos de atribuirles no sólo la belleza, sino también la utilidad." 47 La caracterización por la que se definen los bienes externos es la de la utilidad, son meros instrumentos o medios para conseguir otra cosa, mientras que los bienes del alma, a la utilidad suman la belleza. No es una simple belleza material, sino que hace alusión a una armonía, perfección y excelencia. Por eso a los que buscan una superabundancia infinita de riquezas, bienes materiales, poder, gloria y cosas de este tipo les contesta: "[...] que es fácil llegar a la convicción recurriendo a los hechos, puesto que vemos que no se adquieren y se conservan las virtudes por medio de los bienes exteriores, sino éstos por medio de aquellas, y que la vida feliz, ya consista para el hombre en el placer, en la virtud o en ambas cosas, corresponde a quienes están adornados con los dones del carácter y de la inteligencia en grado sumo, aunque estén moderadamente favorecidos en la posesión de bienes exteriores, más que a los que poseen estos bienes por encima de lo necesario, pero están faltos de aquellos." 48 Esta última frase aclara que la autarquía, tal como la trata Aristóteles, no ha de ser entendida en sentido meramente material, como la posesión de recursos 49 , y vivida en soledad, sino en un sentido moral que se explica por la naturaleza social del hombre. "Decimos suficiente no en relación con uno mismo, con el ser que vive una vida solitaria, sino también en relación con los padres, hijos y mujer, y, en general, con los amigos y conciudadanos, puesto que el hombre es por naturaleza un ser social." Esto queda más claro al ver la importancia que Aristóteles da a la amistad, como una faceta intrínseca y necesaria de la misma vida social. No en vano la amistad es tratada en la Ética a Nicómaco como una semivirtud. "[...] y, además, es lo más necesario para la vida. En efecto, sin amigos nadie querría vivir, aunque tuviera todos los otros bienes; incluso los que poseen riquezas, autoridad o poder parece que necesitan sobre todo amigos." 51 Y también dice: "[...] el hombre feliz necesita amigos" 52 , pues aunque al poseer ya

The Global Flourishing Study is a longitudinal panel study of over 200,000 participants in 22 geographically and culturally diverse countries, spanning all six populated continents, with nationally representative sampling and intended annual survey data collection for 5 years to assess numerous aspects of flourishing and its possible determinants. The study is intended to expand our knowledge of the distribution and determinants of flourishing around the world. Relations between a composite flourishing index and numerous demographic characteristics are reported. Participants were also surveyed about their childhood experiences, which were analyzed to determine their associations with subsequent adult flourishing. Analyses are presented both across and within countries, and discussion is given as to how the demographic and childhood relationships vary by country and which patterns appear to be universal versus culturally specific. Brief comment is also given on the results of a whole series of papers in the Global Flourishing Study Special Collection, employing similar analyses, but with more-specific aspects of well-being. The Global Flourishing Study expands our knowledge of the distribution and determinants of well-being and provides foundational knowledge for the promotion of societal flourishing.

How might we cultivate a life imbued with purpose and meaning? Though common experience indicates purpose and meaning are inherently important, empirical evidence confirms they are also linked to improved health/well-being. However, childhood antecedents of purpose and meaning in adulthood are understudied. We analyzed nationally representative data from 22 countries in the Global Flourishing Study (N = 202,898) and evaluated whether 11 aspects of a child’s upbringing correlate with purpose and meaning in adulthood, and if these associations vary by country. Some childhood factors were associated with increased purpose and meaning, including: good health, good relationship with parents, economic stability, regular religious service attendance, being female, and older birth cohorts. Childhood factors associated with decreased purpose and meaning included: abuse, feeling alienated, poor health, economic hardship, and loss of a parent. These findings may inform the development of programs designed to foster purpose and meaning that are globally adaptable and locally nuanced.

This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress in the relationship between the fear of COVID-19 and positivity. The partici-pantsconsistedof960individuals,including663females(69.1%)and297males(30.9%).Theage oftheparticipantsrangedbetween18and76(29.74 ± 9.64).Asaresultofthecorrelationanalysis,a positive relationship was found between fear of COVID-19 and intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress, and a negative relationship was determined between the fear of COVID-19 and positivity. The result of the analysis for the study model indicated that there was a mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress in the relationship betweenthefearofCOVID-19andpositivity.EliminatinguncertaintyfromthefearofCOVID-19 will contribute to reducing depression, anxiety and stress, and increasing positivity.

Bu araştırmada lise öğrencilerinin yaşam amaçları ile kariyer uyum yetenekleri arasındaki ilişkide umudun aracılık rolü incelenmiştir. Araştırma 195 kız (%55.3), 158 erkek (%44.7) olmak üzere toplam 353 lise öğrencisi üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerin yaş ortalamaları 16.05'tir. Araştırmanın verileri "Kariyer Uyum Yetenekleri Ölçeği", "Ergenler İçin Yaşam Amaçlarını Belirleme Ölçeği" ve "Sürekli Umut Ölçeği" kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde korelasyon analizi, yol analizi ve aracılık etkisinin anlamlılığı için bootstrapping işlemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda yaşam amaçlarından kariyer, beden-duyum amaçları ve umut ile kariyer uyum yetenekleri arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişki olduğu bulunmuştur. Bootstrapping sonucu ise kariyer ve beden-duyum amaçları ile kariyer uyum yetenekleri arasındaki ilişkide umudun kısmi aracılık rolüne sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Elde edilen sonuçların lise öğrencilerinin kariyer uyum yeteneklerini geliştirmede kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçların ileride yapılacak çalışmalara temel sağlayacağı söylenebilir. Beden-duyum amaçları Umut

The Covid-19 pandemic has suppressed almost all business and economic sectors. However, the Sicepat Courier service business actually shows a competitive advantage over other business organizations. This study aims to analyze how strategic agility is able to form a sustainable competitive advantage through the competitive action of Sicepat's courier services. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. The research respondents were 63 middle managers of Sicepat Express. The analysis technique uses the Structural Equation Model (SEM) with SmartPLS. This study proves that competitive actions by companies increase strategic agility in forming a sustainable competitive advantage. This study contributes to strengthening the view that strategic steps cannot be separated from competitive action to form competitive advantage. The results of this study recommend the Sicepat courier service company to constantly increase its competitive action. In the future, research is needed that i...

The beautiful and enchanting practice of Yoga began its journey at the birth of civilization and it was in India that the yogic system evolved into its fullest and harmonious expression. The system of Yoga is so called because it teaches the means by which the human spirit can be in communion with the universal spirit. Over the years, the yoga practice has branched out into myriad forms and considered as the toughest is Ashtanga yoga. Breath awareness is particularly important in this practice. But when made an integral part of one's lifestyle has served several long-term benefits such as balanced metabolism, improved blood circulation, increased energy and muscle strength and the potential benefits of calming effect, controlling one's movements, breathing patterns and increased flexibility and improved atomic nervous system. Ashtanga can be the detox we need in this fast-paced chaotic world to live better and attain inner peace.

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in psychological need satisfaction and its role in promoting optimal functioning. The DRAMMA model integrates existing need and recovery models to explain why leisure is connected to optimal functioning (i.e., high well-being and low ill-being). It encompasses six psychological needs: detachment, relaxation, autonomy, mastery, meaning, and affiliation (DRAMMA). While the individual needs of the DRAMMA model have been previously shown to relate to different aspects of optimal functioning, a longitudinal study examining the entire model has not been conducted before. In this longitudinal field study covering leisure and work episodes, we tested the within-person reliability and (construct and criterion) validity of the operationalization of the DRAMMA model in a sample of 279 German employees. Participants filled out measures of DRAMMA need satisfaction and optimal functioning at five measurement times before, during, and after va...

From 2012 the defective blocks issue has emerged as a chronic crisis and has impacted all aspects of functioning for affected homeowners. The narrative arising from this traumatic event is presenting themes, constructing the knowledge base and skills for professionals across services, as they meet individuals, families, and communities presenting with cumulative longterm symptoms arising from this chronic critical event. Using applied crisis management theory this paper articulates emerging themes and understanding of traumatic impact and subsequent mental and emotional health issues for individuals, families and communities caught up in the defective block crisis. The paper proposes the importance of strength based finely tuned management of community recovery phases. We suggest that evidence, theory, and practice from the field of CISM and disaster management practice offers a foundation for the provision of symptom mitigation measures and community recovery from the impact of this long-term event.

Today we are witnessing an exponential growth in positive psychology (PP), a scientifi c approach to the most signifi cant purpose of human existence: happiness and meaning of life. As a consequence of PP studies, happiness and wellbeing are now accepted as valid topics of research, despite their subjective and supposedly unscientifi c essence. Experimental evidence indicates that happiness and wellbeing have biological bases and, thus, can be scientifi cally approached and eventually changed. We believe that we need to learn from this new discipline and apply its discoveries in our profession as medical educators to foster the full development of our students. In this review, we will summarize the major developments and discoveries of PP, and open the debate on the implications of PP offer to medical education. (Rev Med Chile 2011; 139: 941-949).

the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) instituted duty hours standards that limited residents and fellows to 80 hours of work per week. It is possible that the 10-fold increase between 1998 -1999 and 2008 -2009 in the number of graduate medical education programs using at-home call only (via telephone and/or other electronic means, including responding to e-mail and reading films) may be one unintended consequence of this action. In 1998 -1999, 190 programs (2.4%) had only a home call schedule and no hospital call versus 2,269 programs (25.8%) by 2008 -2009, based on data collected by the American Medical Association and the Association of American Medical Colleges.

Background: Psychiatry has traditionally focused on studying psychopathology and treating mental illnesses to relieve symptoms and prevent relapse. Positive psychiatry seeks to expand the scope of psychiatry to broader aspects of mental health and well-being among individuals with or without mental illnesses. Positive psychosocial factors such as well-being, resilience, optimism, wisdom, and social support are central to positive psychiatry. To summarizethe emerging scienceof positive psychiatry, emphasizing the use of measures of positive characteristics and outcomes relevant to mental health. Overview of recent research in positive psychiatry, focusing on measurements. Results: Positive psychosocial factorsare associated with better mental and physical health in diverse populations. Among individuals with serious mental illnesses, levels of these factors varyconsiderably, but positive psychiatry interventions can improvewell-being and rates of recovery in at least subsets of the patients. A number of measures of positive factors and outcomes are available; most of them are based on self-reports, which have advantages as well as limitations. Positive psychiatry has the potential to improve the health and well-being of individuals with or without mental illnesses. Further research is needed to provide clinicians and investigatorswith a full tool-box of validated measures for positive psychosocial factors and outcomes. These measures should be subjected to rigorous psychometric evaluation across populations to help clarify mechanisms underlying positive factors, evaluate their longitudinaltrajectories, and examine the impact of interventions on health and well-beingover the lifespan in different clinical groups.

Purpose of review: Positive psychiatry shifts the focus of geriatric mental healthcare beyond studying disorders and psychopathology to studying factors that contribute to mental well-being and successful aging. An increasing number of interventional studies are using treatments that target modifiable positive psychosocial characteristics (PPCs) and study their impact on mental health. Here we provide an overview of the literature on positive psychiatry interventions using illustrative examples of interventions targeting social connectedness, meaning in life, wisdom, and resilience. Recent findings: There is growing evidence that PPCs are modifiable constructs that may be associated with improved well-being, physical health, and mental health outcomes. The preliminary evidence summarized in this narrative review indicates that positive psychiatry interventions targeting social connectedness, meaning in life, wisdom, and resilience can improve overall well-being and other positive health outcomes amongst older adults. The effect sizes of these interventions reported in RCTs and meta-analyses are typically small to medium, but occasionally large effect sizes are also reported. Current literature is restricted by heterogeneous methodology, limiting clinicians' abilities to extrapolate these principles of positive psychiatry into everyday practice. With the expanding body of evidence, positive psychiatry may have the potential to transform the landscape of geriatric mental health.

Background: Psychiatry has traditionally focused on studying psychopathology and treating mental illnesses to relieve symptoms and prevent relapse. Positive psychiatry seeks to expand the scope of psychiatry to broader aspects of mental health and well-being among individuals with or without mental illnesses. Positive psychosocial factors such as well-being, resilience, optimism, wisdom, and social support are central to positive psychiatry. Aim: To summarize the emerging science of positive psychiatry, emphasizing the use of measures of positive characteristics and outcomes relevant to mental health. Methods: Overview of recent research in positive psychiatry, focusing on measurements. Results: Positive psychosocial factors are associated with better mental and physical health in diverse populations. Among individuals with serious mental illnesses, levels of these factors vary considerably, but positive psychiatry interventions can improve well-being and rates of recovery in at least subsets of the patients. A number of measures of positive factors and outcomes are available; most of them are based on self-reports, which have advantages as well as limitations. Conclusions: Positive psychiatry has the potential to improve the health and well-being of individuals with or without mental illnesses. Further research is needed to provide clinicians and investigators with a full tool-box of validated measures for positive psychosocial factors and outcomes. These measures should be subjected to rigorous psychometric evaluation across populations to help clarify mechanisms underlying positive factors, evaluate their longitudinal trajectories, and examine the impact of interventions on health and well-being over the lifespan in different clinical groups.

Traditionally, psychiatry has been defined and practiced as a branch of medicine focused on the diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses. Based on growing empirical evidence, we believe that this definition warrants expansion to include the concept of positive psychiatry. In the present article we provide a critical overview of this emerging field and a select review of relevant scientific literature. Positive psychiatry may be defined as the science and practice of psychiatry that seeks to understand and promote well-being through assessment and interventions involving positive psychosocial characteristics (PPCs) in people who suffer from or are at high risk of developing mental or physical illnesses. It can also benefit non-clinical populations. Positive psychiatry has 4 main components: (1) positive mental health outcomes (e.g., well-being), (2) PPCs that comprise psychological traits (resilience, optimism, personal mastery and coping selfefficacy, social engagement, spirituality and religiosity, and wisdom -including compassion) and environmental factors (family dynamics, social support, and other environmental determinants of overall health), (3) biology of positive psychiatry constructs, and (4) positive psychiatry Interventions including preventive ones. There are promising empirical data to suggest that positive traits may be improved through psychosocial and biological interventions. As a branch of medicine, rooted in biology, psychiatry, especially with the proposed conceptualization of positive psychiatry, is well poised to provide major contributions to the positive mental health movement, thereby impacting the overall healthcare of the population.

Schizophrenia is typically a chronic disorder and among the most severe forms of serious mental illnesses in terms of adverse impact on quality of life. Yet, there have been suggestions that some people with schizophrenia can experience an overall sense of happiness in their lives. We investigated happiness among 72 outpatients with non-remitted chronic schizophrenia with a mean duration of illness of 24.4 years, and 64 healthy comparison subjects (HCs). Despite continued treatment with antipsychotic medications, the individuals with schizophrenia manifested a mild to moderate level of psychopathology. People with schizophrenia reported lower mean levels of happiness than HCs, but there was substantial heterogeneity within the schizophrenia group. Level of happiness in persons with schizophrenia was significantly correlated with higher mental healthrelated quality of life, and several positive psychosocial factors (lower perceived stress, and higher levels of resilience, optimism, and personal mastery). However, level of happiness was not related to sociodemographic characteristics, duration of illness, severity of positive or negative symptoms, physical function, medical comorbidity, or cognitive functioning. Except for an absence of an association with resilience, the pattern of correlations of happiness with other variables seen among HCs was similar to that in individuals with schizophrenia. Although happiness may be harder to achieve in the context of a serious mental illness, it nonetheless appears to be a viable treatment goal in schizophrenia. Psychotherapies targeting positive coping factors such as resilience, optimism, and personal mastery warrant further investigation.

Traditionally, psychiatry has been defined and practiced as a branch of medicine focused on the diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses. Based on growing empirical evidence, we believe that this definition warrants expansion to include the concept of positive psychiatry. In the present article, we provide a critical overview of this emerging field and a select review of relevant scientific literature. Positive psychiatry may be defined as the science and practice of psychiatry that seeks to understand and promote well-being through assessment and interventions involving positive psychosocial characteristics (PPCs) in people who suffer from or are at high risk of developing mental or physical illnesses. It can also benefit nonclinical populations. Positive psychiatry has 4 main components: (1) positive mental health outcomes (eg, well-being), (2) PPCs that comprise psychological traits (resilience, optimism, personal mastery and coping self-efficacy, social engagement, spirituality and religiosity, and wisdom-including compassion) and environmental factors (family dynamics, social support, and other environmental determinants of overall health), (3) biology of positive psychiatry constructs, and (4) positive psychiatry interventions including preventive ones. There are promising empirical data to suggest that positive traits may be improved through psychosocial and biological interventions. As a branch of medicine rooted in biology, psychiatry, especially with the proposed conceptualization of positive psychiatry, is well poised to provide major contributions to the positive mental health movement, thereby impacting the overall health care of the population.

This is part 2 and a more expanded version of the Philosphy behind Triadic Field Theory. A part three is coming soon. Overall the philosophy of TFT originates in my mind from Taoism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Albert Huxley and the Perennial Philosophy, a vast majority of western thinks as well like Socrates, Descartes, Spinoza, and many more have inspired this philosophy. Enjoy.

Research findings on the consequences of income inequality for subjective wellbeing (i.e. life satisfaction and happiness) remain inconclusive. Some researchers report a positive spill-over from income inequality, others report negative effects, and still others find no significant outcomes whatsoever. Therefore, it remains unclear whether people living in areas of high income disparity feel better off or less well off than people living in environments where everyone is more equal. This paper provides a critical discussion of recent research on the inequality-wellbeing link and suggests strategies for social scientists seeking new insights into the consequences of income inequality for subjective welfare.

There is robust evidence that contact with the natural world improves human health, including emotional well-being. However, the specific conditions of emotional benefits of nature contact are sparsely understood. Two studies were conducted with university students to examine whether the duration of nature contact influences the magnitude of benefits for both hedonic (positive and negative affect) and self-transcendent emotions. Study 1 investigated whether 5 minutes of sedentary nature contact influenced both emotion types, and Study 2 examined whether mood improvements are sensitive to the duration of nature contact (5 vs. 15 minutes). Results indicate that brief nature contact reliably improved both hedonic and self-transcendent emotions, and that the duration of contact in the range tested had no impact on this improvement.

Educação e Ciências Sociais do Instituto Politécnico de Leiria (ipl); Coordenadora do Serviço de Apoio ao Estudante do ipl. Temas de investigación: promoção de sucesso acadêmico, transição para ensino superior, apoio psicológico e psicopedagógico no ensino superior. O Instituto Politécnico de Leiria (ipl) é uma instituição pública portuguesa de ensino superior constituída por cinco escolas. O Serviço de Apoio ao Estudante (sape) do ipl pretende promover o sucesso académico e bem-estar dos estudantes, desenvolvendo as suas atividades em torno de três grandes eixos: apoio psicológico e vocacional, apoio psicopedagógico e orientação e acompanhamento pessoal. Sendo que a investigação tem sublinhado a importância da natureza e qualidade das práticas pedagógicas dos docentes do ensino superior para a promoção do sucesso académico dos seus estudantes, o sape tem vindo a dinamizar, desde o ano letivo de 2007-2008, algumas propostas formativas para os professores do ipl. Com este artigo pretendemos apresentar os principais objectivos, tópicos, participantes e dinâmicas das ações de formação realizadas entre 2007 e 2010. Na totalidade, participaram nestas ações 376 docentes das cinco escolas do ipl que, geralmente, as avaliaram de forma muito positiva. Palavras chave: docencia universitaria, formação de docentes, desenvolvimiento docente, sucesso académico, desenvolvimiento de competencias, metodologia do ensino.