Roman Archaeology

Abstract: This paper presents an approach to the development of a tool for the restoration of the Roman imperial baths. This tool is obtained from an architecturological analysis of the Roman imperial baths of North Africa. We propose that it allows generating analog models considered as hypothesis for the restoration of Roman imperial baths from their remains. These can be refined and supplemented by specialists in the field of archeology.

La restitution des edifices de l’antiquite a partir de leurs traces, des vestiges et des recits est le domaine des archeologues et des historiens. Nous proposons ici la reconstruction architecturologique comme methode complementaire, qui s’apparente plusa une reconception. Une maquette virtuelle cognitive et cooperative est proposee comme un modele generatif dynamique et ouvert ; un systeme de transformation ou systeme expert, qui mobilise un ensemble de regles d’organisation, de formation et de variation architecturales systematisees par l’analyse ; qui produit des variantes du prototype de l’edifice des thermes imperiaux a partir de quelques traces ou vestiges seulement, et de dessiner leur modele analogique appele aussi « projet ». Nous analysons unecategorie de thermes romains de type imperial de Tunisie. Le thermalisme ou la frequentation des edifices thermaux, est une pratique perpetuee depuis des milliers d’annees. Cette pratique s’est developpee d’un simple acte de bain en u...

This paper presents an approach to the development of a tool for the restoration of the Roman imperial baths. This tool is obtained from an architecturological analysis of the Roman imperial baths of North Africa. We propose that it allows generating analog models considered as hypothesis for the restoration of Roman imperial baths from their remains. These can be refined and supplemented by specialists in the field of archeology. Keyword: Tool for restitution, Roman Imperial Baths, Architectural analysis, Analog model.

In this paper, we present an approach for developing a tool for the restitution of built heritage and we take as a case study the Roman imperial baths of North Africa. This type of building responds as far as their architectural design is concerned to a universal model widely distributed throughout the Roman Empire with significant variations. We suppose here that this tool allows us to generate automatically the hypotheses of restitution (2D and 3D) facilitating the work of restitution for specialists in the field of archaeology and built heritage. The generated models can be refined and completed in order to obtain the most plausible simulation. This tool is obtained following architectural, theoretical, and historical analyses. Our study will focus on the elaboration of data model according to an architectural approach of Architectural Modelling Information (AIM).

Con motivo de la construcción de la línea de Alta Velocidad Madrid-Frontera francesa se han realizado trabajos de prospección y estudios sobre los depósitos cuaternarios del valle de la Femosa, el afluente del curso bajo del río Segre, en los que ...

La construcción de la LAV. Madrid – Frontera Francesa ha permitido plantear el estudio de dife-rentes yacimientos afectados por el trazado de la nueva línea férrea. Entre los yacimientos afectados destaca el documentado en la Gravera de l'Eugeni. La intervención ...

Le projet d'aménagement par le Conseil général du Calvados d'un carrefour dénivelé sur la commune de Fierville-les-Parcs, au croisement des routes départementales RD 579 et RD 51, a conduit à la réalisation d'un diagnostic archéologique. Deux archéologues du Conseil général du Calvados ont mené ce diagnostic du 1 er au 12 juillet 2013. L'emprise du projet se situe dans la vallée de la Touques au point de confluence avec le Chaussey. Seize tranchées ont été réalisées sur les parcelles concernées par le projet routier. Elles ont permis de sonder 3 123 m 2 de terrain, soit 9,7 % de la surface totale concernée par le carrefour dénivelé. Un peu plus de 120 structures ont été mises au jour dans 14 tranchées.

This study presents the findings of the 2024 geophysical prospection campaign conducted within the southwestern Lower City of the Hellenistic capital Artaxata, situated in the Ararat plain, Armenia. Using advanced magnetic survey techniques, we sought to investigate the urban layout and expansion of the ancient city. The campaign aimed to test hypotheses derived from aerial imagery regarding the existence of city walls in this area, a previously undocumented feature for the Lower City. Spanning approximately 20 ha, the survey revealed an array of archaeological features, including wall structures, ditches, and pits, alongside evidence of domestic and craft activities such as fireplaces. Notably, the findings confirmed the presence of the southwestern city walls, delineating a settlement area larger than previously known. Additional discoveries include monumental architectural remains, such as an octagonal structure potentially associated with an early Christian church. However, the interpretation of these structures, including their chronology and function, remains tentative pending further excavation. These results not only extend our understanding of the city's urban development but also highlight the efficacy of integrating geophysical surveys with archaeological methods in reconstructing historical urban landscapes. Future investigations will focus on resolving ambiguities through targeted excavation and refining interpretations of the magnetic anomalies observed.

n 1872, the master glassmaker Carl Lange from the Schierbach glassworks in Nienstädt in what was then Schaumburg-Lippe intended to set up his own glass factory in Stadthagen. In the building application he wrote to the Stadthagen town council on April 16, 1872: “ [...] for the time being only one hut will be built, employing 12 to 13 glassmakers [...]”.  Who were these first glassmakers who dared to make such a new start with Carl Lange, where did they come from and what social relationships did these first glassmaking families have with each other? The author asked himself these questions years ago as part of his personal family research. The present work is intended to provide an answer.

La fouille d’une partie d’un ensemble funéraire daté du Haut-Empire à Ensisheim, en plaine d’Alsace, a permis de mettre au jour une trentaine de structures funéraires majoritairement liées à la crémation dont l’analyse minutieuse a permis de définir la fonction. La variabilité des dépôts observés illustre les différentes phases de la cérémonie des funérailles (structures de dépôt définitif des restes du défunt et structure contenant le dépôt des résidus issus de la crémation), ainsi que les gestes effectués lors des cérémonies de clôture des tombes ou des commémorations. L’analyse du mobilier céramique associé aux structures et l’étude topo-chronologique des vestiges ont offert la possibilité de mieux comprendre l’évolution des gestes et des pratiques, ainsi que le fonctionnement de cet ensemble funéraire.

A bronze helmet with a unique bird-like crest dating to the first century BC was found in a grave at North Bersted in the south of England. Representations of birds on other helmets of 1st century date elsewhere in Europe are reviewed. These representations are mostly of raptors, corvids or waders and may have a chthonic significance. However, coins issued in the area of North Bersted show a man wearing a cock-like headdress or helmet crest so it is possible that the crest of North Bersted helmet represents a cockerel.

La collection Bibracte est éditée par BIBRACTE, Centre archéologique Européen. Du nom antique de la capitale des Éduens, elle rassemble tout d'abord les résultats des recherches effectuées sur le site du Mont Beuvray et le territoire éduen, ensuite les actes des rencontres scientifiques organisées par le Centre archéologique, enfin des travaux majeurs relatifs à l'archéologie de l'Europe celtique. Le comité de lecture de la collection est constitué des membres du Conseil scientifique de bibracte. L'armée romaine en Gaule à l'époque républicaine Nouveaux témoignages archéologiques Sous la direction de Michel REDDÉ

Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi’nin küçük bir parçasını temsil eden Karabük İli Eskipazar ilçesinde başlanan yüzey araştırmasında tespit edilmiş höyüklerden ve buluntu alanlarından toplanan çanak çömlekler ile yontmataş endüstrisine ait çakmaktaşı ve obsidiyen hammadde sınırlı sayıdaki protohistorik dönem araştırmalarına yeni katkılar sunmaktadır. Eskipazar’da Kalkolitik, Tunç ve Demir Çağlar ile temsil edilen protohistorik dönemlere ait yürütülen yeni araştırmalarda tespit edilen el yapımı, koyu yüzlü, mineral katkılı ve yoğun perdahlı çanak çömlekler ile obsidiyen ve çakmaktaşı ham maddeden üretilmiş kazıyıcı, ön kazıyıcı gibi aletler ve üretimden arda kalan yonga artıkları Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi protohistorik dönem araştırmaları için yeni veriler sunmaktadır. Bunlar arasında yer alan çanak çömleklerin çevre bölgelerle yapılan karşılaştırmalardan anlaşıldığı kadarıyla, Kalkolitik Çağ’a ait bir geleneği temsil etmesi ve höyüklerde bulunmuş olmaları, bölgede daha çok mağara araştırmalarından bilinen bu dönemin anlaşılması için önemli fırsatlar sağlamaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra yontmataş endüstrisi de tipolojik ve teknolojik özellikleri ile protohistorik dönemlere ait bu yeni verileri destekler niteliktedir.

Pottery and flint and obsidian raw materials belonging to the chipped stone industry collected from mounds and findspot identified in a new survey initiated in Eskipazar district of Karabük Province, representing a small part of the Western Black Sea region provide that new contributions to limited protohistoric period research. Handmade, dark-faced, mineral tempered and heavily burnished pottery, tools such as scrapers and end scrapers made of obsidian and flint raw materials and flake residues remaining from production, identified in new survey conducted in Eskipazar regarding the protohistoric periods represented by the Chalcolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages, provide new data for protohistoric period research in the Western Black Sea region. As understood from the comparisons made with the surrounding regions, the fact that the pottery among these represents a tradition belonging to the Chalcolithic Age and that they were found in mounds provides important opportunities for understanding this period, which is mostly known from cave research in the region. In addition, the chipped stone industry supports this new data from protohistoric periods with its typological and technological features.

En su De viris illustribus, Isidoro de Sevilla incluye al obispo hispano Itacio de Ossonoba, conocido adversario de Prisciliano, y uno de los principales responsables de su decapitación en Tréveris en el año 385. El testimonio del obispo hispalense es de sumo interés, puesto que es la única noticia disponible acerca de una obra no conservada atribuida a Itacio, conocida como Apologeticum. Isidoro de Sevilla ofrece también un pequeño resumen
sobre el contenido de dicha obra, en la que Itacio exponía los principales errores de Prisciliano. El presente trabajo analizará en qué medida el Apologeticum pudo influenciar a la historiografía antipriscilianista posterior a los juicios de Tréveris.

Pubblicazione sistematica dei risultati dello scavo condotto nel 1983 sulla duna di Casa Brancazzi, lungo le sponde della laguna di Orbetello. Lo scavo mise in luce i resti di due strutture abitative frequentate nel corso del I secolo a.C., interpretate come capanne di pescatori in base alle restituzioni di attrezzatura da pesca, in piombo e in ceramica.

Il territorio meridionale dell'odierna regione italiana delle Marche sulla costa adriatica, a sud del fiume Esino, corrisponde alla regio V Picenum augu-stea (fig. ). L'area era precedentemente occupata dai Piceni, una popolazione italica attestata nelle Marche fin dal IX sec. a.C. e sottomessa dai Romani, già loro alleati, dopo una sollevazione, nel 269-268 a.C. 1 In seguito alla conquista, l'intero Piceno, eccetto Ancona ed Asculum che stipularono foedera divenne ager Romanus e i suoi abitanti ricevettero la civitas sine suffragio e poi optimo iure (241 a.C.) con l'iscrizione nella tribù Velina 2 . Nel cuore del territorio sottomesso fu fondata la colonia latina di Firmum Picenum, occupata nel 264 a.C. (Vell. Pat., I, 14, 8), a 320 m s.l.m. e a meno di 7 km dalla costa adriatica, in posizione strategica, sul suolo di un insediamento piceno di primaria importanza. Erede di essa è l'odierna città di Fermo (fig. ). Il territorium della colonia (fig. ) era compreso grosso modo in una fascia di 20 km delimitata dai fiumi Tenna a nord ed Aso a sud e sembra ricalcare una vasta porzione di un più ampio areale di età picena (esteso fra i fiumi Tenna a nord e Tronto a sud) definito sulla base di caratteri della cultura materiale, delle produzioni, del costume e della ritualità 3 . Qui la manizzazione, intesa come l'insieme delle forme e modi di integrazione delle comunità picene nello Stato romano, si dispiega quindi in forme complesse. In età picena, infatti, il popolamento era organizzato in una serie di centri maggiori e una rete strutturata di insediamenti minori con siti satellite; i centri principali, come Fermo, esercitavano attrazione sul circondario.

Il territorio meridionale dell'odierna regione italiana delle Marche sulla costa adriatica, a sud del fiume Esino, corrisponde alla regio V Picenum augu-stea (fig. ). L'area era precedentemente occupata dai Piceni, una popolazione italica attestata nelle Marche fin dal IX sec. a.C. e sottomessa dai Romani, già loro alleati, dopo una sollevazione, nel 269-268 a.C. 1 In seguito alla conquista, l'intero Piceno, eccetto Ancona ed Asculum che stipularono foedera divenne ager Romanus e i suoi abitanti ricevettero la civitas sine suffragio e poi optimo iure (241 a.C.) con l'iscrizione nella tribù Velina 2 . Nel cuore del territorio sottomesso fu fondata la colonia latina di Firmum Picenum, occupata nel 264 a.C. (Vell. Pat., I, 14, 8), a 320 m s.l.m. e a meno di 7 km dalla costa adriatica, in posizione strategica, sul suolo di un insediamento piceno di primaria importanza. Erede di essa è l'odierna città di Fermo (fig. ). Il territorium della colonia (fig. ) era compreso grosso modo in una fascia di 20 km delimitata dai fiumi Tenna a nord ed Aso a sud e sembra ricalcare una vasta porzione di un più ampio areale di età picena (esteso fra i fiumi Tenna a nord e Tronto a sud) definito sulla base di caratteri della cultura materiale, delle produzioni, del costume e della ritualità 3 . Qui la manizzazione, intesa come l'insieme delle forme e modi di integrazione delle comunità picene nello Stato romano, si dispiega quindi in forme complesse. In età picena, infatti, il popolamento era organizzato in una serie di centri maggiori e una rete strutturata di insediamenti minori con siti satellite; i centri principali, come Fermo, esercitavano attrazione sul circondario.

Eszter Istvánovits & Valéria Kulcsár, A 5th–6th-century catacomb grave from Kótaj–Verba Farm (Hungary, Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County) pp. 105–30
The catacombs closest to the catacomb grave from Kótaj–Verba Farm published here can be found in the Budjak steppe, that is to say, more than 600 km far. Chronological analogies can be mentioned from the first half of the 5th century the latest, which means at least a half-a-century time gap compared with the Kótaj finds. At the same time, this type of burial rite is missing in the second half of the 5th – first half of the 6th century in the Carpathian Basin and territories west, south, or north of it. We may suggest that it formed locally. However, this surmise is unacceptable, for being a unique case, at least up to now. Prototypes should still be searched in the East.
Objects of the grave assemblage are “international,” that is to say, these are types known both east and west of the Carpathian Basin. Especially the appearance of the pair of brooches and earrings in a catacomb burial is peculiar. Such a combination of the grave goods and the burial rite is matchless. It would be irresponsible to make ethnic or historical  onclusions based on our present data.

In copertina: rielaborazione grafica dello studio di ex libris di V. Grassi, "Ad lucem", ante 13.04.1907 (torgiano, museo dell'olivo e dell'olio). Volume pubblicato con fondi del P.r.i.n. 2015 'Luce crea Luce' (prot. 2015PX7BeY_002) responsabile dell'unità di ricerca (università degli Studi di Bari aldo moro): custode Silvio Fioriello coordinatore nazionale (università degli Studi di urbino carlo Bo): maria elisa micheli PDF a esclusivo utilizzo

XLVIII Скупштина и годишњи скуп Српског археолошког друштва (XLVIII Annual Meeting of the Serbian Archaeological Society) (Trebinje, 29–31 May 2025)

https://arheologija.rs/saopstenja/

The paper presents and analyses a newly discovered limestone altar dedicated to the god Liber, found in 2018 during the cleaning of the Rakitnica riverbed in Rogatica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The monument, which is currently housed in the premises of the Tourist Organisation of the Municipality of Rogatica, contributes to the understanding of religious and cultural practices in the Roman province of Dalmatia.
The aim of the paper is to provide a detailed description and analysis of the monument and its inscription, with an effort to contextualise it within both micro- and macro-regional frameworks. Special attention is given to the meaning of the epigraphic text and the context of the cult of Liber in the province of Dalmatia.
Through analysis of available data and comparison with other monuments from the region, the study seeks to offer answers to questions related to the function and symbolism of this monument within the local economic and social landscape of ancient Rogatica.

This is a bibliographical list of the bone object finds in Anatolia until the year 2015 where all field reports concerning the worked bone finds from Asia Minor between the fourth century BC and seventh century AD were collected. Although a large number of bone objects has been found in excavations and is preserved in museums in Turkey, research concerning them has so far been limited. Only few Greek, Roman and Byzantine bone objects from, among others (in an alphabetical order) Ephesus, Sagalassus and Smyrna as well as museum collections have been thoroughly studied and published. Otherwise, there is little else than brief notes on scattered examples discovered during excavations, field surveys and rescue operations in various parts of Turkey reported in four archaeological periodicals, mostly without any illustration or detailed information (see Table 1 below). In these preliminary studies some of the bone objects have been dated erroneously, their association with grave goods was not reported, and so far no typology has been established. In addition, the issues related to their function, production, distribution and chronology have not been taken sufficiently into account. A comprehensive study covering all the finds of bone objects in Anatolia has not been carried out, and very little archaeometric research have been undertaken.
In this bibliographical study, the data concerning the Greek, Roman and Byzantine worked bone finds from excavations, field surveys and rescue excavations in Turkey were obtained from four Turkish periodicals (Table 1) which are the official annual reports of the General Directorate of Monuments and Museums, a subdivision belonging to the Turkish Ministery of Culture and Tourism. These periodicals are ‘Kazı Sonuçları Toplantıları’ (Turkish annual meetings for the results of excavations) from 1979 to the present, ‘Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantıları’ (Turkish annual meetings for the results of archaeological field surveys) from 1983 to the present, and ‘Müze Çalışmaları ve Kurtarma Kazıları Sempozyumu’ (Turkish annual meetings for the results of museum work and rescue excavations; see ‘Abbreviations’ below) from 1990 and 2001 to the present, all three of which are available online on the website of the Turkish General Directorate of Monuments and Museums.
The object of this bibliographical corpus is to compile all the find evidence for this material group in one Mediterranean landscape and to create a base for future research. The list consists of the find spots of each find, their find year, context, number, typologies and finally dating according to their publishers. A find number for each find is given in the left-hand column. Each bibliographical entry is accompanied by an acronymous reference at the end.

Although complete restitutions of the firing chambers of Roman ceramic kilns are frequent, they are usually carried out based on incomplete or partial documentation. Their total height is one of the least known
aspects, but it remains an essential parameter for estimating the production capacity of a kiln. In this paper, we present the discovery of a c. 100-140 AD Roman oil amphora kiln from the province of Baetica, for which we propose to restore its original height based on the discovery of the collapsed façade in situ. We present the results obtained, which allow us to propose a firing chamber almost as high as the diameter of the grill (92%). The rest of its architecture is discussed, and ethnography is used to further analyze these structures. This case study is exceptional and represents a novelty in the knowledge of Roman amphora kilns, confirming the calculations of the volumetric capacity of the firing chambers and adding value to the statistical calculations on the production capacities of the amphora-producing centres.

Der seit über 30 Jahren archäologisch erforschte Fundplatz von Kalkriese wird mit der historischen Varusschlacht im Jahr 9 n. Chr. in Verbindung gebracht. Während sich die meisten Kontroversen um die zeitliche Einordnung und die damit verbundene historische Kontextualisierung drehten, blieben die Deutungen zu den Verlaufsszenarien auf dem Schlachtfeld weitgehend ohne Diskussion. Lange wurde das Kalkriese-Narrativ durch einen von den Germanen angelegten Hinterhalt bestimmt. Durch neuere Grabungen wurde dieses durch die Annahme eines römischen Marschlagers, das letztlich im Laufe der Kampfhandlungen überrannt wurde, abgelöst. Beide Szenarien sind jeweils unmittelbar mit einem Baubefund verknüpft. Durch eine jüngst vorgelegte geoarchäologische Studie wird beiden Ansätzen der Boden entzogen. Die jeweiligen Strukturen datieren demnach ins Mittelalter. Die Studie wird hier in ihren Grundlagen und Ergebnissen auf den Prüfstand gestellt. Es zeigt sich, dass diese wissenschaftlich keinen hinreichenden Anhaltspunkt liefern, die bisherigen Deutungen zurückzuweisen.

In the following lines we propose an analysis of the Mesolithic background in Dobrudja, starting from its apparent absence in north-eastern Bulgaria and the poor presence of Mesolithic sites in the Romanian part of the above mentioned region.
The issue is a sensitive and intensely discussed one. Our examination aims to clarify some major aspects of the cultural manifestations of this period. In this sense, we will reexamine some of the hypotheses of the previous century together with more or less recent opinions.
The directions of analysis follow the evolution of the regional Mesolithic background throughout its manifestation, from the beginning to the end.
One of the important coordinates of the theme concerns the quantitative aspect, in an attempt to identify a pattern regarding the presence of Mesolithic communities in Dobrudja.
Another indicator aims to clarify the situation on a qualitative basis. This involves classifying the finds according to the type of intervention, the variety of archaeological material, the criteria of cultural attribution, etc. and placing them in a catalogue of finds of Middle Stone Age in Dobrudja. At the same time, we try to establish the premises of the particular context of the "Cadrilater", where, until now, no Mesolithic manifestations have been identified and to what extent this is due to limited investigations. We also want to understand which factors influenced the presence of Mesolithic communities following the line Brebeni‒Lespezi‒Șipotele‒Petroșani‒Albești and why their representatives did not advance beyond this limit into
South Dobrudja. Also relevant are the new underwater surveys off the coasts of Israel and Turkey and their results. In line with these, some opinions have been expressed arguing for the absence of Mesolithic in north-eastern Bulgaria on the basis of Holocene climatic changes, showing that some Mesolithic settlements in the Black Sea coastal area continue to exist in
the underwater environment.

In recent scholarship, the impact of palaeoclimate change is often understood as a main factor contributing to the fragmentation and "fall" of Rome's empire. The various attempts at postulating disastrous effects of temperature shifts in the fifth to sixth centuries – cooling caused harvest failures, famine, political and social unrest, and disruptions in food supply – have been criticized for a good reason: compelling causal links between cooler weather conditions and decreasing agricultural productivity are missing. The socioeconomic and political impact of a prolonged climate-related Late Roman drought (ca. 360-440 CE), however, has been widely overlooked. This paper aims to compare palaeoecological data from cave speleothems and lake sediments that indicate palaeoclimate and environmental change through precipitation shifts in the southern Black Sea region with the archaeological data of the urban granary in Pompeiopolis. Combining these data offers fresh insights into Roman environmental imperialism, command ecologies and economies, and the impact of climate change on Rome's tax system that kept the network of redistributive food supply running. This archaeo-environmental approach sheds light on the ecological vulnerability of integrated economies, failures of the dysfunctional metabolic regimes of ›polis command economies‹, and the chain of cause-and-effect provoking the "fall" of Rome.

This research investigates the relationship between humans and the environment at the archaeological site of Nora with a particular focus on the Phoenician and Punic periods (7th–4th century BC) through an innovative interdisciplinary approach. By integrating archaeology with biological analyses, including anthropology, biochemistry, and archaeobotany, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of ancient life at the site. Bioanthropological analyses of dental and skeletal remains from the western necropolis of the site reveal individual osteobiographies and shed light on the overall population. Environmental data from archaeological stratifications in both settlement and suburban areas allowed the reconstruction of the evolution of the ancient landscape and document the utilization of specific plant species. These findings illuminate aspects of daily life, diet, and resource management, offering valuable insights into the social, cultural, and economic practices of the Phoenician and Punic communities.

The purpose of this article is to present some new attic and locally produced sarcophagi from Roman Macedonia. The material presented here comes from the modern district of Kilkis and from ancient Dion in modern Pieria. They are mainly parts or fragments of attic sarcophagi decorated with familiar mythological themes. Of particular interest is the depiction on a fragment from Dion of an episode, probably from the myth of Philoctetes, which finds no parallels in the up to now known sarcophagi. The presentation of the new material proves that the luxurious sarcophagi of the attic workshops were circulated in other places of Macedonia besides Thessaloniki. As in the case of Thessaloniki, along with the imports from Athens, the production of local works sometimes is also observed.

2023 sezonunda kent içerisinde Piskoposluk Sarayı (Episkopeion), 3 No.lu Kilise, Nekropol Caddesi ve çevresi, Kuzey Liman Caddesi, Liman Anıtsal Mezarları, güney kentte dere kıyısında bulunan Yapı Ada 16’daki sivil konut (Kemerli Yapı) ve Tiyatro’da kazı çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Kazılarla eş zamanlı olarak konservasyon çalışmaları sürdürülmüştür.

The subject of the publication are terracottas of various deities discovered in the valley of Middle Struma River. The majority were found during the exploration of Heraclea Sintica and are likely products of a production center in the ancient city. The rest were chance finds. The predominant themes are associated with the cult of Dionysus. Several terracottas are related to the cult of the Thracian Horseman, and individual pieces represent Hercules, Aphrodite, Nike, and other deities. All are dated to the 2nd – 4th centuries AD. According to their form they are divided into four groups – masks, busts, statuettes and tablets (reliefs). Most are precisely crafted and covered with glaze. They are proof of the existence of a strong tradition of terracotta production in the region. They closely resemble examples from Hellenistic workshops in Greece and Asia Minor, which refutes the idea that the technique of terracotta production became simpler and cruder during the Roman period.
This article was submitted in 2008 for the Proceedings of the International Archaeological Conference “Gods and Men”, 18-20 September 2008, Varna, Bulgaria. The text presented here is slightly expanded and updated.

Soprintendenza per i beni e le attività culturali, Ufficio beni archeologici; Giorgia Gentilini: architetto libero professionista. Con l'apertura del cantiere di restauro del complesso casa Gerloni in Piazza Duomo a Trento, la Soprintendenza per i Beni Culturali ha richiesto di integrare il progetto architettonico con lo studio morfologico-stratigrafico sulla ex casa-torre Bellesini. Si tratta di un edificio medievale a pianta quadrangolare alto 16 m. L'edificio insiste su strutture di età romana che sono state indagate nel fundo turris. Tra la fine del XII secolo e l'inizio del XIII secolo si cominciò a costruire la casa-torre (26 mq e spessore murario di circa 1 m). La conoscenza dei materiali attraverso le fasi costruttive e trasformative documentate sono stati sia strumento guida per il progetto di restauro sia occasione di aggiornamento delle fasi di evoluzione urbanistica della città. With the opening of the restoration works on the Gerloni complex in Piazza Duomo, Trento, the Superintendence for Cultural Heritage has requested the integration of the architectural project with a morphological-stratigraphic study of the former Bellesini house-tower. This is a medieval building with a rectangular plan, 16 meters high. The building stands on Roman structures that have been investigated in the fundo turris. Between the end of the 12th century and the beginning of the 13th century, construction of the house-tower began (26 sqm with a wall thickness of about 1 meter). The knowledge of materials through the documented construction and transformation phases has served as both a guiding tool for the restoration project and an opportunity to update the phases of the city's urban evolution. Trient forderte die Oberaufsichtsbehörde für das kulturelle Erbe, das architektonische Projekt durch eine morphologisch-stratigraphische Studie des ehemaligen Bellesini-Turmhauses zu ergänzen. Es handelt sich um ein mittelalterliches Gebäude mit viereckigem Grundriss und einer Höhe von 16 m. Das Gebäude ruht auf Strukturen aus römischer Zeit, die im Fundo Turris untersucht wurden. Zwischen dem Ende des 12. und dem Beginn des 13. Jahrhunderts begannen die Bauarbeiten an dem Turmhaus (26 m² und eine Wandstärke von ca. 1 m). Die Kenntnis der Materialien durch die dokumentierten Bau-und Umbauphasen war sowohl ein Leitfaden für das Restaurierungsprojekt als auch eine Möglichkeit, die Phasen der städtischen Entwicklung zu aktualisieren.

Age bowl that was unearthed during the rescue archaeological excavations on the site at uspon Sv. Franje Asiškog, so-called Block 11/22-23, in Pula. The accent was placed primarily on the methods of glass restoration, the bonding procedure for the newly reconstructed parts, and the retouching of same.

Ce travail est une monographie sur les Illyriens vus à travers leurs contacts avec le monde grec. L’objectif est d’aborder l’histoire des populations illyriennes dans une perspective qui est celle de la frontier history, et à cette fin, de réinterpréter toute la documentation disponible sans hellénocentrisme ni a priori idéologique, en cherchant à dégager les vecteurs d’interculturalité.
La première partie de l’ouvrage s’attache à définir les contours géographiques et chronologiques du sujet. Dans un deuxième temps sont étudiés les lieux, les vecteurs, les occasions des contacts et la nature des échanges, en d’autres termes les facteurs d’acculturation. Sur cette base, la dernière partie vise à analyser les transformations observées dans tous les secteurs de la vie socio-culturelle.
Les contacts entre populations grecques et autochtones s’articulent autour de deux temps forts : celui de l’implantation coloniale qui entraîne plutôt une hellénisation dite verticale, touchant uniquement les élites, puis celui de l’unification au sein du royaume de Pyrrhus avec une hellénisation dite horizontale, très étroitement liée au phénomène d’urbanisation et au développement des classes moyennes représentées par les marchands et les artisans.

The great message of Lord Siddhartha Gautama Buddha to universe and the insight of Buddhism is, in fact, to promote peace and unity among the humankind, providing equal access to opportunities and resources for people who might otherwise be excluded or marginalized, compassion, cultivating inner peace and mindful healing. Gautama, the enlightened or awakened one, who attained the supreme goal of Buddhism, variously known as nirvana (blowing out), bōdhi (awakening, enlightenment) and vimutti or vimoksa (liberation), and one who fully understands the Dharma, the true nature of all things or the ultimate truth, founded the path of cessation of dukka (suffering created by attachment to desires and distorted perception and thinking) for the peace, harmony and welfare of all the living beings. Nowadays, the world is confronted with a number of crises and unprecedented natural disasters. The imminent threat of terrorism, ethnic violence, war, poverty and social and economic disparity cause widespread misery and strife leading to complex issues and crises. Buddhism with its rich heritage of tolerance and non-violence can contribute immensely and inspire us with His message of lovingkindness, peace and harmony to today's world and take us to the right path of cordial relationship among the society, tackling poverty, providing education and sustainable development to endeavour for social justice and welfare of humanity.