Scope and Space for small scale poultry production in developing countries

Development practitioners are using smallholder poultry as a tool for poverty alleviation. Prospect of smallholder poultry is also discussed within the context of industrialisation of the poultry sector and problems of smallholders to access markets. A smallholder poultry development model for poverty alleviation has been developed and applied in Bangladesh. Parallel development of the concept has occurred in several other countries and further dissemination is underway. Limited evidence from a few impact studies on several poultry projects show positive results in terms of the number of beneficiaries reached, their increased income, consumption, nutrition, expenditure, savings and empowerment of women. They also show varying degrees of performance of the input supply and services, e.g. credit, day old chicks, research, training and capacity building. But these studies and results suffer from major methodological deficiencies, so can't be relied upon fully to guide and back up the approach and required investment in the field. Empirical evidence on efficiency of large versus small-scale operations also indicate that small commercial poultry may face problems of survival in a competitive market environment unless appropriate institutional mechanisms for their market participation are developed. There is a need to support development efforts in smallholder poultry with research and capacity building including development and adaptation of vaccines against major diseases, feeding and nutrition management, efficacy and economics of alternative production and service delivery models, competitiveness with commercial poultry in the context of market liberalisation, globalisation and economies of scale in commercial poultry, and pathways of impact of interventions among the poor. Public research can play important role in these research issues. Given the diversity of ecological, production systems, socio-economic and cultural contexts across developing countries where this concept needs to be tested and applied, highly decentralised participatory adaptive research is needed using diverse approaches to exchange experiences for mutual learning and reduce duplication of efforts. Such exchanges can be facilitated by creating platforms or networks where the main stakeholders in the field can regularly come together to develop a shared vision and identify effective ways to influence policy makers to ensure that research findings are incorporated into policies for poverty alleviation. ILRI needs to carefully examine how it can complement efforts of other players in the field with its many years of experience in conducting participatory, multidisciplinary, systems oriented livestock research and training in partnership with national research institutions in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. ILRI's excellent laboratories are a potential resource to back up field oriented research where needed. ILRI's experience in conducting policy dialogues may also help to create a poultry-focused platform for bringing together various stakeholders.

2020

The present study was designed to assess the situation that characterizes the production and marketing systems of the small and medium scale commercial chicken subsector in Ethiopia. For the study total of 203 respondents were selected using a snowball sampling method and data collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Respondents grouped into the small (n=125) and medium (n=78) scales. Most of the respondents (74.4% and 84.6%) of the small and medium scale commercial chicken producers respectively were male. In the small and medium scale commercial chicken production, the respondent producers were out-growers. The majority (80.0%) of small scale commercial chicken producers had their own chicken house, while had an education status of college or university diploma/degree and were accounted for 42.4 and 60.3%, respectively in the scales. The majority (61.6%) of the small scale and (80.8%) of the medium scale commercial chicken producers were out-growers. The majority (80.0%) o...

World's Poultry Science Journal

Animal-derived foods are critically important for a healthy and productive society. Consumption of chicken products globally is now outstripping that of other foods of animal origin. Although chicken production is one of the fastest-growing agricultural sectors, worldwide, such growth is not reflected in many SSA countries. The aims of this paper are to review, summarise and publicise the trends, opportunities and constraints to the stakeholders of poultry production in the region. Published data shows that future consumption projection rates are highest for white-meat and eggs. Regardless of country's economic level, poultry industry has taken the lead in the production of animal products. Globally, chickens account for 91% of the world's total poultry population and are contribute around 89% and 92% of poultry meat and egg production, respectively. Increased per capita income, population growth and enhanced communication are the driving forces for poultry improvements in SSA countries. The demand for foods of animal origin is expected to grow by 70% (2005-2050), and the highest expected shares would be contributed by poultry meat (121%) and eggs (65%). In SSA, due to low productivity, the growing demand for animal products has not been accompanied by an equivalent growth in local production. The shortfall between demand and supply has necessitated significant importation of poultry products. Challenges to poultry industry in Africa are inadequate grain production, a shortage of 1-day-old chicks, disease prevalence and the low purchasing power. It is projected that by 2025, around 186% (as compared to 2011) of soybean meal will be imported by SSA to fill the gaps. The main challenge to chicken production in the region is addressing the general problem in the overall agricultural system. It can be concluded that poultry production in SSA has a bright future to meet the demands of foods of animal origin, providing that improvements are made to address the weaknesses in the agricultural system and in doing so reduce the reliance on importation.

Small scale poultry industry faces many hurdles. The study investigates the hurdles or constraints which are faced by the small scale poultry industry which hinders its growth. Data was collected using purposive sampling technique from the 50 respondents. To collect valid data a semi structured questionnaire was developed through which data was collected. It was revealed that for the development of the poultry industry it is necessary that the government should take responsibility and facilitate them for the effective growth of the industry. In Pakistan there is lack of training institutions, lack of proper infra structure, lack of skilled labor, difficulties to access the veterinary services, improper communication, lack of government support and inadequate research that hurdle the small scale poultry industry.

Poultry, Fisheries & Wildlife Sciences, 2016

Background: Small scale Poultry production are used by farmers in order to generate cash income and as a source of food for domestic consumption however, the production sector is constrained by disease, predators, poor housing, poor management, lack of feed, low market prices and lack of markets. This study aimed to identify challenge and opportunities available for small scale poultry production in Jigjiga zone of Somali regional state. Methodology: For the study three districts, namely Jigjiga, Babile and Awbare were selected by purposive sampling technique. From the selected districts A total of 94 (Jigjiga = 35, babile = 32 and Awbare = 27) the respondents were selected purposively who engaged in poultry production and primary data were collected by using semi-structured questionnaires. Results: The major poultry production system practiced in the study area was village poultry production system (93.3%) and according to this study poultry is kept mainly for home consumption (42.2%), income generation (48.5%) and cultural prestige (26.6%). In the study area the dominant chicken breed was indigenous ecotype (67.6%). As indicated in the current study the demand for poultry and poultry product was very high and this is might be due to the problem in supply of poultry and its products. Sharing the same room under the same roof with the family (14.6%), different shelter in the same roof (36.6%) and separate house were the common poultry housing system practiced in the Jigjiga and surrounding area. Incubation and brooding were the other poultry management practiced in the area in which clay pot with bedding (64.4%) and clay pot without bedding (33.3%) were used for incubation and brooding. Before sale and set for incubation eggs were stored in cold environment (63.5%), in cold container (32.6%) and anywhere (41.1%). Disease (41.1%), shortage of feed (33.5%), and predators (20.7%) were the major constraints affecting poultry production and its productivities and higher demand for poultry and its product is the future opportunity for the development of poultry sector in the area. As the dominant production system was village poultry production scavenging feeding system in which supplementation twice (morning and evening) with maize or sorghum grain were practiced in the area. Conclusion: from this study, it can be concluded that expansion of veterinary service, and extension package for intervention to improve the productivity and economics contribution of poultry should also be designed in collaboration with NGO and Regional government.

2018

A survey was conducted on 485 respondents from eight regions of Namibia to characterize their poultry production systems. The overall mean proportions of literacy level were, secondary (33.6%), illiterate (31.5%), primary (27.3%), unspecified (4.0%) and tertiary (2.9%). The estimated chicken population in the whole study area covering 347 510 km 2 was about 1.84 million and the estimated chicken density was 14.1 chickens/ km 2 . Overall, 76.1% of the interviewed households owned chickens with an overall mean of 20 chickens/household. Overall, 20.4% of the chickens were young females, 23.8% adult females, 14.2% young males, 9.7% adult males and 31.9% chicks. Overall, an average of 11 eggs/hen/clutch were laid with 74.3% mean hatchability. These hatched chicks had an average of 56% survival after four weeks. Overall, 33.5% of the chickens were lost due to disease, 27.1% consumed within households, 21.8% killed by predators, 7.9% sold, 6.5% stolen, 2% due to starvation and 1.3% as a re...

2018

International Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Research, 2018

The study was carried out to assess poultry management practices among smallholder farmers in Benue state, Nigeria. Questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 80 respondents used for the study. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean score as well as inferential statistics which include factor analysis and logit regression were used for data analysis. Results revealed that 56.7% of the respondents were between the ages of 21 and 40 years, 47.5% had household size of 6-10 persons, 88.6% were literate having 1-10 years of farming experience (93.8%). Findings also show that 48% of the respondents practiced intensive system of poultry while 41.3% of them indicated that major reason for choice of poultry management system is because it is cheap/less expensive. Types of poultry management practices include proper sanitation (80%), cull sick birds (76.3%), brooding of chicks (73.8%) and use disinfectants (70%). Results further indicate constraints to poultry management which include technical, labour and input related factors. The study recommends that efforts are needed in promoting increase in poultry production through adequate pests and diseases control to enhance productivity. Contribution/Originality: This study documents that extensive and semi-intensive systems of poultry management were mostly practiced by the farmers in the area where the research was conducted. It also established that poultry management practices were highly constrained by technical, labour and input-related factors. 1. INTRODUCTION Livestock production is an important component of agricultural in developing countries, Nigeria inclusive which is an instrument of socioeconomic change, improved income and quality of rural life (Okunmadewa, 1999). The increasing demand for animal food products and the trends in production and consumption strongly suggest that much of the demand for meat can be met through increased poultry production (Delgado et al., 2001). Poultry production occupies a prominent position in livestock keeping which accounts for 36.5% of total protein intake (Akpabio et al., 2014). Poultry production has long been recognized as one of the quickest ways for a rapid increase in protein supply in the shortest run. There has been a recorded improvement in poultry production sub-sector in Nigeria with its share of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increasing in absolute terms (Adedeji et al., 2013). In Nigeria, poultry accounts for about 30.28% of the total livestock production (Kughur et al., 2014). The types of poultry that are commonly reared in Nigeria are chicken, duck, guinea fowl, turkey, pigeon and ostriches.