Renewable Energy

Technology means application of knowledge for practical requirements. The present technology is running towards the highest peak of advancement that brings the irreversible damage to our earth. We know that every invention has its pros and cons but we merely ignore its disadvantages which are indeed disturbing human life as well as animal habitats. Thus Green Technology aims to save our planet by utilizing renewable resources which never depletes. It is also used to minimize the effect of environmental pollution by replacing waste products by renewed products so that the greenery is increased and we can go green. It has various branches like Green Electricity, Green Nanotechnology, Green Buildings, and Green Chemistry etc. Each of them has no negative effects, thus the future generation can be benefited from them. As we pollute this planet, we are sole responsible to save it from its destruction. This paper mainly focuses on the need, importance and advantages of Green Technology fo...

Vanadium redox flow batteries have, in previous studies, shown to have great potential for large-scale energy storage applications. Due to their beneficial characteristics, such as long lifetime, safety and flexible sizing the technology could be used for several different applications. In this study, the economic and technological feasibility of integrating a vanadium redox flow battery with a 100 MW wind farm is assessed. Different applications and operating schedules were tested. Simulating models have been built using conditional statements or linear optimisation and solved in MATLAB. Results suggested that a model which stacked power levelling with frequency regulation had the highest profitability. For this model the payback time was shown to be 10 years and the net present value was around 1.2 M€ for a 5 MW/10 MWh battery. However, the battery had around 820 annual charge/discharge cycles, which could be a limiting factor of the battery's lifetime. A sustainability assessment was carried out which concluded that the battery can be seen as sustainable, given that the battery is manufactured and operated under safe conditions. iv Vanadin redox-flödesbatterier har visat stor potential för storskaliga energilagringsapplikationer i tidigare studier. På grund av deras fördelaktiga egenskaper, såsom lång livstid, säkerhet och skalningsflexibilitet har teknologin många användningsområden. I denna studie utreds den ekonomiska och teknologiska möjligheten att integrera ett vanadium redox-flödesbatteri med en 100 MW vindpark. Olika applikationer och driftsstrategier testades. Simuleringsmodeller har byggts där linjäroptimering eller villkorssatser har tillämpats och dessa har lösts i MATLAB. Den mest ekonomiskt gynnsamma modellen var en modell där kraftbalansering och primär frekvensreglering kombinerades. Denna modell visade en återbetalningstid på 10 år och ett nuvärde på 1.2 M€ för en batteristorlek på 5 MW/10 MWh. Däremot hade batteriet 820 laddning/urladdnings cykler på år, vilket kan vara en begränsade faktorn för batteriets livstid. En hållbarhetsbedömning gjordes där slutsatsen kunde dras att batteriet kan anses hållbart, förutsatt att batteritillverkningen och driften görs under säkra förutsättningar. This M.Sc. thesis has been carried out during the spring of 2018 at KTH Royal Institute of Technology and is the final examination part in the M.Sc. program "Sustainable Energy Engineering". The thesis was commissioned by ÅF -Renewables and Energy Strategy, which have provided support and information throughout the study. The supervision of this thesis was partly funded by the STandUP for Energy project. First, we would like to express special thanks to Janine af Klintberg and Jakob Dotevall, for helping us throughout the project and supporting us when necessary. Thank you for giving us the chance to work together with ÅF. We would also like to thank our supervisor, Anders Malmqvist for providing excellent support and reviews of the report. Lastly, we would like to thank Erik Bergström at Statkraft and Maria Eriksson at Svenska kraftnät. Thanks for your patience with our questions about the power market. Without your help this thesis would not have been possible.

This work is accomplished on fabricated parabolic solar collector. Numbers of experiments are performed on collector at different operating conditions with tracking mode III. Operating conditions are; copper-water arrangement, copper-engine oil arrangement, mild steel-water arrangement and mild steel-engine oil arrangement at 12:30PM, at 01:30PM, 02:30PM and at 03:30PM. Then fluid outlet temperature, inside/outside pipe surface temperatures, heat transfer rate, instantaneous efficiency, convective heat transfer coefficient, absorbed flux and collector efficient factor are experimentally found. Inlet exergy is also analysed for this solar collector with and without considering Sun’s cone angle. Finally this work can be concluded as – If fluid temperature difference decreases then heat gain rate increases by increasing mass flow rate of fluid. Maximum instantaneous efficiency is achieved with copper pipe. When aperture width, pipe length and mass flow rate of fluid increase then inlet...

The geological mapping, petrographic and ground magnetic Survey in Gidan-Doya, Lokoja, North Central, Nigeria was carried out. The geomagnetic data were acquired along 8 traverses using 3 axes MCL6 Proton Precession Magnetometer and Magnetic Susceptibility Meter. The data were processed using Surfer 11 software, corrected for variations in geomagnetic fields as well as upward continuation and residual magnetic field. The anomaly patterns identified in the upward continued map revealed distinct structural zones. The North Eastern and South Western zones have the maximum magnetic intensity values ranging from 700 nT to 1100 nT suggesting shallow basement while the North Western zone is characterized by relatively low magnetic intensity values ranging from -300 nT to 700 nT suggesting a deeper basement. The direct measurement of magnetic susceptibility varies between 0.36 x 10 -3 SI to 39.00 x 10 -3 SI. The contour map shows the relative thickness of the overburden to be between 15 to ...

The renewable energy sources like wind energy takes an important role to achieve sustainable goal. The wind energy is freely available pollution-free source by which electricity can be produced by the help of wind turbine. Small wind is available in Kota of speed 3m/s to 5 m/s for whole year. So small windmill which can be operated on the small and medium wind can be installed in Kota along with the Chambal River in plain areas and nearby hills. This study focuses on the design and simulation of a 1 kW grid-connected wind energy power plant for a Department of Renewable Energy building in Kota, India. The project aims to harness wind energy as a sustainable source of power to meet the energy demands of the building. By integrating a small-scale wind turbine with the existing grid infrastructure, this system ensures both renewable energy generation and reliability through grid support. The wind energy potential of the Kota region is analyzed, and the system is designed based on local wind speed patterns. The design includes key components such as the wind turbine, power electronics for grid interfacing, and battery storage for energy stability. Simulations are conducted using MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate the system's performance in terms of energy output, efficiency, and grid compatibility. The study demonstrates the feasibility of implementing small-scale wind energy systems in urban institutional buildings and highlights the potential of renewable energy integration in India's energy mix.

In this paper the correlation between the Electric Vehicle (EV) driving profile and energy consumption and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and the impact on the electrical grid is analysed. The driving profile influences greatly the overall emissions of the vehicle during the operation phase and consequently will shift the importance of each phase (production, use and disposal) of the vehicle life cycle in terms of GHG emissions. Despite both driving profile and electricity mix contribute directly to overall GHG emissions they are independent and their weight depends heavily on the scenario where and how the EV is used. An EV driven in aggressive way charged in a electricity mix with a high share of renewable energy source can have the same associated GHG emissions of an EV driven in an environmentally way charged in electricity mix with high GHG emissions. The impact on the electrical grid was also analysed using measurement results for normal power and high power DC charging methods. The results include the characterization of voltage and current harmonic distortion during the charging operations.

The use of low efficient cookstoves has several severe negative impacts. Burning solid fuels kills about 4 million people every year, a number which is higher than the combined impact of HIV-AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. Moreover, most of the people affected are located in rural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa and other developing countries, where over 80% of the population still relies on biomass as their primary source of energy, being the electricity access only 43%. Low-efficiency cooking systems are also a major source of greenhouse gas emissions since solid fuel cooking in Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for 1.2 and 6% of global CO 2 and black carbon emissions, respectively. Furthermore, widespread biomass collection by an increasing population in Sub-Saharan Africa is unsustainable, contributing to deforestation. Therefore, the impact of using traditional cooking systems is a challenge for the achievement of sustainable development targets in Sub-Saharan Africa and as a whole globally. There are several cooking technologies used in those rural locations, but there are no clear frameworks or polices to support sustainable cooking options, as well as a guide for users. This paper assesses several cooking technologies with its associated fuels and evaluated each technology in terms of energy consumption, CO 2 emissions, health impacts and costs. It was concluded that compared with traditional wood fuel cookstoves, electric cookstoves can reduce the energy consumption by 95.7%, CO 2 emissions by 100% (assuming renewable carbon-free electricity) and the life cycle cost by 94%, also avoiding over 180 mg/m 3 PM 2.5 concentrations per/household per year. Also, this paper indicates that a strong and collective effort is necessary from key stakeholders to switch from traditional and unsustainable cooking technologies and fuels to cleaner and sustainable cooking systems. Energy access • Clean and efficient cooking systems • Household air pollution • Solid fuels • Health * Yohannes Biru Aemro

This paper presents a multi-objective model for expansion with a high share of renewable energy. The model considers three objective functions (minimizing the total cost, maximizing generation at the peak load, and maximizing the contribution of non-hydro renewable sources). The model was then applied to the Brazilian case, using the new government targets for renewable energy. The introduction of the objectives regarding peak load and non-hydro renewable generation lead to an increase of solar power generation. In many studies about Brazil, solar power was not considered, or its participation was negligible, but in this paper the results show solar energy as the main non-hydro renewable source in 2030, due to its capacity to meet the peak demand, since its daily curve coincides with the peak load period. In this study, it was possible to meet 90% of the annual load with renewable sources (with 23% being ensured by non-hydro) and the solar power increased from 21 MW to 40000 MW by 2030.

Around 20 % of world population lives without electricity access, most of them are concentrated in Sub-Saharan rural areas. Traditional approaches to electrify rural areas imply capital intensive infrastructures and large investments, while DC microgrids, based on renewable sources and storage systems, can be easily implementable and lead to cost effective solutions. The use of super efficient appliances can dramatically reduce the households electricity consumption, leading to smaller and cheaper systems. In this study an analysis of the use of efficient DC appliances is performed starting by essential energy services. Solar home system design optimization can be achieved by the evaluation of irradiation variation and the load requirements, finding the most cost-effective solution. Rural electrification can have a major impact to drastically improve the quality of life of millions of people through the sustainable use of solar energy.

Distributed generation infrastructures based on renewable energies represent a key piece of the Smart Grid puzzle. However, such infrastructures increase dramatically the variability and randomness of energy generation, thus increasing the complexity of the grid management. Therefore, they need to be carefully monitored in order to properly integrate them into the electrical grid. This paper presents the novel monitoring system for distributed generation infrastructures integrated into the M2M-based platform for energy efficiency in energy-positive neighbourhoods which is being developed under the European project ENERsip. The paper describes the overall architecture of such monitoring system, as well as the developed pieces of hardware and software. In addition, the validation of the system is also outlined.

In a scenario of large scale penetration of renewable production from wind and other intermittent resources, it is fundamental that the electric systems have appropriate means to compensate the effects of the variability and randomness of the wind power availability. This concern was traditionally met by the promotion of the wind resource studies and in the identification of solutions based on reversible hydropower dams. However, in the electric system planning, other options deserve to be evaluated. This chapter evaluates the methods and technologies that can be used to minimize the intermittence, such as grid integration, technical distribution of the generators, geographic distribution of the generators, improved forecasting techniques, power plants providing operational and capacity reserve, interconnection with other grid systems, curtailment of intermittent technology, distributed generation, complementarily between renewable sources, energy storage, demand-side management, and demand-side response.

A-Wall systems are a combination of deep foundations and, in some cases, tiebacks used to provide lateral support to an unstable ground mass. Determination of the lateral and vertical forces acting on an A-Wall system can be a complex endeavor. As the unstable soil mass tends to move past and through the A-Wall system, forces are generated between the A-Wall elements and the soil. These forces provide support to the ground mass. If the A-Wall is correctly designed, the forces will increase as the soil moves until a maximum is attained at which ground movement ceases and the system reaches equilibrium. Design of an A-Wall thus requires Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) analyses that provide a solution that meets force and moment equilibrium as well as compatibility of displacements. The individual elements of the A-Wall are designed based on a structural analysis utilizing the estimated forces. This paper describes the philosophy of design of A-Walls. It also contains a detailed description of design steps based on the use of a commercially available computer program that allows determination of soil forces against a deep foundation element installed through a mass of moving soil. An iterative method is presented to find a solution to the A-Wall problem that meets equilibrium and compatibility and considers material nonlinearity of soils and A-Wall components, as well as geometric nonlinearity of the deep foundation elements. Two case histories are presented.

The electrical contact resistance between the Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) and the BiPolar Plate (BPP) used in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel cells (PEMFCs) is responsible for a substantial amount of Ohmic losses in the electrical power generator. This contact resistance was measured for a variety of carbon paper GDLs under cyclic mechanical compression between 0 and 8 MPa according to the Transmission Line Method (TLM). Contact resistance and strain hysteresis were noticed as a result of cyclic compression. The effect of GDL structure and composition on the electrical contact resistance and its cyclic behaviour has been evaluated. The contact resistance was found to decrease non-linearly with compression; more than 75% of reduction was attained at 2.5 MPa. The electrical contact resistance's difference between the different cycles of compression decreased with compression loads. Graphitised straight fibre Toray GDLs demonstrated the smallest contact resistance followed by the MicroPorous Layer (MPL) and the felt fibre substrate. The SGL straight fibre substrates exhibited the highest contact resistance. The felt fibre structure exhibited the smallest difference rates between the cycles of compression.

This research clarified a complete design for a renewable microgrid for Al-aroub technical college in Palestine. It consists of various renewable energy systems, including the photovoltaic system, biogas as a primary energy source, a fuel cell generator and a hydrogen storage unit, which can provide electricity to developing economies. As the photoelectric generator and the methane generator provide sufficient electrical energy during the day that covers the requirements of the different loads on the farm, while the excess energy is transferred to the electrolyzer for hydrogen production and storage, and when the load needs more energy, the electric fuel cells are turned on where the hydrogen is obtained from the energy storage unit. An energy management strategy was also proposed in this study as the newly developed network control and management system, and Matlab was chosen to undertake this task. Moreover, the RETscreen Expert software that enables to determine the optimum size that meets the potential demand along with the most feasible economic values and guarantees the highest system reliability. Therefore, three scenarios were proposed and tested, the first being the basic model which was a solar system with traditional batteries, the second a solar system, biogas with batteries, and finally, solar energy, biogas, and fuel cell with hydrogen energy storage unit. Technical analysis of the combined generation was also performed using Power world simulator to obtain constant frequency and voltage (stability conditions). The simulation results clearly show that the hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) consist of PV, bioenergy and small-scale fuel cell generator is a more economical configuration than single renewable energy systems with battery which has a total net cost of $ 473570, levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of 0.157 $/kWh and the lowest CO2 emission model that was 2.1 tons per year.

We consider the problem of minimizing the difference in the demand and the supply of power using microgrids. We setup multiple microgrids, that provide electricity to a village. They have access to the batteries that can store renewable power and also the electrical lines from the main grid. During each time period, these microgrids need to take decision on the amount of renewable power to be used from the batteries as well as the amount of power needed from the main grid. We formulate this problem in the framework of Markov Decision Process (MDP), similar to the one discussed in . The power allotment to the village from the main grid is fixed and bounded, whereas the renewable energy generation is uncertain in nature. Therefore we adapt a distributed version of the popular Reinforcement learning technique, Multi-Agent Q-Learning to the problem. Finally, we also consider a variant of this problem where the cost of power production at the main site is taken into consideration. In this scenario the microgrids need to minimize the demand-supply deficit, while maintaining the desired average cost of the power production.

The present paper describes the design of an industrial machine prototype (ROD Picker) which will be used for precise cutting in Short Rotation Coppice (SRC) farms. The prototype will incorporate the functionality workflow and technical features specified by the project partners: Egedal Maskinfabrik A/S - Denmark, Salix Energi Europa AB - Sweden, Lempe Gbr - Germany, TTZ Bremerhaven - Germany, TU Dresden - Germany and U.P. from Timisoara - Romania. SRC farms play an increasingly important part in the agricultural development of efficient biomass production. Using fast growing trees species (willow, poplar) bio- energy can be produced, thus contributing in two major directions of the EU strategy: tripling the use of renewable energy resources by 2020 and decreasing the impact of wood industry requirements on domestic forest resources. However, cultivation of such energy plants involves a complex technological process, one stage being the automated precise cutting of rods according to...

The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. The designation employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication has been externally edited.

A novel pricing and scheduling mechanism is proposed here for Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) charging/discharging to track and synchronize with a renewable power generation pattern. Moreover, the proposed mechanism can be used in the demand-side management and ancillary service applications, respectively for the peak shaving and frequency regulation responding. We design a fully distributed stochastic optimization mechanism using Bayesian pure strategic repeated game by which the PEVs optimally schedule their demands. We also use a mixed Bayesian-diffusion Kalman filtering strategy for the customers to collaboratively estimate and track the stochastic price and regulation signals for the upcoming scheduling window. In the proposed paper all the characteristics of the PEVs, as well as the uncertainty about their deriving patterns are considered. As our framework converges to an equilibrium even with incomplete information, is agent-based, and the agents share the information only with their optional neighbors, it is scale-free, robust, and secure.

Agriculture especially in India need to concentrate in some aspects such as how to increase the productivity and profit, how to reduce the cost and how to solve the problem comes from workers. Currently in India former used conventional method for the crop cutting i.e. The conventional method for crop cutting is as manually cutting using labor but this method is lengthy and time consuming. It well know that crop like jawar, tuar, bajra maize required more force as compare to easily cutting crop like wheat rice etc. This paper presents the concept for design and analysis of crop cutter. The crop cutting is important stage in agriculture field Crop cutting machine is mechanical device. It can be use for cutting the dry cut stalks of grain break or covering of trunk of tree. This mechanism is used for harvesting the moderate crop. single machine can be perform the work of seven to eight labour which is ultimately help to increase the economy of formers. The only drawback of machine is ...

Least‐Cost Planning played a key role in the development of the energy efficiency and renewable energy industries in the USA. It has not been widely used elsewhere, largely due to differences in other nations' regulatory environments and the emergence of competitive markets as the dominant paradigm for electricity planning. Least‐Cost Planning, however, may offer valuable insights for creating regulatory frameworks for competitive electricity markets. This paper examines some lessons which may be extracted from an analysis of the Least‐Cost Planning experience in the USA and suggests how these lessons might prove beneficial in guiding Australia's electricity industry reform. This analysis demonstrates how market‐based reforms may be flawed if they ignore the history of previous reform processes.

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Adopting a new paradigm for social development implies a transition to a circular economy. The above requires the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the utilization of wastes, and the use of renewable energy sources. The most promising way is the use of methanol for industrial and transport applications. China is experiencing a boom in methanol production and its use in almost every sector of the economy. The purpose of this study was to reveal economic benefits, carbon dioxide emissions and the potential production of green methanol. Fuel price history, energy costs and fuel economy were used for economic assessment. Life cycle analysis to evaluate carbon dioxide emissions was applied. It was revealed that only the use of green methanol as a fuel results in decreases in well-to-wheel CO2 emissions compared to fossil fuels. The potential methanol production by using recycled waste and wind power was determined. Its annual production can range from 6.83 to 32.43 million tones. On...

Climate change mitigation measures linked to households’ energy consumption have huge greenhouse gases (GHG) emission reduction potential and positive impact on energy poverty reduction. However, measures such as renovation of residential buildings or installation of micro generation technologies based on renewable energy sources have not realized their full energy saving and GHG emission reduction potentials, due to the energy efficiency paradox and other barriers. These climate change mitigation policies targeting the households’ sector can deliver extra benefits such as energy poverty reduction and implementation of the energy justice principle; therefore, they require more attention of scholars and policy makers. The aim of this paper is to analyze the energy poverty and climate change mitigation issues in EU households based on a systematic literature review, and to provide future research paths and policy recommendations. Based on the systematic literature review, this paper d...

Sustainable development and energy security, highlighted by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), necessitate the use of renewable and sustainable energy sources. However, upon careful evaluation of literature, we have discovered that many existing and emerging renewable energy systems (RESs) prioritize renewability over true sustainability. These systems not only suffer from performance inconsistencies and lack of scalability but also fall short in fully embodying the principles of sustainability and circular economy. To address this gap, we propose considering microbial fuel cells (MFCs) as a viable alternative and integral part of the renewable energy ecosystem. MFCs harness the omnipresence, abundance, and cost-effectiveness of their essential components, making them a promising candidate. Through our comprehensive analysis, we shed light on the limitations and advancements of this technology, which underscore the remarkable potential of MFCs to revolutionize our perception of clean, sustainable energy.

Chlorination, ozonation and non-thermal plasma water purification technologies were compared in terms of their effectiveness, efficiency, capital and operating costs, energy yield and chemical demand. Retrofitting plasma technology to chlorination plants offered the lowest capital cost (ZAR 14,000 or USD 253,376 based on the current South African Reserve Bank rate of ZAR/USD of 18.0983) and the most effective contaminant removal (of the three possible combinations). How- ever, this combination yielded the highest operating costs (ZAR 586,000 per annum or USD 10.6 million) and the lowest energy efficiency. It was concluded that retrofitting chlorination plants with plasma technology is feasible. However, plasma generators should be redesigned to consume less energy or to operate using renewable energy. Furthermore, research should be performed on contaminants of emerging concern to establish a deadline after which their concentration must not exceed a specified limit. This will accel...

A thermo-chemical treatment method was used to produce biogenic amorphous silica from South African sugarcane and maize residues. Different fractions of South African sugarcane (leaves, pith, and fiber) were processed for silica production. The biomass samples were leached with either 7 wt% citric acid or 7 wt% sulfuric acid at 353 K for 2 h prior to being rinsed, dried and combusted using a four-step program ranging from room temperature to 873 K in a furnace. The characterization of the pre-treated biomass samples was conducted using thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTA), X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) and elemental analysis (CHN), while the final products were characterized by XRF, X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis, nitrogen physisorption and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Citric acid pre-treatment proved to be an attractive alternative to mineral acids. Amorphous biogenic silica was produced from sugarcane leaves in good quality (0.1 wt% residual carbon and up to...

This research paper presents a comprehensive study on the optimal planning and design of hybrid renewable energy systems for microgrid (MG) applications at Oakland University. The HOMER Pro platform analyzes the technical economic and environmental aspects of integrating renewable energy technologies. The research also focuses on the importance of addressing unmet load in the MG system design to ensure the university's electricity demand is always met. By optimizing the integration of various renewable energy technologies, such as solar photovoltaic (PV), energy storage system (ESS), combined heat and power (CHP), and wind turbine energy (WT), the study aims to fulfill the energy requirements while reducing reliance on traditional grid sources and achieving significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The proposed MG configurations are designed to be scalable and flexible, accommodating future expansions, load demands changes, and technological advancements without costly...

Different advantages are associated with green healthcare design in our modern world. This research examines the innovations in green healthcare design in Saudi Arabia, with a particular emphasis on integrating sustainable practices in line with Vision 2030. Some of the environmental concerns that will be addressed include the high levels of energy use and waste generation and the inefficiency in resource utilization experienced by traditional healthcare systems. Results. The qualitative approach is employed to understand and appreciate the advances in green healthcare strategies, including revisiting existing research and analyses of pertinent case studies. The paper starts by discussing the origins and developments of green healthcare, explaining how it diverges from traditional models in that energy-efficient and eco-friendly processes and the use of building designs that incorporate nature are emphasized within the healthcare delivery systems. To show the implementation of the green design principles in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, two case studies-As-Salam Hospital and HMG Sehat Al Sharq at Al Khobar are conducted. Conclusions. As the key findings indicate, the green healthcare system development priorities of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia include cutting carbon emissions and waste and promoting the healing environment through eco-friendly designs. The study shows how important architectural features are in enhancing the use of water, air, and light. The document also considers some new approaches that reduce the negative impact, such as solar energy, proper waste management, and telemedicine. A SWOT analysis determines the strength of the availability of government support, whereas financial and civic awareness is a threat. It is noted that green health system practices in Saudi Arabia are showing an upward trend, but more efforts are needed to actualize the utmost outcome, focusing on citizen's engagement, policy frameworks, and technological advancement. The research enhances the global discourse that has taken root in sustainable healthcare by explaining how new approaches can transform the healthcare business in the Kingdom.

Currently, world researchers are competing to find the most effective and efficient way to use renewable energy sources, namely energy from sunlight and solar and wind heat or it can be called hybrid energy. The use of this hybrid energy technology can certainly save conventional fuel and reduce the risk of ecosystem damage caused. This study aims to see the energy value resulting from the implementation of a hybrid energy management control system that has been created based on a microcontroller. With the experimental method, the results were obtained that the solar cell voltage value was highest at 11 pm with 28.87 Vdc, then for the voltage of the wind energy was the highest at 27.85 at the 3rd minute at 4 pm. For energy testing of batteries, the results were obtained that if there is only one energy source to charge the battery, it takes 9 hours while if it is a hybrid energy source, it only takes 2.5 hours. This proves that hybrid energy is very effective rather than relying solely on one of the energy sources.

This article is an working between the control unit of agriculture application's and processing of data in between the agro-application with the help of latest and trending technology i.e. IOT. As we know agriculture application are get control by some wireless and controlling technics like GSM modem ,WAN,WIFI and again some wired controlling technics ,in which temperature ,humidity, moisture, air flow, motor and some agricultural application get communicate and control. But with change of time we want fast and billions of application controlling and data processing technics so that's why we have a best option here now days. IOT technology can farmer not only to access and process data from agriculture application like used in GREEN HOUSE but also farmer can control it over 'INTERNET', this technology have capability over largest distance ,simple access, fast data processing and billions of applications can get connected over network. IOT can bring farmer to connect ...

The energy consumption of hospital buildings, have increased due to embedment of sophisticated equipment pertaining to advent of technology. Factors affecting energy consumptions are air quality monitoring, high maintenance of sophisticated machineries, accurate sanitization of premises, high load of patients to doctor ratio in India which is 1596:1 as compared to regulation of 1000:1 prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO). Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) reported that nearly 60% of health care services and hospitals do not meet the minimum of Energy Performance Index (EPI) criteria. Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) of India shows that hospitals in India have a potential to achieve 42% energy saving by implementing energy efficient measures. Hence, there is a dire need to assess the parameters contributing to heavy energy consumption and the conservative and preventive measures need to be addressed. Literature indicates incorporation of efficient domestic water...

The formation mechanism of ZnO nanopowders was investigated by appropriate experimental methods. The studied samples have been obtained using a wet chemical route based on Zn(NO3)2·nH2O (ZAH) - (CH2)6N4 (HMTA) system in which the molar ratio of the components was 4:1 and 2:1. From the same solution, depending on the experimental conditions used, gels, precipitates or hydrothermally grown powders were obtained. Thermal decomposition of the as-prepared powders was analysed by simultaneous thermogravimetric and differentialthermal analysis (TG/DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) methods. X-ray diffraction method (XRD), FT-IR Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to study the structure and morphology of the obtained samples and their evolution with thermal treatment. The correlation between the preparation parameters and the properties of the resulted ZnO powders was established.

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We report results from a large field experiment that with a few hours prior notice provided Danish residential consumers with dynamic price and environmental signals aimed at causing them to shift their consumption either into or away from certain hours of the day. The same marginal price signal is found to cause substantially larger consumption shifts into target hours compared to consumption shifts away from target hours. Consumption is also reduced in the hours of the day before and after these into target hours and there is weaker evidence of increased consumption in the hours surrounding away target hours. The same into versus away results hold for the environmental signals, although the absolute size of the effects are smaller. Using detailed household-level demographic information for all customers invited to participate in the experiment, both models are re-estimated accounting for this decision. For both the price and environmental treatments, the same qualitative results are obtained, but with uniformly smaller quantitative magnitudes. These selection-corrected estimates are used to perform a counterfactual experiment where all of the retailer's residential customers are assumed to face these dynamic price signals. We find substantial wholesale energy cost savings for the retailer from declaring into events designed to shift consumption from high demand periods to low demand periods within the day, which suggests that such a pricing strategy could significantly reduce the cost of increasing the share of greenhouse gas free wind and solar electricity production in an electricity supply industry.

ARTICLE INFO The following paper gives a brief idea about the principle of waste heat recovery. It defines the waste heat recovery system using heat wheels, heat pipes, heat exchangers and explains the classification, advantages and limitations of the system. The paper explains a commercial example of the waste heat recovery unit.

Solar energy technologies offer a clean and renewable energy source, and are essential components of a sustainable energy future. The current paper presents a method for technicaleeconomic optimization of an autonomous photovoltaic system. The principal objective of this study is to find the optimum characteristics of a photovoltaic system, able to accomplish the energy requirements of a given load distribution, for a specific site. Mathematical models are exploited to analyze the working of the photovoltaic system. These models present an estimation of the recovered solar energy anywhere and anytime, an evaluation of the electric energy produced by a photovoltaic generator and a determination of the storage unit characteristics. Then, the optimizing step is done based on lack of energy to generate probability (LEGP), percentage of the surplus of energy produced (PSEP) and the cost of the kilowatt-hour produced (C kWh ). A case study has been presented to determine the optimal system configuration used to satisfy the requirements of a typical residential home located in Sfax, Tunisia.

This paper presents an optimization method for a hybrid (wind-solar) autonomous system designed for pumping water. This method is based on mathematical models demonstrated for the analysis and control of the performance of the various components of the hybrid system. These models provide an estimate of recoverable solar energy depending on the climatic conditions of a given area and a determination of the energy produced by a solar panel. These models also show evaluation of the electrical energy produced by the wind generator. Moreover, this optimization method is based on minimizing of the factor lack of energy to generate (LEG) by variation of the duration of pumping and the angel of inclination of panels. To validate this method, a case study was performed on an installed system in the region of "Sidi Makhlouf" in southern Tunisia. The results confirm that it is technically advantageous to use renewable energy for pumping water.Keywords: Renewable energy; pumping water...

Utilization of renewable energy source, essentially the wind energy, has been growing rapidly in the whole world due to environmental pollution, consumption of the limited fossil fuels and global warming. Moreover, wind resource determination is a fundamental step in planning a wind energy project and exhaustive knowledge of the wind characteristic at a site of installation is needed to estimate the performance of a wind energy conversion system. The current paper presents an investigation of the wind power potential using real wind data for five sites in Tunisia: Jendouba, Bizerte, Sfax, Gafsa and Jarzis. The Weibull distribution functions and the Betz theory are applied to describe the wind speed distribution and to determinate the wind power density for these sites. Also, mathematical models are used to calculate the recoverable wind power and the wind energy produced by a wind turbine. According to the power calculations done for the five sites, annual mean power density based on Weibull function is 63.591W/m 2 in June in Gafsa and in May and June in Jarzis whereas the minimum average value is obtained in Jendouba as 6.521W/m 2 in October. In addition, a study of the produced wind energy by three different types of wind turbine is elaborated. The results confirm that the Jarzis site presents the better wind energy potential for the utilization. Therefore, it is the most favorable site for the wind installations in the five studied sites.

Solar energy technologies offer a clean and renewable energy source, and are essential components of a sustainable energy future. The current paper presents a method for technicaleeconomic optimization of an autonomous photovoltaic system. The principal objective of this study is to find the optimum characteristics of a photovoltaic system, able to accomplish the energy requirements of a given load distribution, for a specific site. Mathematical models are exploited to analyze the working of the photovoltaic system. These models present an estimation of the recovered solar energy anywhere and anytime, an evaluation of the electric energy produced by a photovoltaic generator and a determination of the storage unit characteristics. Then, the optimizing step is done based on lack of energy to generate probability (LEGP), percentage of the surplus of energy produced (PSEP) and the cost of the kilowatt-hour produced (C kWh ). A case study has been presented to determine the optimal system configuration used to satisfy the requirements of a typical residential home located in Sfax, Tunisia.

An important source of conflict surrounding nuclear energy is that with a very small probability, a large-scale nuclear accident may occur. One way to internalize the associated financial risks is through mandating nuclear operators to have liability insurance. This paper presents estimates of consumers' willingness to pay for increased financial security provided by an extension of coverage, based on the "stated choice" approach. A Swiss citizen with median characteristics may be willing to pay 0.14 US cents per kwh to increase coverage beyond the current CHF 0.7 billion (bn.) (USD 0.47 bn.). Marginal willingness to pay declines with higher coverage but exceeds marginal cost at least up to CHF 4 bn.(USD 2.7 bn.). An extension of nuclear liability insurance coverage therefore may be efficiency-enhancing.

Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) has attracted increasing attention as a candidate for the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) to convert anthropogenic CO 2 gas into fuels combined with storage of intermittent and renewable solar energy in forms of chemical bonds for closing the carbon cycle. However, pristine TiO 2 possesses a large band gap (3.2 eV), fast recombination of electrons and holes, and low selectivity for the photoreduction of CO 2 . Recently, considerable progress has been made in the improvement of the performance of TiO 2 photocatalysts for CO 2 reduction. In this review, we first discuss the fundamentals of and challenges in CO 2 photoreduction on TiO 2 -based catalysts. Next, the recently emerging progress and advances in TiO 2 nanostructured and hybrid materials for overcoming the mentioned obstacles to achieve high light-harvesting capability, improved adsorption and activation of CO 2 , excellent photocatalytic activity, the ability to impede the recombination of electrons-holes pairs, and efficient suppression of hydrogen evolution are discussed. In addition, approaches and strategies for improvements in TiO 2 -based photocatalysts and their working mechanisms are thoroughly summarized and analyzed. Lastly, the current challenges and prospects of CO 2 photocatalytic reactions on TiO 2 -based catalysts are also presented.

In this paper, Cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) is suggested for determining optimal operation parameters of the combined wind turbine and hydrothermal system (CWHTS) in order to minimize total fuel cost of all operating thermal power plants while all constraints of plants and system are exactly satisfied. In addition to CSA, Particle swarm optimization (PSO), PSO with constriction factor and inertia weight factor (FCIWPSO) and Social Ski-Driver (SSD) are also implemented for comparisons. The CWHTS is optimally scheduled over twenty-four one-hour interval and total cost of producing power energy is employed for comparison. Via numerical results and graphical results, it indicates CSA can reach much better results than other ones in terms of lower total cost, higher success rate and faster search process. Consequently, the conclusion is confirmed that CSA is a very efficient method for the problem of determining optimal operation parameters of CWHTS.

This paper presents a preliminary technical feasibility of using marine current as a possible source of renewable energy production in Kuwait substituting fossil fuel based energy production. Kuwait sea water depth and velocity have been studied in order to obtain the most suitable location for such system. Topographical data collected from Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for marine currents and seabed have been used in carrying on a simulation study of the proposed system where the possible power output has been estimated. An economical study comparing the implementation of a small standalone generator and the implementation of a marine current generator for a standalone application was carried out showing the advantages of the latter. This preliminary work will help to show that marine current energy is a viable source of energy.

The urgent task of modern energy is to ensure reliable and efficient power supply to consumers, even those located in remote, far end places. A hybrid energy system with renewable energy sources is a promising way to ensure such a process. A characteristic feature of the modes of such systems, especially with high penetration levels of renewable energy sources, is the presence of ripples in the charge–discharge currents of the batteries used as energy storage devices. Batteries operation with such current fluctuations leads to rapid degradation of its characteristics as well as a reduction in its lifetime. Furthermore, it leads to a decrease in the reliability of the power supply system and an increase in the cost of generated electricity. A significant drawback of hybrid systems built according to well-known standard schemes is the inefficient use of the primary renewable energy, which is especially critical for energy systems located geographically in areas with severe climatic co...