Roman History

Como observado por Mattingly (2016), em seu seminal trabalho intitulado Who sha
ped Africa? The origens of urbanism and agriculture in Maghreb and Sahara,
processos endógenos diversos e concomitantes ocorridos no de correr do I milênio a.C. foram responsáveis, em última instância, pela emergência da vida sedentária, pela diversificação da produção agrícola e das tecnologias hidráulicas, assim como pela dispersão e consolidação das rotas de comércio e da própria formação dos
primeiros Estados no norte da África. Atentos às novas perspectivas histórico-arqueológicas, discutiremos, neste capítulo, o exemplo dos garamantes, grupo étnico líbio que constituiu uma entidade política centralizada no Fezã, sendo peça fulcral do tráfico regional ao se conectar a uma extensa rede de comércio fortemente estabele
cida nos diversos oásis saarianos, posição que foi, a posteriori, entre os séculos I e IV, potencializada por suas relações diplomáticas e econômicas com Roma.

This work studies epigraphic testimonies referring to the cult of Genius as a protective divinity of the civic communities in Hispania citerior. The aim is to understand the role which the cult of this divinity may have played in the cohesion of different civitates in this provincial territory. Using the comparative method, we attempt to trace the differences and similarities which can be observed in relation to the other two Hispanic provinciae: Baetica and Lusitania.

This chapter explores the ideological and rhetorical frameworks of populism through the lens of Sallust's writings during the late Roman Republic. Challenging prevailing interpretations that emphasize the destabilizing effects of populism, it adopts an emic perspective, analyzing how populism justifies itself ideologically. The study identifies three core elements of populism: the symbolic versus immanent construction of popular sovereignty, the dichotomous opposition of "the People" and "the Elite," and the nostalgic invocation of a moralised historical "heartland." It applies these frameworks to the speeches of Lepidus, Macer, and Memmius, highlighting how Sallust's representation of populist rhetoric totalizes diverse grievances into unified demands grounded in a moral narrative of liberty versus oppression. The analysis extends to Sallust's own historical commentary, revealing a pessimistic yet coherent worldview shaped by the tension between Rome's moral and political decline and an idealized past. This populist perspective uncovers parallels between ancient and modern populisms, particularly the role of symbolic legitimacy and the inherent tensions between democratic ideals and institutional realities.

La Inteligencia artificial ha emergido como una tecnología disruptiva en diversos campos, y en el ámbito de la educación superior, su papel es cada vez más significativo. En un contexto en el que la tecnología está transformando la enseñanza y el aprendizaje, resulta esencial comprender cómo los docentes perciben, adoptan y aplican la IA en su labor pedagógica. Los objetivos específicos de esta investigación incluyen: Identificar las herramientas y aplicaciones de IA que los profesores universitarios utilizan en su desarrollo docente y planificación académica. Explorar el nivel de conocimiento y experiencia de los docentes en relación con la IA, así como su percepción sobre el impacto de esta tecnología en la educación superior. Evaluar el nivel de implantación de esta tecnología en el aula. Comprender la adopción y las prácticas de la IA por parte de los docentes es esencial para adaptar la pedagogía a las innovaciones tecnológicas y las necesidades cambiantes de la educación superior. Además, se busca analizar las razones detrás de la utilización actual de la IA en el entorno educativo. No solo busca identificar las herramientas de IA utilizadas por los docentes, sino también comprender cómo esta tecnología actúa como agente de cambio en la práctica docente y la planificación académica. Según Calderón y Benavides (2022): Son muchos los campos en los que la IA puede ayudar a la comprensión de los fundamentos teóricos y prácticos, con el fin de desarrollar profesionales con una visión más amplia de su entorno y campo de acción. Por ejemplo, en el área de la ingeniería, las ciencias, la medicina y por último, todo el ambiente relacionado con la comunicación. En este sentido, el Centro Universitario San Isidoro reúne las condiciones necesarias para el análisis sobre nuevas metodologías docentes que permitan este desarrollo, debido al alto impacto que tiene la IA en las profesiones relacionadas con los grados que allí se imparten.

During the 3rd century, Roman emperors increasingly issued gold coins and medallions for high-ranking military officials, evolving from earlier bronze versions. Under Emperor Gallienus, these heavy gold medallions served as gifts and religious symbols of loyalty, aiming to counteract inflation's impact on the army's purchasing power. This paper examines medallions from Valerian and Gallienus's reign (253-268), focusing on materials, imagery, and reverse inscriptions. Obverses prominently feature figures like Gallienus, Concordia, or Pietas, while reverses emphasise Moneta, Virtus, and Fides Militum, underscoring monetary quality, martial valour, and military loyalty.

In this article, we aim to examine the public presence of the Augusta Iulia Cornelia Salonina within the image and self-representation of the power of her husband, Publius Licinius Gallienus (253-268 AD). This research aims to investigate how the Augusta Salonina manifests herself within the public propaganda promoted by her consort, identifying the most frequently used media, the regions of the Empire where her presence is most rooted and the contribution she made to the dynastic image of the domus Licinia Augusta during the period between 254 and 268 AD. For instance, we will examine how the Augusta emerges most prominently in the Latin epigraphs of Italy, North Africa and Hispania, as well as actively participating in the image of various types of coins directly associated with Gallienus. This monetary involvement will be examined through the legends on the obverse of coins, such as SALONINA or CONCORDIA, and through its assimilating role with the figure of Σελήνη (Moon), as opposed to Gallienus’ role as Ἥλιος (Sun).

Several public buildings in the city of Rome and its immediate environs are associated with the empress Livia, who officially commissioned their construction or renovation: most notable is the Porticus Liviae. While her building activity has often been cited as part of the official Augustan construction programme, emphasising her role as ideal Roman matrona, Livia’s benefactions have never been properly investigated in their social and historical context. The present paper seeks to remedy this by placing Livia’s buildings into the wider field of female building activity in late Republican and Augustan times, thereby offering a new interpretation of her role in Augustus’ programme.

This paper presents four newly discovered Roman military tile and brick stamps from Brâncovenești /
Marosvécs. One belongs to a type already known as belonging to the Ala numeri Illyricorum, the other two
represent a new type and can be read as Ala Illyricorum.

How should stories about enslaved people who became rich and/or famous after their manumission be understood? Given that manumission did not make former slaves legally equal to citizens in the ancient Greek world, do these stories reflect realities in the places where these slaves lived and acted? Do they reflect concepts about and hopes among slaves for social mobility and a general belief that slaves had equal mental abilities?
Or do they reflect the anxieties of slave-owners lest such scenarios materialize?
My aim here is to examine some of these stories in their social, cultural, and political contexts and offer some observations. Being written about 2,500 years ago by persons other than the slaves themselves, in various genres and for different purposes, these stories pose serious obstacles and present a complex and ambiguous picture. This very kaleidoscopic tableau, however, more than that portrayed in legal texts, may teach us about the concepts and attitudes to slaves and freed slaves in the  communities and periods in which they were written or – if the extant evidence allows inference – in which the subjects of these stories lived.

U radu se analizira i tumači specifična muzejska dokumentarna građa iz dokumentacijskog fonda Evidencija o izložbama Arheološkog muzeja Istre. Riječ je o dvije rukopisne knjige koje sadrže potpise i dojmove posjetitelja Muzeja grada Pule, prethodnika današnjeg Arheološkog muzeja Istre. Prva knjiga sadrži upise posjetitelja datirane od 1. rujna 1902. do 31. prosinca 1921. godine. Druga se kronološki nadovezuje na prvu, s upisima posjetitelja do 12. travnja 1929. godine. Danas ove knjige služe kao vrijedna sekundarna dokumentacija koja pruža podatke o posjetiteljima tj. korisnicima stalne izložbe najstarijeg pulskog muzeja. Također, kao vjerodostojan dokument vremena, predstavljaju vrijedan izvor za istraživače povijesti Pule.

U radu se donosi i analizira dosad neobjavljena i nekorištena projektna dokumentacija za gradnju zgrade Pulskog radničkog društva na Clivo Santo Stefano 3 u Puli, danas Usponu sv. Stjepana 1. Zgrada je sagrađena 1883. godine, a početkom 20. stoljeća dodijeljena je Gradskom muzeju (Museo Civico), prethodniku Arheološkog muzeja Istre, i Gradskoj knjižnici (Biblioteca Civica). Od 1930. sjedište je Državne organizacije za zaštitu materinstva i djece (Federazione provinciale dell’Opera Nazionale per la Protezione della Maternità e dell’Infanzia - Aiuto materno). Nakon njezina rušenja, 1937. godine na istom je mjestu podignuta nova zgrada za potrebe javnih službi (Casa della Madre e del Bambino). Danas u njoj djeluje Dječji vrtić - Scuola dell’infanzia Rin Tin Tin.The paper presents and analyses previously unpublished and unused design documentation for the erection of the building of the Workers’ Society of Pula at No. 3 Clivo Santo Stefano, now No. 1 Uspon svetog Stjepana. The building ...

Toukokuun 20. päivänä 325 eli 1700 vuotta sitten kokoontui Nikean kirkolliskokous, joka hyväksyi kristillisen kirkon uskontunnustuksen. Se oli merkittävä vaihe kristikunnan historiassa ja samalla osa vanhan Rooman sisäistä ja ulkoista kriisiä, josta avautuivat tiet myös nykyiseen geopolitiikan aikakauteen.

Seuraavassa siitä katkelma tulevasta teoksesta Euroopan synnystä Suomen syntyyn, kruunun ja alttarin geopolitiikka 753 eKr. - 1848 jKr.
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On May 20, 325, or 1700 years ago, the Council of Nicaea convened and approved the Creed of the Christian Church. It was a significant stage in the history of Christendom and at the same time part of the internal and external crisis of ancient Rome, which also opened the way to the current era of geopolitics.

The following is an excerpt from the upcoming book From the Birth of Europe to the Birth of Finland, The Geopolitics of the Crown and Altar 753 BC - 1848 AD.

recueil Forgerons, élites et voyageurs d'Homère à nos jours est un hommage rendu à la mémoire d'Isabelle Ratinaud-Lachkar, dont les publications portaient sur les métaux et leurs usages dans les sociétés grecques de la période géométrique. Élue membre junior de l'Institut universitaire de France en novembre 2008, elle avait présenté dans son dossier de candidature plusieurs thématiques de recherche développées dans le présent ouvrage. L'introduction de ce volume coordonné par Marie-Claude Ferriès, Maria Paola Castiglioni et Françoise Létoublon, souligne l'intérêt de la méthode qu'elle avait adoptée en combinant les approches de l'archéologue, de l'historien et de l'historiographe, pour suivre la piste des métaux et interroger, chemin faisant, les élites et les échanges culturels. Les chercheurs à l'origine des vingt-trois chapitres qui composent ce volume, se réclament de cette pluridisciplinarité.

In the catalog of Italian paintings from the 14th to the 20th century preserved at the National Museum of Serbia in Belgrade, it is stated that the painting titled “The Death of Agrippina” is a work of Sebastiano Ricci due to its pictorial qualities. The argument is mostly based upon the similarity in the pose of the female figure and other figures in his mythological paintings. However, both the topic and the composition are
also highly similar to another painting of the same title done by Giovanni Battista Pittoni.
Pittoni’s painting, paired with “The Death of Seneca,” had hung in Dresden since 1723 and went missing after the Second World War. Based on this, a hypothesis was made claiming that Pittoni was inspired by Ricci’s canvas.
On the other hand, there is a drawing by Pittoni (previously ascribed to Antonio Balestra) that is almost identical to the painting in Belgrade. This casts doubt on the previous attribution, allowing a re-attribution to Giambattista Pittoni, making it the aim of this research. This is further supported by the repetition of the figures in his other works throughout his career. A feature he was particularly notable for.
In addition, in the general overview of 18th-century Venetian painting, Sebastiano Ricci is one of the main exponents of the so-called group of “chiaristi” painters, while Pittoni belongs to the so-called “pathetic Rococo” style. The painterly qualities of the Belgrade canvas are much closer to the latter, further supporting the aforementioned argument.

For centuries, the modern world has been unaware of the civilizations that preceded it. Plato’s dream of the lost Atlantis has inspired scientists and philosophers to search for information about this ancient continent. The Mystery Schools teach that Atlantis was a magnificent empire that existed in the Atlantic Ocean basin, with a great metropolis called the City of the Golden Gates. The Atlanteans were masters of various arts and sciences, including the power of moving tremendous masses of rock. They spread their culture and knowledge to other parts of the world, building pyramids and influencing the development of religions. However, a cataclysm sank Atlantis, leaving only scattered remnants of their civilization.

The ancient civilization of Atlantis, once a powerful and influential force, is believed to be the source of many modern beliefs and practices. Its influence can be seen in religion, architecture, and even the origins of war. The Aryan race, which emerged from Northern India, is said to have descended from the Atlanteans and spread across the globe, impacting various cultures.

The existence of Atlantis, a vast oceanic continent or group of islands, is supported by geological evidence and ancient historical accounts. The destruction of Atlantis, possibly around 9500 B.C., is linked to volcanic cataclysms and is reflected in various flood myths across cultures, including those of the Mayans, Native Americans, and Chinese. The legacy of Atlantis is evident in legends, symbols, and traditions, suggesting a profound impact on the development of human civilization.

The Atlantis story, prevalent in various cultures, suggests a continent destroyed by the misuse of astral light. The Atlanteans, natural mediums, were controlled by the astral king, leading to their downfall. A group of adepts, led by Noah, escaped the destruction and established new civilizations, preserving their knowledge.

Verderame, L. (2024) ‘The family in Early Mesopotamia’, Origini, 48, pp. 191–206.

The article examines the family in Early Mesopotamia from a broad perspective. The study starts with a lexicographic and theoretical analysis, addressing various issues related to the interpretation and reconstruction of familial structures and their dynamics within Sumerian sources. An introductory section is dedicated to the overview of written evidence on family and the history of studies. The article subsequently examines kinship terminology and explores its application in conveying socioeconomic relationships beyond familial connections (pseudo-or fictive kinship). It provides a description of the structure and general features of marriages, addressing terminology for spouses, polygyny, celibacy, and the exchange of women in the framework of "interdynastic" marriages. Ultimately, it explores the various terminologies for in-laws and the broader socioeconomic concepts and networks (house, clan, lineage).

Portillo-Sotelo, J.L., Bernal-Casasola, D. y Sibón Castañeda, B. (2025). “Docencia a través de la ilustración arqueológica: técnicas pedagógicas para la enseñanza de la cultura material romana”. Almoraima. Revista de Estudios Campogibraltareños 62, pp. 131-140.

Two books on Procopius' digressions in one year is a treat, and two very different books at that. Albrecht Ziebuhr provided a meticulous study in which he carefully defined what constituted a digression in terms of classical theory, identified the formal markers in Procopius that marked the start and end of many digressions, and then listed what he accepted as digressions for each book of the Wars; 1 Ziebuhr traced their origins back to Herodotus, and defined them as ranging from decorative to vehicles for important messages, for example Procopius' views on major events or the Christian context of his narrative. In contrast, Jakob Riemenschneider's publication of his Innsbruck dissertation foregrounds theory, which is as important as the text of the Wars: indeed Procopius is the main focus for only two out of the five main chapters, just half of the book in terms of length, 114 pages out of 226, if one assigns to Procopius the Appendix that lists what Riemenschneider identifies as excursuses. His canvas is much broader than Ziebuhr's, namely the social world of historiography in the sixth century, and he aims to illuminate this context through analysis of some of Procopius' digressions.

A myth of antiquity is explained with modern science in the context of an ancient naval battle. A legend was invoked by the admiral Pliny the Elder to explain the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra against Octavian at the naval battle of Actium. A fish, called echeneis or remora, is said to have the power to stop ships or to delay their motion by adhering to the hull. Naturalists have since studied how the fish sucking-disk with its typical pattern of parallel striae sticks to its host. Here we show the pattern of the free surface measured in a towing tank in the wake of an ancient galley is similar to the striae pattern of the fish. We have measured the bathymetry at the mouth of the Ambracian Gulf that influenced the physical environment of the battle. The computations demonstrate the increase of wave resistance of a galley as a function of the draft to the water depth ratio in shallow water corresponding to the appearance of a particular wake pattern: the echeneidian free surface pat...

This article has been reviewed by at least two referees and scanned via a plagiarism software. / Bu makale, en az iki hakem tarafından incelendi ve intihal içermediği teyit edildi. Copyright / Telif Hakkı: "Authors retain the copyright of their works published in the journal, and their works are published under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license. / Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları CC-BY-NC 4.0 lisansı altında yayımlanır." Ethical Statement / Etik Beyan: This article is an improved and partially modified version of the paper titled "The Impact of Sectarian Disagreements on Islamic Traditions in the Syrian/Simayd Village Druze Grave House Tradition", which was presented orally at the International Symposium on Religion and Civilization in the Middle East, but the full text was not published. / Bu makale, Uluslararası

The twentieth century in Spain serves as a mirror of what might have happened in Rome in the first century BCE on the political, social and ideological level. The basic assumption can be expressed in a few words: war makes enemies and civil war makes mortal enemies forever; whereas war is the most disruptive element within a society, civil war is the most crucial factor in its polarisation. The Spanish civil war in 1936–1939 and the dictatorship that followed are a good example of the extent to which this kind of conflict can trigger a spiral of hatred and revenge between the victors and the vanquished in a society from which it is very difficult to
escape. Crucial to understanding the increased polarisation that Rome experienced in the first century BCE is the fact that Sulla’s dictatorship was preceded by a gruesome civil war (83–82). The decisive aspect of this process was the permanent existence of an ideological confrontation that was discernible throughout the Late Republic. Civil wars were both the main consequence of political polarisation and the driving force
behind that polarisation, in a circular feedback loop of violence that culminated in the transformation of the Roman res publica.

Als mapes d’aquest llibre hi trobareu línies, colors, rius, carreteres,
fronteres, dibuixos d’animals, de cases, d’arbres... Però també
hi trobareu desitjos, voluntats, paraules en hãtxa kuï, avenirs,
cosmovisions, fins i tot, amenaces. Són mapes que emocionen
i commocionen. Mapes que no ens parlen d’un territori conquerit
o a conquerir, sinó d’un que es vol guarir i protegir.

Cette étude se concentre sur les caractéristiques et le développement du symbole du trophée sur les premières pièces de monnaie impériales romaines, du règne d’Auguste jusqu’à la fin du règne de Marc Aurèle (32 av. J.-C.2 - 180 apr. J.-C.). Elle ex- plore la corrélation entre le trophée et d’autres symboles, les changements possibles de signification et les corrélations avec les événements militaires de l’époque.

This study focuses on the characteristics and development of the trophy symbol on early Roman Imperial coins from the reign of Augustus until the end of the reign of Marcus Aurelius (32 BC3 - 180 AD). It explores how the trophy correlates to other symbols, possible changes in meanings and correlations to military events of the time.

The conquest of Sabina by Rome in 290 B.C. led to a new organisation of the territory, which became Roman state property, aimed at making the most of its various characteristics for the benefit of the new owners. Instead of founding colonial cities, Rome sent coloni viritani, who settled in the territory subdivided by centuriatio, and appointed praefecturae the pre-existing centers for the administration of the area. Given the scattered settlement and mountainous landscape, additional smaller settlements
were established, where the inhabitants of the surrounding areas could gather for public and religious activities, festivals, the administration of justice, periodic markets, and other aspects that characterise community life. This function was fulfilled by the fora, which are public structures somewhat monumentalised according to the urban forum model but built in rural areas. Based on its characteristics, the sector of Villa San Silvestro articulated around the main temple, dedicated to Hercules, is identified as
a forum. The various elements related to the administration of Rome that can be identified in Villa San Silvestro – of a religious, political and economic nature – are analysed, distinguishing between those belonging to the forum (Area A) and those present in the vicus where the coloni went to live (Area B), along with their different architectural evolution over time.

Poena cullei has long attracted great interest among scholars (especiallylawyers, historians and anthropologists). The Roman sanction for patricide involving sewing up the perpetrator in a sack with some animals and drowning him in the sea terrifies and fascinates at the same time. This text shows that for the ancient Romans poena cullei was never a punishment in the modern sense. It was a ghastly quasi-religious ritual to cleanse society of the taint that the criminal had brought down on everyone. It did not lose its character even when Christianity became the ruling religion in Rome and retribution became the primary purpose of criminal punishment.

The late antique/Early Islamic settlement of Mitzpe Shivta (El-Meshrifeh, Khirbet el-Misrafa, Khirbat al-Mushrayfa, Mesrafeh, Mishrafa) in the Negev Desert, a site closely linked to monasticism and pilgrimage, is renowned for its rock-cut rooms and Christian pilgrim inscriptions. Yet, historical photographs unveil a different facet of its history: once adorned with stone-built structures like towers and retaining walls, many of these features no longer endure. While our excavations demonstrated that parts of the site were already destroyed by an earthquake in the 8th-9th century C.E., the German archaeologist Theodor Wiegand suggested that a significant portion of Mitzpe Shivta’s architecture, still visible on older photographs, was obliterated during the construction of the Ottoman Military Railway in Palestine (1915–1916). Our study, integrating archival sources and archaeological surveys, supports Wiegand’s reconstruction. During World War I, the Negev became a border zone between the Ottoman Empire and British Egypt. The railway from Beersheva to Qusseima was built to transport troops and supplies, facilitating Ottoman control of the Suez Canal. Military time pressure, resource shortages, and harsh environmental conditions prompted the extraction of high-quality ashlar masonry from Mitzpe Shivta for the construction of bridges and channels. At the same time, Wiegand, Djemal Pasha and Bedjed Bey sought to implement protective measures to safeguard the threatened archaeology. Exploitation, however, resulted in significant loss of Mitzpe Shivta’s architecture, so later archaeologists focused on its preserved rock-cut rooms. Historical photos provide a fresh perspective on the settlement before the Negev became a theatre of war.

L'ouvrage concerne un épisode historique majeur de l'Italie romaine, après lequel la population civique fut presque triplée. La victoire militaire romaine fut éclipsée par une série de concessions législatives. Le livre aborde le thème de la réconciliation comme stratégie conduite par une partie de la classe politique romaine. Il envisage les remodelages de l'historiographie antique ainsi que les phénomènes de résilience, la capacité à récupérer d'un traumatisme à l'échelle de toute l'Italie. Comment se réconcilier avec ces alliés devenus ennemis, et enfin des concitoyens ? Comment la génération des combattants at -elle dépassé ce conflit qui causa un demi-million de morts ?

Aksum is the place where a church known by the name gabaz Səyon, which over the centuries became gabaza Aksum, established itself as one of the most important churches in the kingdom, at least in terms of its symbolic significance. Safeguarding the ruins of the very ancient past of the Aksumite state, said to have hosted the Ark of the Covenant, being the privileged theatre for the anointment of the Christian kings and considered to have been the very first episcopal see, Aksum is a focal point of the history and legitimacy of the Christian religious and political powers in Ethiopia. Paradoxically, from the 11th century onwards, it was becoming progressively peripheral in regard to the geopolitical issues of the realm. We will focus our attention on the very term gabaz in order to decipher its meanings. We will then analyse how gabaz became associated with the fact that Aksum was portrayed as an episcopal see. In doing so, some of the factual questions we wish to answer are the following: Did gabaz have an ancient signification that was later lost? Although since medieval times, Aksum Səyon was the only gabaz church in Christian Ethiopia, was there more than one church called gabaz in the Ethiopian ancient past? How did this term come to symbolise Aksum’s church exclusively, and why? Is the academic translation of gabaz as ‘cathedral’ appropriate and how did this translation appear? Going further, the aim of this contribution is to scrutinise how the history of the earliest period of Christian Ethiopia (4th-8th c.) was written by Ethiopian intellectuals of the Middle Ages (13th– 14th c.), and how establishing the figure of the bishop of Aksum as a major authority in homiletic corpora and early Ethiopian hagiographies could have served contemporary issues, as well as framed for centuries our appreciation of the Ethiopian past.
The uniqueness of the status of gabaz attributed to Aksum in medieval texts and afterwards, associated with the doxa that prevails about the uniqueness of the Coptic metropolitan in Ethiopia, has favoured a documentary and intellectual context in which gabaz could easily be perceived as the unique cathedral of the one and everlasting diocese of Ethiopia. While this notion has unfortunately overshadowed the history of the royal churches and of Aksum, as well as the dynamic and challenging history of the Ethiopian episcopacy, I nevertheless hope that this contribution will partially unveiled the practices of memorialists and historians in Ethiopia at the beginning of the so-called Solomonid period and will added some depth to the long and complex history of Aksum.

Este trabajo profundiza en la figura de los funditores o honderos baleares, guerreros insulares cuya maestría en el manejo de la honda les valió la reputación de “mejores tiradores del Mediterráneo” en las crónicas de Estrabón, Diodoro Sículo y Tito Livio. Partiendo de un análisis crítico de las fuentes grecolatinas y de la revisión de la bibliografía clásica, la investigación rastrea el origen de estos combatientes en el insular y aislado archipiélago balear. Se examina cómo la Cultura Talayótica, con sus prácticas rituales y estructura social, moldeó desde la infancia valores de disciplina, resistencia y sacrificio, factores que contribuyeron a la formación de habilidades extraordinarias en el lanzamiento de proyectiles. El estudio también aborda la transformación tecnológica y funcional de la honda: de instrumento pastoril destinado al ganado a arma de guerra capaz de abatir a distancia a la caballería y la infantería enemiga. Mediante la incorporación de datos arqueológicos recientes —incluyendo restos de munición de piedra y representaciones iconográficas en cerámica talayótica— se documenta la evolución de las variantes de la honda y sus técnicas de uso, así como su difusión en contextos mercenarios. La contratación de honderos baleares por las fuerzas cartaginesas durante las Guerras Púnicas y, posteriormente, por el ejército romano, se enmarca en un proceso de intercambios culturales y militares que revela la importancia estratégica de estos especialistas en la dinámica de poder mediterránea. Aplicando un enfoque interdisciplinar que combina la historia militar, la arqueología y el estudio tecnológico de las armas, este trabajo demuestra cómo una sociedad periférica logró proyectar su influencia hasta los grandes escenarios de la Antigüedad, aportando un caso paradigmático de innovación guerrera y adaptación cultural en el mundo antiguo.

This work delves into the figure of the Balearic funditores or slingers, island warriors whose mastery of the sling earned them the reputation of "the best marksmen in the Mediterranean" in the chronicles of Strabo, Diodorus Siculus, and Titus Livy. Based on a critical analysis of Greco-Latin sources and a review of classical bibliography, the research traces the origin of these combatants in the insular and isolated Balearic archipelago. It examines how the Talayotic culture, with its ritual practices and social structure, shaped values ​​of discipline, endurance, and sacrifice from childhood, factors that contributed to the development of extraordinary skills in projectile throwing. The study also addresses the technological and functional transformation of the sling: from a pastoral tool used for livestock to a weapon of war capable of striking down enemy cavalry and infantry from a distance. By incorporating recent archaeological data—including remains of stone ammunition and iconographic representations on Talayotic pottery—the evolution of sling variants and their use techniques, as well as their diffusion in mercenary contexts, is documented. The hiring of Balearic slingers by the Carthaginian forces during the Punic Wars and, later, by the Roman army, is part of a process of cultural and military exchange that reveals the strategic importance of these specialists in Mediterranean power dynamics. Applying an interdisciplinary approach that combines military history, archaeology, and the technological study of weapons, this work demonstrates how a peripheral society managed to project its influence to the major arenas of antiquity, providing a paradigmatic case of warrior innovation and cultural adaptation in the ancient world.

Die archäologischen Forschungen wurden 2017–2019 in ʿAddi ʾAkawәḥ bei Wuqro/Tigray fortgeführt und erbrachten äthio-sabäische Gebäudereste unter der Kirche ʾAbunä Gärima. Wieder aufgenommene Arbeiten am exponierten Monumentalgebäude von Ziban Adi resultierten in neuen Ergebnissen zur Gebäudegröße.

Ecopornography remains undertheorized and retains its original meaning as a synonym for greenwashing. This paper conceptualizes ecopornography to enhance its pedagogical and analytic usefulness in ecocriticism. After a review of the literature on ecopornography, the paper adopts an ecofeminist frame and draws on feminist conceptualizations of pornography to clarify and develop ecopornography as a tool for critical analysis. In addition to clarifying what qualities make an environmental message ecoporn, different types of ecoporn messages are identified via an analogy to "hardcore" and "softcore" human pornography, expanding the concept's range and conceptual coherence.

LIBRO VI I 1. La datazione dell'ad edictum e i rapporti con il de officio proconsulis I tentativi di datazione dell'ad edictum presentano intrinseche criticità, al punto da non potersi ritenere completamente convincente nessuna ricostruzione che collochi il commentario in specifici anni. L'ipotesi che appare più probabile è che l'opera appartenga, in tutto o in parte, al tempo di Caracalla 1 . Già Honoré aveva messo in luce i due elementi rilevanti per definire il dilemma cronologico: le citazioni degli imperatori e lo stile impiegato dal giurista. Entrambi debbono essere ora richiamati per definire, in particolare, anche la collocazione temporale del libro 6. Cominciando dal primo elemento, si nota che nei testi derivanti dal libro 6 l'unico riferimento ad un imperatore è contenuto in D. 3.2.24: imperator Severus rescripsit. Tuttavia, contrariamente a quanto si ritiene usualmente, e secondo quanto affermato dallo stesso Honoré, l'appellativo di imperator non può essere considerato indizio dirimente per l'individuazione del periodo di composizione dell'opera: a fronte dell'opinione di Mommsen 2 , per il quale imperator si riferirebbe all'imperatore ancora in vita, ve ne sono altre di segno contrario, fondate sull'idea che nei testi di commento i giuristi non fossero necessariamente vincolati ad impiegare un titolo o un altro, a differenza di quanto accade, ad esempio, nelle iscrizioni, ove non si può fare altrimenti che rappresentare l'esatta realtà storica. Ad ulteriore sostegno di questa idea, si osserva che non mancano fonti nelle quali le parole precise di un imperatore defunto vengono riportate definendolo, appunto, imperator 3 . Dunque, si potrebbe in generale affermare che la scelta di imperator rispetto a divus potrebbe essere motivata non dalla circostanza

Bu çalışma, antik Roma'da iktidarın meşrulaştırılmasında ilahi desteğin rolünü incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma, siyasi otoritenin tanrısal referanslarla nasıl şekillendirildiğini, bu iddiaların gerçek dini inançlardan mı yoksa stratejik manipülasyonlardan mı kaynaklandığını ve bu yaklaşımın Cumhuriyet'ten İmparatorluk'a evrimini analiz etmektedir. Çalışmada yöntem olarak tarihsel kaynaklar (Livius, Plutarkhos, Suetonius, vd.) ve epigrafik kanıtlar üzerinden nitel bir analiz tercih edilmiştir. Romulus, Scipio Africanus, Julius Caesar, Augustus ve Caligula gibi figürlerin ilahi meşruiyet iddiaları örnek olay incelemeleriyle ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca, değerlilik (dignitas) ve güvenilirlik kavramları çerçevesinde iktidar-tanrı ilişkisinin döngüsel mekanizmaları değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmadaki başlıca bulgulardan biri, ilahi destek iddialarının, siyasi rekabette avantaj sağlamak ve halk nezdinde meşruiyet inşa etmek için kullanılmış olmasıdır. Örneğin, Romulus'un akbaba kehaneti ve Scipio'nun Neptün'le kurduğu bağ, askeri başarıları meşrulaştırmıştır. İlahi destek iddiaları, başarıyla doğrudan ilişkilidir: Zaferler ilahi desteğin kanıtı olarak sunulmuş, yenilgiler ise tanrıların terk edişiyle açıklanmıştır. Yine, Cumhuriyet'ten İmparatorluk'a geçişte ilahi meşruiyet merkezileşmiştir. Augustus, birden fazla tanrıyla bağ kurarak ve rakiplerin bu stratejiyi kullanmasını engelleyerek iktidarını mutlaklaştırmıştır. Bununla birlikte, Caligula örneğinde görüldüğü üzere, değerlilik kriterlerini karşılamayan iddialar toplumsal retle sonuçlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, ilahi meşruiyet, Roma'da iktidar yapılarının sürdürülmesinde kritik bir araç olmuştur. Hem dini hem siyasi bir spektrumda işleyen bu strateji, başarı ve değerlilikle beslenen döngüsel bir mekanizmaya dayanmaktadır. İmparatorluk döneminde, bu yaklaşımın eşitler arasındaki ilk olan imparatora özgü hale getirilmesi, iktidarın tekelleşmesini sağlamıştır. Çalışma, Roma'nın siyasi-dini etkileşiminin dinamiklerini ortaya koyarak, antik iktidar mekanizmalarının evrenselliğine ışık tutmaktadır.

Il 1 dicembre 2003 è stato realizzato in via Redipuglia, 57 all’Isola Sacra lo scavo per l’allaccio del sistema fognario della casa colonica di  proprietà Volpe al collettore principale di via Redipuglia, realizzato di recente (2000).
In stretta relazione col progetto, sia nel rispetto delle normali procedure formali previste dalla legge per le aree a rischio archeologico, sia nell’esercizio della funzione di tutela svolto per conto dello Stato dalla Soprintendenza, l’opera è stata posta sotto vigilanza in modo tale da prevenire ogni possibile forma di danneggiamento del patrimonio archeologico sepolto protetto ope legis.

This article examines the later Roman Upper Rhine Limes between Lake Constance and Basel as a borderline region with a liminal character situated between the centres of power of Rome and Barbaricum. As a border defence system, the section of the Limes examined here served both to keep the peace and to wage war, as a study of imperial activities in the 4th and 5th centuries shows. Taking literary and documentary evidence into account, it becomes clear that the living environment of the local population changed fundamentally over the course of time. Roman administration, Christian religion and church structures as well as Gallo-Roman and Germanic culture subsequently formed the basis for new ways of life in the early medieval societies of what is now Switzerland.