Postcolonial Literature

This thesis addresses the largely unchallenged assumption that the passivity of Jean
Rhys’s protagonists is a dysfunctional limitation of agency. It proposes that Rhys’s
critique of oppressive forms of power is at the heart of a passivity which is in opposition
to dominant ways of being and thinking. It is argued that in Rhys’s four later novels
there is a textual insistence on both the positive value of difference and the potentiality
of difficult feeling. The study rethinks the value of Rhysian negativity using the
philosophy of Gilles Deleuze as a presiding framework along with contemporary
feminist theory, especially the work of Sianne Ngai and Sara Ahmed. Deleuze’s
celebration of difference and his theorisations with Félix Guattari of minor literature
and affect are used to interrogate the complexities of Rhys’s style and narrative
strategies, and to demonstrate the contemporary relevance of her use of passivity as
subversion and her exploration of becoming in the modern world.

The thesis analyses how Rhys’s navigation of passionate dissent and morbid
affects challenges the values attached to the less powerful and posits an alternative to
the conventional quest for happiness. Focusing on failure, a textual death drive and the
problem of female transmission, the study identifies in Rhys’s later four novels a
preoccupation with the limitations of the literary text, and contends that her work
conducts a ‘libidinal mapping’ which addresses the problem of complicity. It is argued
that a search for the conditions of communality spans these novels. Deleuze’s intensive
reading method is used to think through what emerges in Rhys’s inscription of difficult
connection in numerous fraught scenes, and the thesis questions whether, ultimately,
danger and negative affect attend or in fact permit the possibility of self-making for the
emerging subject.

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary ‘tradition’ means “passing of belief or customs form one generation to the next” and modern stands for “present or contemporary times”. Tradition and modernity look to be poles apart but in this research paper and attempt would be made in order bring out the amalgamation of tradition and modernity in Wole Soyinks’s celebrated play The Lion and the Jewel.

The aim in this thesis is to show how the Basque-culture identity struggles are reflected within the Basque literature and how their actions, behaviour, traditions, culture, memory, language, etcetera, define them as a community or minority. In order to show the reflection of the law in five chosen novels written in Basque, firstly I will try to explain the link between law and literature, and afterwards, a double analytical construction will take place: on the first hand, a descriptive and historical explanation to provide the audience with the meaning of the three basic concepts which constitute the Basque culture -identity, conflict and memory-, and with a socio-historical context; on the second hand, this analysis will be based on the content analysis of the five novels that have been chosen, and contextualized or in relation to the period that goes from the Civil War (1936-1939) to the postwar and nowadays, with special insistences in the decade of the 1980s and 1990s.

English Abstract: The aim in this thesis is to show how the Basque-culture identity struggles are reflected within the Basque literature and how their actions, behaviour, traditions, culture, memory, language, etcetera, define them as a community or minority. In order to show the reflection of the law in five chosen novels written in Basque, firstly I will try to explain the link between law and literature, and afterwards, a double analytical construction will take place: on the first hand, a descriptive and historical explanation to provide the audience with the meaning of the three basic concepts which constitute the Basque culture -identity, conflict and memory-, and with a socio-historical context; on the second hand, this analysis will be based on the content analysis of the five novels that have been chosen, and contextualized or in relation to the period that goes from the Civil War (1936-1939) to the post-war and nowadays, with special insistences in the decade of the 1980s ...

One of the most persisting dilemmas African writers continue to face in their literary work is the choice between African languages and the European languages they acquired through colonization. The debate over the language question in African literature is not new and will continue to pre-occupy African writers because of the pivotal role European languages have played in the alienation and subjugation of Africans. In fact, critics argue that the European colonial enterprise would not have been so successful without the imposition of European languages on the natives on the one hand and the annihilation of the local languages on the other hand. The colonizers understood that it was only through this imposition that they could propagate their European world view, culture, and civilization in the colonies. This is what some African nationalists and theorists have realized as they vehemently oppose the use of European languages in African literature. Against this opposition, there are also some African writers who view the use of European languages in African literature as very beneficial and argue for their embrace. Today, some postcolonial African writers have decided to move beyond this debate by calling for a linguistic hybridity. Among these writers the Ghanaian Kojo B. Laing has been viewed by critics as the pioneer of this new linguistic movement. Perhaps more than any other of his novels, Woman of the Aeroplanes has provoked intense controversy in the postcolonial literary criticism over the use of hybrid languages. This paper argues that through his hybrid language, Kojo Laing intends to substitute the debate of exclusivity with that of inclusivity, for he believes that there are no self-sufficient languages, but complementary languages. Ultimately, Laing contests the notions of authenticity, superiority, and purity in language. Thus, for him it is no longer about the appropriate language for African literature; rather, it is about the language that reflects the diversity among the citizens of the world.

This dissertation examines the use of magical realism as a device for political criticism in the postcolonial African novel as seen in the works of of Kojo B. Laing, Ben Okri, and Ngugi wa Thiong'o, namely Woman of the Aeroplanes, The Famished Road, and Wizard of the Crow, respectively. I argue that, in these novels, magical realism is not merely a literary mode; rather, it is an aesthetic of necessity. In other words, its use by these postcolonial African writers is dictated by the kind of issues they address in their works. Magical realism is the result of an intentional break away from the modes used in the previous African novels. This departure is informed by the realization of the current generation of postcolonial African writers that the social, political, and economic situations in Africa have extraordinary origins which require extraordinary narrative techniques such as fantastical or marvelous realism for adequate representations. In other words, their choice of magical realism is informed by their dissatisfaction with social realism, satire, and other forms which have revealed their limits vis-à-vis the postcolonial African crisis. Because of the postcolonial critics' tendency to assess all magical realist texts with the same criteria, this dissertation emphasizes how the socio-cultural milieus on which the authors I examine draw variously shape their individual magical realist texts. Chapter One discusses magical realism as aesthetic of necessity from its original application to art criticism to its current intervention in the postcolonial literary criticism. Chapter Two discusses Laing's use of a utopian-grounded existentialist magical realism CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by The University of North Carolina at Greensboro iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS No author has ever written a book alone. Somewhere along the lines, he/she had assistance. My dissertation writing is no exception, for during this process I received a great deal of assistance from my dissertation committee, my friends and family. I am sincerely grateful to each of them and I owe special thanks to: my advisor, Hephzibah Roskelly, for guiding me through this dissertation from its early stages of inception and for supporting its various stages of development, and my committee members, Noelle Morrissette and Tara Green, for their helpful feedback and advice. I also thank all the members of my family for their support and encouragement during this process.

Being an Indo-Caribbean American can be a confusing and inspiring experience. It is marked with a desperation for understanding oneself and one's mother, while simultaneously traumatized and burdened with a history of displacement. Migration history can inform the ways in which members of ethnic communities view themselves, their heritage, and their ethnic identity. This is particularly true of the first-generation Indo-Caribbean community in America. The term Indo-Caribbean describes the waves of Indian indentured laborers that were sent to the Caribbean in the early 1800s, developed an Indo-Caribbean culture, and then emigrated in the 1980s to join the Indian diaspora in the US, UK, Canada, and other countries all over the world. This shift in homelands, or "twice migration", renders the first-generation American children of these migrants as Indo-Caribbean American, a demographic whose culture is a fusion of Indian roots, Caribbean influence, and an American lifestyle. This fused culture has grown into a community that is distinct from both the Indian American and Caribbean-American experience. A majority of the first-generation children of the migrants in the second wave now becoming college-aged and are quickly developing a relationship with their culture outside the influence of their parents. My research seeks to examine how this immigration history affects the ways in which firstgeneration American members of the community view their own identity, in an attempt to identify the primary influences for these attitudes. Scholars have proposed different theories about what aspects of the twice migration history can impact the development of identity. The most prominent theories are having confusion over one's identity and seeking to educate oneself in order to understand oneself more, facing discrimination within the South Asian community and educating oneself about their culture in order to combat this, and having either a positive or negative relationship with their homelands and seeking education about it either due to love and familiarity or to longing and incompleteness. After establishing these theories, I recruited a sample of voluntary college-aged first-generation Indo-Caribbean American participants who filled out a questionnaire asking about their experiences and their feelings towards their heritage and identity. This data allowed me to understand which out of the three possible theories had the most relevance in the population's view of their ethnic identity, and allowed me to conclude that while every individual is different, the experiences of this generation overlap and highly contribute to the makeup of our ethnic identities.

Im Fokus dieses Beitrags stehen die Funktionen des Mythischen und Märchenhaften sowie in Verbindung damit die Rolle der Zeit im 2011 erschienenen Roman Brenntage des in der ehemaligen Tschechoslowakei geborenen österreichischen Schriftstellers, Michael Stavarič. Der Romantitel verweist über die konkrete Handlung der Sperrmüllverbrennung hinaus auf einen sich wiederholenden symbolischen Akt, der das Verhältnis des Kollektivs zur Vergangenheit bestimmt. In den folgenden Ausführungen wird das Werk im Hinblick auf die sprachliche Gestaltung der nebeneinander existierenden erzählten Welten untersucht, wodurch die Polyphonie des Textes verdeutlicht werden kann. Besonderes Augenmerk gilt dabei der Parallelführung von zyklischer und linearer Zeitauffassung, welche in großem Maß zur Mehrschichtigkeit des Textes beiträgt und in Zusammenhang mit dem Prozess des Erwachsenwerdens interpretiert wird. Abschließend wendet sich der Beitrag den Konsequenzen zu, die diese Engführung von Zyklizität und...

A obra Requiem para o navegador solitario , do timorense Luis Cardoso, nao escapa a retratacao dolorosa comum as literaturas contemporâneas das ex-colonias de Portugal. O Timor Leste foi colonia portuguesa durante cinco seculos, aproximadamente, e nunca teve a atencao devida da metropole. O territorio foi um espaco relegado a insipidez do cotidiano historico e serviu de deposito de pessoas nao queridas na Metropole. E nesse espaco que a jovem Catarina, a narradora, apresenta ao leitor uma colonia repleta de sujeitos deslocados em sua condicao imaginaria e, por outro lado, a resistencia organizada e fantasmagorica dos nativos. Ha duas personagens fundamentais na obra: uma, a narradora Catarina; a outra, o proprio Timor Leste, que estava a deriva antes da independencia. E nesse contexto que se pretende evidenciar o deslocamento dos personagens que figuram na narrativa de Luis Cardoso.

In this volume which looks at how Indian dreams and how others dream about India, two poems on India by writer Cecile Oumhani provide the passage to the dream world. The featured article by Psychoanalyst Pascale Hassoun underscores the process through which the psychoanalytic cure endows dreams with regenerative potential. The first chapter analyzes the mise en abyme of dreams in Manil Suri's Death of Visnu. The second chapter throws a special light on the dreamlike world of the Sundarbans chapter of Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children. The third revisits Sri Aurobindo's dreams for the nation and the world, his epic Savitri and the dream city of Auroville. The fourth chapter highlights the notion of migritude in the work of the Kenyan artist and writer Shailja Patel. The clash and coalescence of Indian and American dreams in Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni's Queen of Dreams is the focus of the fifth chapter. The sixth chapter is an original reading of the displacemen...

Literature is an essential platform for socio-political, cultural and economic struggles among other things. This creative art called literature is a source of dialogue, debate, exchange and innovation. A form of creativity which enhances transfer of culture and knowledge that are useful for coping with societal tasks In other words, it paints life with a view to share hum an experiences, feelings, imaginations, observations, findings, predictions and suggestions for prevailing social realities. However, as open and flexible literature is, practitioners; writers and critics alike are advised to desist from arbitrariness. We conceive literature as something more than art for art sake not because such stance is wrong but because literature has other potent roles to play in human society. In this paper, we attem pt to decode Semb ène Ousmane'sLe Mandat with a view to unmasking the representations of a society in literary work. In other words, we dem onstrate the relationships between Literature and Society, using faction as our theoretical back-up. The paper concludes that literature is a functional weapon for social criticism which will bring about sustainable developments in various human societies.

The notion that Islam gives women half of what men inherit is imprecise. The religion gives sons a bigger share of inheritance, as they have to bear greater financial burdens; and it gives women more inheritance when they need more support. It is important to remember that Islamic inheritance law is based on equity, not equality.

R.F. Kuang’s bestselling novel Babel was published to great critical acclaim in 2022. It emerged at the tail end of the Covid-19 lockdown period during which dark academia proliferated as a social media trend.
The novel centers on a group of young scholars who navigate friendship, coming of age, higher education, and their place in the academy. In an alternate history setting of Oxford with fantastical elements, Babel constitutes Oxford University’s Royal Institute of Translation, an elite faculty of linguistic scholars whose research is essential for the practice of silver working, a magic process by which the gap in meaning between a word and its translation creates a profitable effect. The main protagonist Robin, a multilingual speaker of Cantonese, Mandarin, and English who was removed from Canton as a child for the purpose of educating him to become a Babel scholar gains entry to Oxford due to his specialist linguistic knowledge. The British empire of the novel runs parallel to its historical counterpart with the opium war of the 1830s and 1840s as a pivotal actual historical reference point and backdrop to the story. As an example of speculative fiction, the novel allegorizes the empire’s colonial exploitation through the magic system of translation. While using established tropes of dark academia aesthetics and nostalgia, Babel subverts expectations of cozy intellectual pursuits within a seemingly idyllic setting to foreground colonial structures of knowledge production and appropriation. Babel’s role in maintaining Britain’s colonial rule creates ethical dilemmas for the novel’s protagonists of color, who are confronted with their role in upholding oppressive power structures.
This contribution analyses Babel as a subversive, postcolonial example of dark academia, exploring aspects of class, race, and gender in the context of the political, ethical, and cultural role of academic spaces and institutions: What are the effects of dark academia aesthetics with regard to continuing colonial hierarchies in education and knowledge economies? How can processes of othering, racism, and orientalism be negotiated in a speculative dark academia setting? What is the relationship between nostalgia for an idealized pre-digital pursuit of academic excellence and freedom on the one hand, and criticism of systemic exclusions of marginalized voices and their knowledge on the other?
Considering questions of genre, style, and hybridity, we will argue that Babel’s example of a contemporary speculative approach to dark academia employs the appealing social media aesthetic to make the exploitative implications of elite academic culture legible to readers through a postcolonial lens. In doing so, this contribution will also assess the potential of popular speculative postcolonial literature to merge entertainment with complex contemporary criticism.

fishing port, the third biggest in Britain by 1911. Scotland's urban growth was particular in character, rooted in shared national circumstances and part of international networks -Glasgow with the Americas in tobacco and cotton and, as the 'Second City of the Empire', with the world; Dundee with India; Edinburgh and Leith with Baltic Europe, the Low Countries and beyond. By the 1830s, the geography of urban Scotland was for many a geography of distress. Rapid urbanisation was accompanied neither by housing controls nor the management of sanitation. If nineteenth-century Scotland had a 'shock city', it was Glasgow. The population of the City of Glasgow increased nearly fourfold between 1831 and 1911. Suburbanisation, itself dependent upon the growth of the railway, had, as in Edinburgh, produced large dwellings for the better-off and a distinct residential segregation across the city. But in the wynds and closes of the inner city lay an unimproved Glasgow: overcrowded, dirty, disease ridden, perceived to be beyond moral and spiritual improvement and revealed, if at all, only through the agents of municipal philanthropism, the pens of radical journalists and the probing lenses of photographers like Thomas Annan. Improvements to the basic necessities of domestic geography came late to urban Scotland. Provision of fresh water to Glasgow followed the construction of the reservoir and dam at Loch Katrine in 1859. Fresh water to Dundee from the Sidlaws only came in 1875. National legislation informed by a passion for sanitary purity progressed from the Dwelling Houses and Nuisances Removal Act (1855) to the 1875 Artisans and Labourers Dwellings Improvement Act, where municipal authorities had the right to demolish 'nuisance areas', to the 1890 Housing of the Working Classes Act, which encouraged public housing construction. Scotland's principal cities each had improvement schemes, in effect, corporate demolition plans: Glasgow in 1866, Edinburgh in 1867, Dundee in 1871, Greenock in 1877 and Aberdeen in 1884, and new houses were built following these schemes. But the 'long nineteenth century' ended with working-class unrest in relation to housing -in the agitation of the Scottish Miners' Federation in 1909 and in the Glasgow rent strike of 1915, for example -and poor housing continued as a problem feature of Scotland's urban geography well into the twentieth century. By 1918 and for some decades before, Scotland's industry was factory-based, heavily capitalised and geographically concentrated. This was not always so. The countryside was for long the locus of industrial production. Scotland's principal manufactures in 1707 were linen and woollen cloths produced, largely, in domestic systems of production. The production of linen overtook that of woollen cloth during the eighteenth century. Both displayed regional, even local, specialisation. Galashiels produced yarns, for example, Kilmarnock and Stewarton concentrated upon bonnets and serges, Angus, Fife and Perth were the leading linen-producing counties. By the later eighteenth century, cotton was a leading industry and, initially, given the importance of clean water, it too was located in the countryside albeit in large manufactories as at Deanston and Stanley in Perthshire. From the early nineteenth century and in relation to urban growth, the demands of technical change and the availability of and need to concentrate labour, cotton production became concentrated in the west central Lowlands. By 1831, 91 per cent of Scotland's cotton mills were located in Glasgow, Renfrewshire and Lanarkshire. Woollen manufactures concentrated in the Borders towns. Further development of the west central Lowlands as Scotland's industrial heartland came with the nineteenth-century coal and iron age. In 1830, Scotland had twenty-seven furnaces producing pig iron. By 1860, there were 171. Coal output, a total of 7.5 million tons in 1854 -the product of 368 collieries spread across Ayrshire, Lanarkshire, the Lothians, Stirling and Fife -had doubled by 1873. From the last Further reading

This paper is a sociolinguistic analysis of the discursive exploration of gender roles in Wole Soyinka's The Lion and the Jewel. It examines how utterances are influenced by the situations surrounding speech events in ways that reveal the real gender roles of the participants as a cultural based issue in interpersonal relationships in the play's situational context. The paper draws insight from sociolinguistics theory as specified by Saville-Troique's (2003) ethnography of communication. Using qualitative research design, the study highlights gender struggle for dominance where male characters seek to control and influence the female characters through the use of authoritative language and power-driven expressions to enforce control. Metaphors and mocking language further escalate gender conflicts, portraying men in prestigious roles while confining women to servitude. Women are often depicted negatively, as uneducated, gossipy, weak, and stubborn. The paper further reveals the complexity of male authority by questioning its effectiveness as portrayed in Lakunle's failed attempt to assert authority over the females. This paper concludes that through the intricate portrayal of gender roles in the play, Soyinka effectively critiques the societal constructs that perpetuate gender inequality by presenting a complex and conflicting view of masculinity and its challenges in asserting dominance. Through this nuanced portrayal, Soyinka both exposes and questions these cultural constructs.

The second installment of The Malayan Trilogy (1964), The Enemy in the Blanket (1958), an English literary text by Anthony Burgess (1917Burgess ( -1993)), is written with the colliding of cultures and clashes of religions as the central themes. Set in pre-independence Malaya, Burgess is part of a group of Western writers who had actually lived in their fictional settings where the literary continuation of this group of writers has been ignored for a long time and has not appeared in anthologies in the academic context. As scholarship on the Muslim Malay characters in Burgess' novel is still overlooked in terms of scholarly value as well as its Islamic and Malay ethnicity discourses, we argue that Burgess has addressed a conundrum still faced by current Muslim Malay society: the pre-independence Muslim Malay characters in The Enemy in the Blanket are conflicted; trapped in a state of betwixt and between being a Muslim, and of a Westernised lifestyle which, more often than not, oppose each other. Thus, we examine Burgess' portrayals of the Muslim Malay characters that adopt a Westernised lifestyle and appear to be in a quandary with regards to their Islamic beliefs and practices. As methodology, we utilised Victor Turner's concept of liminality (1967) to analyse scenes in the novels which depict such binary opposition. Findings demonstrate that the Muslim Malay characters have to negotiate their identity issues in order to either feel more socially acceptable through the preference of a Westernised lifestyle or struggle to become ethically and morally truthful to their religious faith.

The problem of self is very important for both philosophy and religion. Man has always found himself inexplicable about the definition of his own self. In fact it is very difficult to formulate a precise definition which can satisfy us. Although the East and the West have their distinct forms of mysticism, yet history has provided them many chances of interaction. Whitman and Iqbal are undoubtedly the two great poets belonging to two different cultures, yet one finds striking similarities, thematic and structural, in their poetry. Both were remarkably brilliant poets and chose poetry as the medium for expressing their ideas. Both expound a dynamic interpretation of the concept of self. In their own manner and style they base their views on individualism that emphasizes self-realization. This paper proposes to analyze both Whitman and Iqbal together and also bring out similarities and dissimilarities in their philosophies of the self.

В статье предпринимается попытка прочтения притчи Франца Кафки «У врат закона» как ключа к нескольким магистральным спорам между современными философами. Учитывая множество существующих толкований этого текста, здесь предлагается не еще одна интерпретация притчи: «У врат Закона» понимается, скорее, как катализатор, оказывающий воздействие на мысль философски ориентированного читателя. Работа начинается с гипотезы о структурной аналогии между полемикой Г. Шолема с В. Беньямином и критикой прочтения «У врат Закона» Ж. Деррида в работах Дж. Агамбена. В обоих случаях речь идет об оппозиции между прочтением притчи как апологии поражения (стратегия Шолема – Деррида) или – как манифеста, заявляющего о возможности сопротивления закону и освобождения от его власти (стратегия Беньямина – Агамбена). Вместе с тем анализ рассмотренных подходов позволяет сделать вывод, что текст Кафки оказывает такое влияние на работы философов, в результате которого принятые ими концептуальные решения одновременно радикализируются и оказываются уязвимыми для взаимной критики. В результате удается установить неразрывную связь между двумя, на первый взгляд, взаимоисключающими позициями в споре, структура которой носит асимметричный характер. В финале статьи выдвигается тезис, что столь амбивалентное положение участников полемики вокруг притчи «У врат закона» является следствием тесной связи творчества Кафки с диалектической традиции мысли. В частности, отталкиваясь от интуиций Т. Адорно и С. Розендаля, в статье предлагается понятие «болотной диалектики», которое призвано прояснить изначальную ситуацию любого читателя данного произведения. Чтобы не увязнуть в болотной диалектике, философски ориентированному читателю приходится выбирать предельную точку зрения, которая обеспечивает определенный уровень стабильности и порядка в ситуации, где любые основания и теоретические позиции вязнут в зыбкой почве текста Кафки.

Sorcery is a subject that always creates heated debate in our  contemporary society. That’s why we aim to examine sorcery within the specific context of Caribbean writer’s literary creations. Therefore, this study looks at witch crafting as one of the major themes that continue to occupy a major place in the Antillean literary discourse. It seems to us that irrespective of the presence of this theme, very rare are literary critics especially from Nigeria that is based on sorcery. That forms our reason of venturinginto these literary works to unveil and show how witch crafting is represented. What are the reasons behind this? The overall  assessment is it negative or positive? What is the way forward? These are basic questions that this study tries to resolve under social critic approach.Key Words: Rethink, witch crafting, Antillean, social critic

The literature of Turkish migrants in Germany is in a permanent transformation. Both the alternation in generations and the form and subject of works of every single author are concerned in this transformation. The aim of this study is to illustrate, how the form and subject of Özdogan's novels are changed. As a result, the paper focuses on Özdogan's last novel, on Die Tochter des Schmieds (2005) in differentiation from his early novels. In this context, it is assumed that the transformation in Özdogan's work is distinctive one, because his last novel focuses on three female figures of the third generation in a family which the female figures play an importent role in. As a sample of the migration literature, the novel doesn't describe the life of the Türkish migrants in Germany, but it describes their life in Turkey up to emigration to Germany. Die Literatur der türkischen Migranten in Deutschland, die seit ihren Anfängen eine gewisse Wandlung durchlaufen hat, die entsprechend der wandelnden Bezeichnung ihrer Träger auch unterschiedlich bezeichnet wurde, wurde vielerorts thematisiert. Es soll hier nicht erneut auf das Phänomen der Literatur der türkischen Migraten in Deutschland allgemein, bzw. auf ihre Entwicklung im besonderen eingegangen werden. Jedoch soll kurz, ausgehend von den Werken des jungen Autors Selim Özdogan, die Frage angeschnitten werden, ob die genannte Entwicklung lediglich eine Art Generationswechsel der Autoren impliziert, der sich dann in den produzierten Werken niederschlägt oder ob es auch eine gewisse Wandlung gibt, die sich auch im Schaffensprozess des Autors selbst kundtut. Im folgenden geht es mir darum, die oben aufgeworfene Frage an den Werken von Selim Özdogan exemplarisch zu diskutieren, um herauszuarbeiten, wie sich

I f biculturalism presents problems, I should imagine bilingualism adds a few more to a writer working in two distinct, and disparate, languages: in my case, Maltese and English. What follows are extracts from a talk which I gave in March 1978, during an international conference of the Association for Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies (ACLALS); the talk was later published along with several other papers by various Commonwealth writers in a volume edited by Dr. Daniel Massa of the University of Malta, and entitled " Individual and Community in Commonwealth Literature" (University Press, 1979): " . .. The dichotomy of tradition and folklore on one side and, on the other, the search for new suitable roots from cultures more immediate and amenable to his own is a condition of life for the writer in a bicultural situation . . . . The right blend of cultures should further aid the writer to raise his sights over and beyond the little causalities of the swiftly transient moment and focus on longer-term visions . .. . Some of us, much as we loved our own language, and loved it even more in the new shapes into which it allowed itself to be manipulated by us -each creation a miracle -were being consistently drawn out by the visions of a wider appeal than a small Island could offer, and by means of a jar more influential language, and that was English.

প্রবন্ধে উন্নয়নশীল দেশের অর্থনৈতিক উন্নয়ন এবং টেকসই প্রবৃদ্ধিতে একাউন্টিং ও ব্যবসায় শিক্ষার সমন্বিত ভূমিকা বিশ্লেষণ করা হয়েছে। মাধ্যমিক তথ্যের ভিত্তিতে প্রবন্ধটি বর্তমান শিক্ষা কাঠামো, সমস্যা, সম্ভাবনা এবং উন্নয়নের করণীয় উপস্থাপন করে। গবেষণায় দেখা গেছে, একাউন্টিং শিক্ষা আর্থিক স্বচ্ছতা, বাজেট ব্যবস্থাপনা ও অর্থনৈতিক সুশাসন নিশ্চিত করতে সহায়ক। অন্যদিকে, ব্যবসায় শিক্ষা উদ্যোক্তা উন্নয়ন, বাজার বিশ্লেষণ এবং অর্থনৈতিক নীতিমালা প্রণয়নে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা রাখে। পৃথক প্রয়োগের পরিবর্তে এই দুই শিক্ষার সমন্বিত প্রয়োগ উন্নয়নশীল দেশের অর্থনীতিকে আরও গতিশীল, স্বচ্ছ ও টেকসই করতে সক্ষম। গবেষণার সুপারিশ অনুযায়ী কারিকুলাম আধুনিকায়ন, ই-একাউন্টিং প্রসার এবং আন্তর্জাতিক মানের প্রশিক্ষণ কর্মসূচি বাস্তবায়নের মাধ্যমে বিদ্যমান সমস্যাগুলো দূর করে সম্ভাবনাগুলো কাজে লাগানো সম্ভব।

This essay applies an analysis of anti-blackness to the postcolonial nation-state to advance an Anti-colonial politic that is attentive to both metaphysical and material relations. We ultimately argue that the nation-state as a political formation is antithetical to a black liberatory project. Revolutionary thinkers such as Frantz Fanon, C. L. R. James, and Amilcar Cabral proliferated urgent calls for a “New Man” to undermine the obliteration of African subjects’ political capacity by the colonial state. Each were interested in the complete overturning of social relations that required a skepticism of the nation-state as the political end for black radical movement. They were equally skeptical of “custom” and “tradition,” which were methods through which colonial power was implanted while obscuring the centrality of (anti-)blackness. Their New Man, however, retains the European custom of gender as a social organizing principle which necessarily incapacitates black political subjects via an (un)gendering praxis Zakiyyah Iman Jackson calls “ontological plasticization.” We identify this aspirational project of building a New Man as a praxis of “skeptical metaphysics,” borrowing from Albert Camus. Through gender’s colonial possession—with its metaphysical operations—the black subject is coerced into the participation of their own instrumentalization, even in the post-colonial situation. Therefore, our own method of philosophical inquiry, “skeptical(of)metaphysics” does not leave gender unscathed. Rather than a gendered liberation, we posit that we should begin the task of envisioning a liberation from gender, which requires the exorcism of Man’s possessively gendering force from both women and men while confronting colonial power. Our method is a form of care-full but incisive questioning that attempts to incite disorientation, however fleeting, that may provide new conceptual ground for theorizing a black liberatory project not only on the continent, but across the World—perhaps concluding, if it ever concludes, with the destruction of said World.

This essay applies an analysis of anti-blackness to the post-colonial nation-state to advance an Anti-colonial politic that is attentive to both metaphysical and material relations. We ultimately argue that the nation-state as a political formation is antithetical to a black liberatory project. Revolutionary thinkers such as Frantz Fanon, C.L.R. James, and Amilcar Cabral proliferated urgent calls for a “New Man” to undermine the obliteration of African subjects’ political capacity by the colonial state. Each were interested in the complete overturning of social relations that required a skepticism of the nation-state as the political end for black radical movement. They were equally skeptical of “custom” and “tradition,” which were methods through which colonial power was implanted while obscuring the centrality of (anti-) blackness. Their New Man, however, retains the European custom of gender as a social organizing principle which necessarily incapacitates black political subjects via an (un)gendering
praxis Zakiyyah Iman Jackson calls “ontological plasticization.” We identify this aspirational project of building a New Man as a praxis of “skeptical metaphysics,” borrowing from Albert Camus. Through gender’s colonial possession—with its metaphysical operations—the black subject is coerced into the participation of their own instrumentalization, even in the post-colonial situation. Therefore, our own method of philosophical inquiry, “skeptical(of)metaphysics” does not leave gender unscathed. Rather
than a gendered liberation, we posit that we should begin the task of envisioning a liberation from gender, which requires the exorcism of Man’s possessively gendering force from both women and men
while confronting colonial power. Our method is a form of care-full but incisive questioning that attempts to incite disorientation, however fleeting, that may provide new conceptual ground for theorizing a black liberatory project not only on the continent, but across the World—perhaps
concluding, if it ever concludes, with the destruction of said World.

The Partition of the Indian Subcontinent in 1947, which resulted in the creation of two separate dominions, remains one of the most tragic and complex events of the twentieth century. Even after the lapse of more than seven decades, , the memory of partition trauma not only throbs in the veins of the victimized people but also torments the collective psyche of India and Pakistan. Each country has its own thesis and theory to prove that it was only the 'other' who was responsible for the catastrophic division. The macro narratives of both the countries prioritize the accounts of their policy makers extolling their leaders as heroes. The viewpoints and opinions of those who were affected are often ostracized and elided from the dominant discourses of partition history. The present paper explores the portrayal of political leaders in fictional narratives as perceived by ordinary men and women. It aims to amplify the often-overlooked voices of Partition history. The study examines how these narratives construct the reality of political leaderswhether they critique, condemn, or idealize them. Ultimately, the paper offers a broader perspective on the roles of key political figures in the history of Partition.

By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third-party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification.

Стратегиите за читање се многу важен дел од наставата. Тие се свесни активности што учениците ги преземаат и што им го олеснуваат изучувањето на јазикот. Па токму затоа, во наставата може да се влијае за учениците подобро да се запознаат со тие стратегии, кои не функционираат изолирано една од друга, но како целина влијаат во генералното разбирање на текстот и неговата суштина. Постојат разновидни класификации на стратегиите за читање. Во овој труд ќе ја разгледаме класификацијата на Оксфорд, која се однесува на стратегиите за учење како целина, односно за сите четири јазични вештини според Европската референтна рамка на јазици, а ние ставаме акцент на оние што се поврзани со читањето. Главната поделба на стратегиите според оваа класификација е на директни и индиректни стратегии за учење. Директните стратегии директно влијаат врз дадената задача, односно ученикот учи со нивна директна примена врз јазикот. Директните стратегии ги опфаќаат мемориските, когнитивните и компензациските с...

Recent years have seen a flourishing of scholarly debate on the subject and theoretical status of world literature. As Eli Jelly-Schapiro notes in Moments of Capital: World Theory, World Literature, scholars such as Rey Chow, Pascal Casanova, Emily Apter, Sarah Brouillette, Franco Moretti and the Warwick Research Collective have sought to remap the field of world-literary studies on the conceptual terrain of 'uneven and combined development: the circulation of literary texts through global markets, and the formal strategies performed by literary texts to represent the totality and contradictions of global capital' (p. 26). These approaches to world literature draw from reading methodologies developed in the field of Comparative Literature, which privileges categories of nation, region, language and period; from contributions from Postcolonial Studies scholars who focus on the dialectics of colony and metropole; and from frameworks associated with world-systems theory, with its shifting cartographies of core, periphery and semi-periphery. Jelly-Schapiro's Moments of Capital engages all three fields of scholarship on world literature but aims to 'develop a new conceptual key for the mapping of the world market and world literature alike', one interested in 'registering but moving beyond the differences of history and geography' by looking at three 'moments' that 'comprise global capital', which he argues are 'primarily synchronic rather than diachronic' (p. 2). These moments include the extractivist and violent proletarianizing processes of primitive accumulation, the exploitative and ideological regimes of expanded reproduction, and a third moment he calls synthetic dispossession, in which a crisis-ridden capitalism mobilizes the technologies of finance and government policy to manufacture new sites for speculation and appropriation. While these moments have traditionally been read in temporal and sequential terms as marking the emergence, domination and decline of the capitalist mode

This paper aims to investigate the presence of feminism in Pakistani fiction in the postcolonial perspective and attempts to glocalize the feministic trends available in Pakistani fiction in terms of the wider scenario of feminism in the world. The women's portrayal in Pakistani fiction shows a remarkable feministic tendency of the writers in accordance with the changing times in Indo-Pak subcontinent under the influence of British colonialism in India. The first change in the portrayal of women came because of the reformist agenda of the Indian Muslims and the second major development took place because of the Progressive Writers Movement, which provided a basis for the new images of women created by the modern Pakistani diaspora writers. Therefore, most of the issues discussed by the Pakistani writers of fiction can be discussed and analyzed with reference to the theory of postcolonial feminism. The paper deals with the differences between Western feminism and postcolonial feminism in the light of views of postcolonial critics regarding various aspects of postcolonial feminism. With reference to this discussion, an endeavor will be made to explore postcolonial feminist fiction to assess the role of fiction writers in representing the issues of women in the context of Pakistani political situation. i AIWC was founded in 1927 to function as an organization dedicated to the upliftment and betterment of women and children. ii National Federation of Indian Women is the women's wing of Communist Party of India. It was established in 1954 by several leaders including Aruna Asaf Ali.

This article focuses on the historical trajectory and development of Anglophone literature in Bangladesh and Malaysia-two predominantly Muslim countries and previously British colonies categorised as "Outer Circle" countries in Braj Kachru's model of Englishspeaking communities. It investigates the introduction of the English language in these regions, its diffusion and the emergence of English literary practices among the urban elite, which initially excluded Bengali and Malay Muslims due to a lack of interest and opportunities, even though the tradition has subsequently flourished in both countries. The article also examines the challenges faced by this literary tradition during the colonial and postcolonial eras due to various decolonising efforts and conflicts related to language, religion, ethnicity and contesting nationalistic visions, which significantly impeded its development. Finally, the article probes the impact of "postnationalism" or globalisation on this literary tradition and its potential role in shaping its future in the two countries. 2 | Arrival of English and Inception of Anglophone Literature in Bangladesh and Malaysia English was introduced in Asia by Englishmen who first came for the spice trade, but that later developed into an imperial enterprise. However, the first Englishman to set foot on the continent was not a merchant but a Jesuit priest named Father This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The struggle of a black feminist writer is to fight for her community as well as fight with her community. Alice Walker's The Color Purple attempts to navigate this fine balance. In the process she invokes the many threads that constitute everyday black lives-racism, religion, economic imperatives, gendered expectations, black homes, childhood, humor, speech

The title of this talk is 'African Writers and Social Transformation', and I should begin by saying that it was only when I sat down to gather my thoughts that I realised the enormity of the undertaking, and wondered whether I shouldn't have chosen something more innocuous. Such a title requires a book, not a lecture, so that what follows is hardly a sustained argument, merely a few thoughts with which I'm becoming increasingly obsessed as I survey the chaos that is contemporary Africa. With that proviso in mind, here goes:

Stories are one of the most ingenious and convenient ways in which history travels. They can transmit historical events with great ease, give a glimpse of contemporary society, and portray realistic pictures so the reader can envision what the contemporary world would have been like. In the present research paper, an effort will be made to chart out the course of the prevalence of environmental destruction in Indian English fiction by focusing on selected novels. An effort will also be made to explore the implicit relationship between man and nature. The research paper would be directed towards trying to find an answer to how Indian English Fiction, right from its inception, responds to the issue of environmental deterioration. The association between humans and nature is a reciprocal one. Nature does not work as a background tool; it is the very protagonist in the story of humanity as he himself is. Eco-criticism studies the correlation between human culture and the physical world. Nature doesn't differentiate. It is a human doing.

There are distinct divisions in Thailand between Muslim communities, particularly the Malay Muslims in the southernmost provinces, and the mainstream Thai population. These contribute to a spectrum of political ideologies that carry significant domestic and international implications.As the Israeli-Palestinian conflict drags on, divergent views in Thailand on the issue continue to grow. This is most obvious between views held by the broader Thai population on the one hand, and those held by Thai Muslims, especially those who are Malay Muslims from the country’s southernmost provinces, on the other.

This paper examines the uses of food in several African novels where descriptions of food might trigger the reader's disgust. Visceral disgust might be elicited either by the senses, such as taste or smell, or by the nature and history of an object, that has been termed "ideational disgust." Visceral disgust differs from moral disgust, when an individual might feel something is profoundly wrong. Fictional descriptions of something disgusting may elicit similar emotions to those evoked by the material object, and this imagining has been called "the paradox of fiction." The reactions of individual readers may differ according to cultural expectations as well as arising from individual "disgust sensitivities." In the African novels discussed, the triggering of disgust would sometimes appear to be the taste or smell of certain foods, such as the putrid vapour of rotten fish. Elsewhere it is the idea of the object itself that is significant, for example, the prospect of eating roasted rats or insects. While disgusting smells may elicit disgust across many cultures, disgust generated by the nature of an object may rest rather on the cultural background of an individual.

Decolonialism has been a new field of study for some time now. As a founder of the subject, I felt that I needed to write this book to establish Decolonialism in theory and practice. I have expressed Decolonialism in much of my previous work, academic and otherwise. But in many ways, Decolonialism has asserted itself out there as a new field of study, and in that sense it has deemed it necessary to write a book on something that I have already established as such.

Decolonialism differs completely from postcolonialism. Whereas postcolonialism is either a futile critique of the coloniser by a subject who is constantly in a state of feeling sorry for themselves, or a lame revertion to a previous type of colonisation, Decolonialism is a reconstruction of one’s real identity by repairing the damage caused by the coloniser’s impositions and resurrecting self-belief in one’s own identity.

This book is the theory and practice of Decolonialism.

This descriptive article argues that the shift to postcolonial revisionism in Western Islamic studies stems partly from Edward Said's Orientalism and partly from the failure of the Orientalists' Corpus Coranicum project to replace textus receptus. Consequently, transfixing divide reflects larger biformity crisis in Western Islamic studies: while anti-Eurocentric scholars have shifted to area studies, Eurocentric revisionists remain tied to neo-Orientalism, criticizing the Qurʾān and Ḥadīth as later constructions. In doing so, they overlook the Orientalists' contributions to postcolonial studies in the West. Whereas, a systematic review shows how Orientalists' access to Islamic databases and translations laid foundation for the Western Islamic studies as it stands today. Furthermore, a qualitative survey reflects that Orientalism no longer holds

Sur le bandeau du premier roman de Sinha, Fenêtre sur l’abîme (2008), publié aux Éditions de la Différence, on pouvait lire, à côté d’un portrait de l’autrice, l’inscription « une Indienne à Paris » – stratégie commerciale exoticisante soulignant en même temps, de justesse, le hapax que l’écrivaine incarnait sur la scène littéraire de la capitale française. Le bandeau de son dernier roman, Souvenirs de ces époques nues, publié en 2024 chez Gallimard, contient uniquement une illustration d’un temple hindou, alors que deux ans auparavant, son essai narratif autothéorique, L’autre nom du bonheur était français, publié chez le même éditeur, était accompagné d’un bandeau soulignant le translinguisme de l’autrice : « D’une langue l’autre ». De l’accent mis sur la dimension étrangère de l’œuvre et de la présence de Sinha, sur son genre et sur son choix d’écrire en français, jusqu’à la mise en évidence de la littérarité de son œuvre et de sa capacité à mettre en scène et à interroger le monde, les stratégies éditoriales paratextuelle ont évolué, parallèlement à la réception de l’autrice par la critique.

Le temps est ainsi venu pour une compréhension de la production littéraire contemporaine à la lumière du monde post-migrant dans lequel elle est créée, et où des catégories sociales, nationales, linguistiques ou de genre s’articulent à travers des dynamiques complexes, échappant constamment aux oppositions conceptuelles binaires et aux tendances réductrices, simplificatrices, pendant longtemps créatrices de sens, mais devenues, aujourd’hui, improductives.

Politisation, francité, indianité, engagement, « embarquement » (Huppe 2023), translinguisme, migration, postcolonialisme et identité féminine s’articulent chez Shumona Sinha, d’un texte à l’autre, à travers le corps et l’esprit d’héroïnes traversant villes, pays et continents, mais aussi questionnements intérieurs et obstacles sociaux et culturels. Avec force et sensibilité, ses personnages se confrontent au monde qui les a vues naître, l’interrogent, lui demandent des comptes. Consacré à l’intégralité de l’œuvre créée jusqu’à présent par Shumona Sinha, de son premier roman jusqu’à son dernier, cet ouvrage se propose de poser un premier jalon critique collectif dans la réception de ce que nous qualifierons d’« œuvre monde ».


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Sommaire

Diana Mistreanu/Marina Ortrud M. Hertrampf

Shumona Sinha : une autrice, une œuvre


Migration, exil et (post)colonialisme

Guillaume Bridet

Le récit postcolonial, un récit de la mondialité parmi d’autres : lecture des romans de Shumona Sinha 

Vera Gajiu

Se rappeler sans s’en souvenir : les incidences de la mémoire et de la langue dans L’autre nom du bonheur était français de Shumona Sinha

Dirk Weissmann

Faire corps avec le français, contre l’obsession identitaire et les inégalités raciales, sociales, genrées 

Cécile Bonnemaison-Rullon

La théâtralisation de la précarité des femmes migrantes chez Shumona Sinha 

Écrire la ville : entre géographie et espace narratif

Pankhuri Bhatt

Une étude géocritique de Calcutta (2014) de Shumona Sinha

Ana Belén Soto

Calcutta ou la cartographie mémorielle de l’entre-deux

Malheur dans la famille : mères, filles et esprits déracinés

Marina Ortrud M. Hertrampf

Les liens familiaux sacrés ? La relation entre mères et filles, pères et filles et les voies de l’autodétermination féminine dans l’œuvre de Shumona Sinha 

Sharmili Jayapal

Représentations de la femme migrante dans les romans de Shumona Sinha

Sylvie Freyermuth

L’écriture des lieux et des non-lieux dans Apatride de Shumona Sinha

L’œuvre de Shumona Sinha à travers des mondes (textuels) et des disciplines

Martina Stemberger

Un « patchwork multicolore » : transtextualité et transculturalité dans Le testament russe de Shumona Sinha 

Andreea Apostu

Le double dans les romans Assommons les pauvres ! et Apatride. Identification et aversion

Alison Rice

Points de repère. Shumona Sinha génère un nouveau genre dans L’autre nom du bonheur était français

Diana Mistreanu

Fiction littéraire et trouble de la personnalité narcissique. Une lecture de Shumona Sinha à travers le prisme des humanités médicales 

Daniela Mayer/Marina Ortrud M. Hertrampf

Shumona Sinha dans l’enseignement du français langue étrangère : Réflexions sur la didactisation dans le collège d’enseignement général à cycle court (Realschule) en Bavière

Biobibliographies des contributrices et contributeurs.

The paper comparatively reads Mahasweta Devi’s Pterodactyl, Pirtha, and Puran Sahay (1995) and Margaret Atwood’s The Year of the Flood (2009) to trace the ways in which both novels show the complex intertwinement of the climate crisis with gender, class, race, subalternity, anthropocentrism, and veganism. Bringing together Gayatri C. Spivak’s notion of “planetarity” with ecofeminist philosophy and literary criticism, the article proposes a planetary ecogender reading of the two texts and their representation of the non-man, non-human, and non-subject. Building up further on Jacques Derrida’s critique of carno-phallogocentrism, the pedagogy of a relational ethics of “nurturing” is hence presented as a form of resistance against the continuing cannibal consumption of both the planet and the non-(hu)man, presented in the novels and existing in the real world alike.