Social History

Η νικηφόρος μάχη της 18ης Μαΐου 1821 στα Βέρβενα, ένα ιστορικό γεγονός με κορυφαία σημασία για την εδραίωση της Επανάστασης, καθώς πραγματοποιήθηκε μόλις δύο μήνες μετά την κήρυξή της, εμψύχωσε τους επαναστατημένους και απέδειξε ότι η επιτυχής έκβαση του αγώνα είναι εφικτή. Αναπτέρωσε το ηθικό των αγωνιστών και περιορίζοντας του Τούρκους μέσα στα τείχη της Τριπολιτσάς επέπτεψε την προετοιμασία της πολιορκίας και στη συνέχεια την άλωσή της. Ο Κολοκοτρώνης τονίζει ότι μετά από αυτή τη μάχη "ἐμούδιασαν οἱ Τοῦρκοι καὶ δὲν βγῆκα ἄλλη φορὰ διὰ ἐκστρατείαν".

The victorious battle of May 18, 1821, at Vervena constitutes a historical event of paramount importance for the consolidation of the Greek War of Independence, as it took place merely two months after its official declaration. This triumph invigorated the revolutionaries, demonstrating that a successful outcome to the struggle was indeed attainable. It significantly boosted the morale of the fighters and, by confining the Ottoman forces within the walls of Tripolitsa, enabled the preparation for its siege and eventual capture. Kolokotronis emphasizes the impact of this battle, stating that after it, "the Turks were stunned and did not undertake another campaign."

Este artículo se enmarca dentro de un proyecto de investigación más amplio que pretende estudiar la «cortesía» de Antiguo régimen en tanto que reflejo de las teorías acerca de la naturaleza y el funcionamiento de la sociedad. En concreto, se centra en dos obras poco estudiadas pero vinculadas entre sí: el Proxeneta (1570) del humanista italiano Gerolamo Cardano y el Traicté de la Court (1616) del noble y político francés Eustache de Refuge. Ambos formulan ya algunas de las ideas de los grandes moralistas del siglo XVII (Gracián, La Rochefoucauld, La Bruyère, etc.) y trazan una imagen de las sociedad que anticipa las teorías filosóficas de Hobbes. Tales ideas influyen en la concepción que Cardano y de Refuge tienen de la cortesía, que se convierte en una peligrosa habilidad necesaria para sobrevivir tanto en la sociedad como en la corte.

In this paper, we are going to discuss the problem of privacy protection in electronic data transfer systems . Electronic data is consist of video, image , and text . Providing protection is not sufficient for effective data transfer .it is also important to regulate all parameters of data transfer. like speed , bandwidth required ,size ,PSNR ratio .etc. ,we basically achieving both the things by using H.264/AVC algorithm ,and 256 bit encryption key. Because of it we get three layers of protection as well as efficient data transfer rate.

n 1872, the master glassmaker Carl Lange from the Schierbach glassworks in Nienstädt in what was then Schaumburg-Lippe intended to set up his own glass factory in Stadthagen. In the building application he wrote to the Stadthagen town council on April 16, 1872: “ [...] for the time being only one hut will be built, employing 12 to 13 glassmakers [...]”.  Who were these first glassmakers who dared to make such a new start with Carl Lange, where did they come from and what social relationships did these first glassmaking families have with each other? The author asked himself these questions years ago as part of his personal family research. The present work is intended to provide an answer.

The article focuses on Michał Zaleski (h. Lubicz, 1765–1845), the now almost for-gotten landlord of Veliuona, and his critique of the Privilege of Sigismund the Bear-ded. The first part of the article deals with the facts of Zaleski’s biography, followed by the description of Zaleski’s litigation against the Dean of Veliuona, Kiprijonas Nezabitauskis (Cyprian Niezabitowski 1779–1837) concerning the Laibguvys meadow. During the litigation, Nezabitauskis relied on the charters, including the above-mentioned “privilege̕” (a forgery of the late 18th century). It allegedly gran-ted Magdeburg Law to Veliuona in 1443 and defined the boundaries of its church lands. The article presents the manuscript of Zaleski’s critical remarks preserved at Vilnius University Library, and analyses in detail the arguments debunking the Privilege of Sigismund the Bearded. The Appendix to the article contains a trans-cript of Zaleski’s critical remarks.

This article investigates tuberculosis mortality in Hermoupolis, the capital of the Greek island of Syros, during the period of continuous cause-of-death reporting from 1916 to 1940. Contemporary reports identified Greece as having one of the highest levels of tuberculosis mortality in Europe, with Hermoupolis ranking at the top within the country. In the early twentieth century, Greece launched an anti-tuberculosis campaign, primarily supported by philanthropists due to limited state intervention. The study examines the actions, if any, taken by the local authorities in Hermoupolis and analyzes mortality attributed to tuberculosis by age group and sex. The results reveal that tuberculosis mortality declined across all age groups in the 1930s, particularly among females. Deaths were concentrated in infancy, early adulthood (20-39 years), and the elderly. Clear differences in tuberculosis fatality rates among occupational classes were found, although they did not markedly differ from all-cause mortality patterns. Factors such as the lack of sanitary reforms, poor living standards, inadequate nutrition, and overcrowding could have potentially played key roles in the high tuberculosis mortality in the city. Considering the inefficacy of sanatorium treatment before the mid-1940s, it is plausible that improvements in factory working conditions and the decrease in industrial activity in the city may have contributed to the reduction in tuberculosis mortality in Hermoupolis during the 1930s.

This article explores the history, organisation, composition, and significance of the Council of War in the Low Countries in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Council was a flexible, informally functioning junta that advised the governor-general on military policy. There are almost no archives preserved for this Council. Researching an informal junta is methodologically challenging and required a wide variety of archival traces to be pursued. Between c. 1567 and c. 1621 the Council seems to have functioned as a general staff and advisory body in the field. From the 1620s it lost influence to competing institutions, and became a network of garrison commanders and a body of honour. More generally this article tries to understand army command and military strategy with a focus on the relationship between formal institutions and informal juntas.

RITUAL AND POLITICS: THE “BOOK OF GODPARENTHOOD” OF KING ALEXANDER I KARAĐORĐEVIĆ (1921–1934)

This paper examines the godparenthoods of King Alexander I Karađorđević as an instrument of dynastic and state propaganda in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes/Yugoslavia. Based on the Book of Godparenthood, which is preserved in the treasury of the Church of the Ascension of Christ in Čačak, the study analyzes the distribution of godparenthoods by regions, religious denominations, fathers’ occupations, gender of the children, and the symbolism of gifts. The research shows that godparenthoods were selectively used, with a particular emphasis on the Catholic population in the regions of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, while Serbia, Montenegro, and "Old Serbia" were less represented. Godparenthoods were most frequently granted to children from large families, and the gifts carried both symbolic and material significance. The king’s envoys were primarily high-ranking officers, reinforcing the authority of the state. A chronological analysis indicates an increase in godparenthoods after 1929, coinciding with the introduction of the royal dictatorship and the policy of integral Yugoslavism. The most common names given to newborns were associated with members of the royal family, underscoring the clear symbolic function of this ritual. The paper concludes that godparenthoods served as an attempt to construct a unified state identity, but their selective application raises questions about the long-term effectiveness of this strategy in light of the political crises that followed.

Three decades ago, South Korean director Kim Dong-won made two important documentaries about the struggles and everyday life of the people of Songhak Maeul. Yet Songhak Maeul remains little-known as a successful case of community capacity building in a marginalised neighbourhood in Seoul. This article provides a historical background and explains the impact of market-driven urban redevelopment on neighbourhood communities in Seoul. It revisits community activism in Songhak Maeul and highlights some of its achievements and legacies that deserve closer attention as a reminder of the importance of resilient neighbourhood communities in the face of growing environmental and social challenges in cities.

A document is something written down that was intended "to make a memory official", or at the very least to deliberately remind later generations of what happened. In contrast, a monument is something that was not intended to speak but which nonetheless reveals something of the past to us, such as objects, dwellings, activities, landscapes, etc. The historian's task, Rancière (2014) says, is to get monuments to speak and, at the same time, to delve beneath the surface of documents to discover "what they say as monuments, as opposed to what they say intentionally" (pp. 24-25). Often, indeed, they say very little intentionally. This may be the result of their being scarce, but the more likely explanation is that they do not record things in the ways we would like them to. In the case of Spain, there were a few plague treatises by the late sixteenth century, mostly inspired by ancient sources that had nothing to do with the authors' own knowledge, but which inserted the Spanish experience into a sequence or chronology of verified patterns. However, the relative dearth of accounts itself speaks to people's experiences. Plagues were cyclical and could be expected; they competed with famine and hardship on people's calendars of disasters, and there were tools available to combat them. They were not worth a chronicle. Or, one might speculate, perhaps there were indeed written accounts, but they were not considered worth saving. James Longrigg (1992) has noted that subsequent writers paid Thucydides "the most sincere form of flattery" (p. 27) by essentially cribbing his horrifying and moving description of the plague of Athens, and that was true during the great Castilian plague as well. But Longrigg makes the important point that the Greek chronicler's theme was, precisely, "the disintegration of Greek society. He is describing the processes by which social and political violence can undermine reason. The plague serves as a catalyst that expedites these processes" (p. 33). There were few topics that so captivated early modern Spanish writers as political order, and the prospect of its destruction in a society steeped in notions of good government and republicanism, such as Castile, was bound to disturb readers and writers. Nearly all Spanish treatises include echoes of (or are directly copied from) Boccaccio's famous image of parents deserting children, wives leaving husbands, families struck 'Ad preservandam sanitatem': imágenes del puerto y del santoral cívico 'Ad preservandam sanitatem': imágenes del puerto y del santoral cívico 'Ad preservandam sanitatem': imágenes del puerto y del santoral cívico 'Ad preservandam sanitatem': imágenes del puerto y del santoral cívico patrons de Barcelona (segles xvi-xviii). Pedralbes: revista d'història moderna, 1095-1117.

Esta tese tem como tema as relações raciais como integrantes da formação da classe trabalhadora do Rio de Janeiro entre 1905 e 1930, em especial nas categorias dos arrumadores portuários na  Sociedade de Resistência dos Trabalhadores em Trapiche e Café. A pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar as relações entre raça e classe social nas experiências de organização política na experiência dos trabalhadores cariocas, tentando entender a totalidade de elementos que faziam parte do fazer-se da classe. O trabalho analisa também o perfil dos trabalhadores sob diversos recortes, sua escolaridade, estado civil, identidade racial, moradia entre outros. Esta pesquisa utilizou fontes da hemeroteca digital da Biblioteca Nacional e os arquivos do Sindicato Avulso em Capatazias e Arrumadores no Comércio Armazenador do Município do Rio de Janeiro.

I laghi di Mantova sono il frutto del plurisecolare intervento dell'uomo sul corso del fiume Mincio. Il XIX e la prima metà del XX secolo costituiscono un secolo e mezzo di progetti, dibattiti e realizzazioni che hanno posto le basi per l'attuale assetto idraulico del fiume dal Lago di Garda sino alla foce in Po. Il saggio costituisce il primo studio scientifico sull'argomento, enumerando la complessa trama di progetti territoriali intessuta dai molti ingegneri chiamati, o spontaneamente dedicatisi, al difficile compito di regimare il fiume virgiliano e difendere la città dalle alluvioni provenienti da nord (dal Garda) e da sud (dal Po). Lo studio, che raccoglie l'articolata succesione di progetti e proposte formulate da ingegneri di fama nazionale e internazionale, consente di conoscere i manufatti, altrimenti anonimi, che contrappuntano l'asta fluviale dal Garda al Po. I paragrafi bei quali si suddivide il lavoro sono intitolati: 1.PROPOSTE PER LA DIFESA IDRAUL...

Акчурин М.М., Шакиров Р.К. Спор 1725 г. о праве владения Рысом Пьсяковым вотчиной на реке Ик по ханскому письму и государевым грамотам его прадедов // «Пограничье: где начало того конца?» : материалы Всероссийской научно-практической конференции, посвященной 60-летию Г. Х. Самигулова. Челябинск : Общественный фонд "Южный Урал", 2025. С. 109-130.
Настоящая статья посвящена вотчине на реке Ик, получившей широкую известность в историографии благодаря используемому в вотчинном споре ярлыку 1523 г. казанского хана Сахиб-Гирея. Ярлык был выдан предкам представителей одной из сторон разбирательства. В статье приводится публикация обнаруженного документа 1725 г., который содержит обстоятельства еще одного спора с другими претендентами на право владения рассматриваемой вотчины. В статье также раскрывается информация об участниках этого спора.
This article is devoted to the patrimony on the Ik River, which became widely known in historiography due to the yarlyk of Kazan Khan Sahib Giray used in the patrimony dispute in 1523. The yarlyk was given to the ancestors of representatives of one of the parties to the proceedings. The article contains the publication of the discovered document from 1725, which contains the circumstances of another dispute with other applicants for the right of ownership of the patrimony in question. The article also reveals information about the participants in this dispute.

E sempre uma satisfacao renovada poder apresentar uma nova edicao da Revista Semestral Raizes e Rumos – uma publicacao da Pro-Reitoria de Extensao e Cultura (PROEXC) da Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO). O dossie dessa oitava revista – Conscientizacao em Extensao: experiencias e saberes sustentaveis – reflete preocupacoes profundas que entrelacam Homem e Natureza, uma relacao ancestral sempre pautada por uma interdependencia de equilibrio instavel, que parece ja ter forcado todos os limites aceitaveis.

In this paper, the author has tried to get into a comprehensive examination of the commercial infrastructure and exchange networks that may have existed in the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) between ca. 2800 BCE and 1900 BCE, tracing their evolution into the early historic period. By integrating archaeological data ranging from sealed weights and caravan encampments to port installations with literary and epigraphic sources spanning Vedic hymns, Pāṇinian grammar, Buddhist travelogues, and Greco-Roman accounts, the study reconstructs the roles of caravan leaders (sārthavāhas), caravan routes (Uttarapatha, Vaṇnupatha), and maritime corridors (from Tamralipti to Alexandria). It highlights the technical and institutional innovations such as standardized weights, caravan guilds, ritual sanctions, and shipbuilding lexicon that facilitated long-distance exchange of grains, textiles, metals, spices, and luxury items. The analysis further situates IVC trade within a broader Afro-Eurasian context, revealing its enduring legacy in South Asian economic traditions.

Throughout history, trade has been one of the main elements of the economic prosperity and stability of countries and states. Since ancient times, people have exchanged goods and resources within and outside their territories. Over time, these exchanges shaped famous trade routes such as the Silk Road and provided the commercial connection between East and West. Later on, maritime trade routes emerged with the advancements in seafaring, and in modern times, trade has been carried out mainly through three main methods: land, sea and air. In this article, land and maritime trade during the Mughal Empire will be discussed in general. However, before moving on to the subject, brief information will be given about the trade patterns and trade routes of the local rulers before the Mughals. These local rulers played a major role in the shaping and progress of Mughal trade by innovating trade routes and laid a foundation for the economic growth and development of the Mughals. However, maritime trade started during the Mughal period due to the fact that they had only land borders during the period of local rulers. The maritime trade that started during the Mughal Empire will be discussed in detail. After dominating the important harbours of India, the Mughals made extensive use of maritime trade, which contributed significantly to their economic prosperity. However, this commercial prosperity also paved the way for foreign powers to enter India. The British East India Company entered India by utilising maritime trade routes and gradually increased its influence in the region. Eventually, this power led to the complete colonisation of India by Britain and the Mughal Empire weakened and collapsed.

This article explores the naturalisation of memories of racial violence at heritage sites in and around Birmingham, Alabama. Birmingham's cityscape has been forged from systemic processes of racial capitalism that have led to ongoing forms of environmental racism. Against this backdrop, prominent tourist attractions prioritise the celebration of industrial heritage above acknowledging past and present forms of racialised injustice-from slavery to convict leasing, segregation to redlining. These sites present a sanitised account of the city's iron and steel industry, resulting in a selective transmission and production of memories of industrial progress which obscures the operations of racial capitalism and the environmental racism it produces. This heritage, we suggest, cannot reconcile the brutality of inequitable labour systems, such as convict leasing, and the environmental violence of industrial production with the celebration of capitalist progress that positions Birmingham as the "Magic City" of industrial miracles.

Los monarcas aragoneses del final de la Edad Media debieron solicitar a los representantes de sus territorios reunidos en Cortes la financiación de su proyecto mediterráneo. En este trabajo nos ocupamos de un caso en el que Martín I eludió este mecanismo y negoció en Aragón acuerdos puntuales para financiar la última gran armada sobre Cerdeña (1409). De manera singular, cedió la administración de estas cuantías a Benvenist de la Caballería y Ramón de Casaldáguila, dos grandes financieros asentados en Zaragoza acreedores de las instituciones aragonesas.
                                                *      *      *
In  the  late  Middle  Ages,  Aragonese  monarchs  often  sought  financial  aid  from  the  representatives  of  their  territories  gathered  in  parliaments  to  fund  their  Mediterranean endeavours. This study examines a case in which King Martin I avoided this mechanism and negotiated specific agreements in Aragon to finance the  last  major  fleet  to  Sardinia  in  1409.  In  a  unique  move,  the  king  entrusted  the administration of these funds to Benvenist de la Caballería and Ramón de Casaldáguila, two prominent financiers based in Zaragoza who were creditors to the Aragonese institutions. This delegation of extraordinary fiscal management illustrates the inclusion of a financial sector within the power structure of the Crown of Aragon through its involvement in the royal administration. Additionally, the existence of a booklet of accounts allows for an analysis of the human capital mobilized  by  the  collaboration  between  a  Jew  and  a  Christian,  as  well  as  the  financial  mechanisms  used  to  secure  liquidity  at  a  critical  time,  following  the  collapse of the large private banks.

Scented cultivars of Parma violets were among the most important urban plants during the nineteenth century, with many references in literature, fashion, art and flower trade. Our research analyzed data related to Parma violets in France and in the United Kingdom and presents the cultivars introduced during the nineteenth century.

В статье сделана попытка освещения аналитического и комплексного рассмотрения истории организации и развития кафедры общественных наук и украиноведения Буковинского государственного медицинского университета. Приведены основные научные и педагогические достижения сотрудников кафедры, указаны перспективы ее развития на современном этапе

An antidote to the frigid and shallow Malthusian and market-centred approaches to the origins of capitalism.

Final proofs of the whole book. Two volumes in one. First, a study exploring the evidence for the forced expropriation of the English peasantry c. 1380-1620. Second, for future researchers especially, a translation from Latin to English of the voluminous findings of the commission into the expropriation of English peasants throughout England in 1517-18.

Few things remain hidden about Atatürk’s life but one episode generally missing from his biographies is his time serving in Asir, Yemen, in the second half of 1909.  Dr. Zekeriya Türkmen found related documentation about the matter in the archives while doing his master's thesis in 1989.  This is the English translation of Dr. Türkmen’s article, published in Askeri Tarih Bülteni magazine in 1996

Was erzählt Pop über die deutsche Geschichte?

In der Popmusik spiegelt sich die Zeitgeschichte. Pop leistet dadurch einen Beitrag zur deutschen Erinnerungskultur und wird zum Kritiker der Zustände. Marcus S. Kleiner erzählt die Geschichte der deutschsprachigen Popmusik der letzten 80 Jahre zusammenhängend und beleuchtet das Zusammenspiel von Pop und Politik. Die politische Popmusik bleibt über alle Jahrzehnte hinweg eine Stimme gegen gruppenbezogene Menschenfeindlichkeit, rechte Bedrohungsallianzen, Nationalismus, Militarismus und vieles mehr.

Mit zahlreichen Interviews, u. a. mit Sammy Amara (Broilers), Thorsten Nagelschmidt (Muff Potter), Jan Müller (Tocotronic) und Ingo Knollmann (Donots).

»Das Phänomen Popmusik an sich finde ich politisch. Weil es mit der Gesellschaft zu tun hat, weil Popmusik in der Gesellschaft funktioniert und dort sofort politische Fragen aufwirft.«
Thorsten Nagelschmidt (Muff Potter)

Erscheint am 14. Mai 2025

Gender Studies in Archaeology and other scientific domains have stressed, over the last three decades, that Women, as much as men, have also developed an important role in all scientific subjects, but the awareness of this fact is far from having the same impact and recognition as the achievements of their male colleagues.

This article wants to emphasize the important work of two Women Archaeologists from the United Kingdom - Dorothy Garrod and Gertrude Caton-Thompson - who developed the main part of their work until the first half of the 20th century. The third case study will present a remarkable Portuguese medievalista - Virgínia Rau - who wanted to be archaeologist, but couldn’t achieve her aim.

In order to understand the scientific work of these three women, the geographical, social and economic context of their backgrounds will be described, to help understanding their exceptional scientific work.

La presenza dell'Ordine del Tempio a Venezia rappresenta uno dei capitoli più affascinanti e complessi della storia medievale della Serenissima. Lungi dall'essere una semplice appendice della più nota attività crociata, la mansione templare veneziana costituì un elemento strutturale nello sviluppo politico, economico, sociale e religioso della Repubblica marinara. Formalmente stabilita con la "domus Templarii sacellum" documentata nel 1143, la presenza templare veneziana si sviluppò rapidamente diventando il fulcro di una rete di attività che si estendeva dal Mediterraneo orientale all'Europa occidentale. La posizione strategica "nei pressi di piazza San Marco" non era casuale: rifletteva il riconoscimento, da parte delle autorità veneziane, dell'importanza strategica di un ordine che combinava funzioni religiose, militari, commerciali e diplomatiche.

During the last years of the Middle Ages and throughout the Early Modern period, a strange phenomenon occurred which has captured the attention of historians and anthropologists, as well as that of contemporary feminists and occultists: the great "witch crazes." The witch crazes, a horrific series of trials, tortures, and condemnations of supposedly magical and demonic persons, seem out of place in this period of scientific discoveries, global travels, educational opportunities, inventions, religious reforms, and a growing belief in the individual. The idea of an educated, scientific individual clashes with that of the witch: often a women, but always a person with knowledge of magic, nature, old wisdom, or later the Devil. From about 1350 to 1700, the Catholic Church promoted the ideas that not only had some people fallen away from their faith into heretical views, but also that some were in league with Satan, possessed by demons, and countered the goodness of Christ with acts of black magic for the Devil. The church began to hunt witches actively in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and, through the tortured and manipulated words of those accused, found, not surprisingly, similar tales of night meetings, flying on broomsticks, and perverse encounters with the Devil and his demons. Alan Charles Kors and Edward Peters, in the second edition of their 1972 source book, Witchcraft in Europe 1100-1700: A Documentary History, now titled 400-1700, offer a collection of primary sources in translation along with a set of illustrations for use in teaching or general research. In the second edition, Peters expands both the number of texts and the time period that they cover; however, he continues the core pursuit of the first edition: to examine the European view of "the nature, activities, and numbers of diabolical sorcerers and witches [that] became a major intellectual and juridical preoccupation of people from all walks of life." Kors and Peters focus on the period from 1100 to 1750 that "culminated in the widespread fears, accusations, trials, and executions that so arrest our attention." The obvious interest in the later period is justified; the issues became more intensely dichotomous as the church saw its authority questioned by scientists, religious reform-

Проведено просопографічний аналіз учителів Херсонщини кінця ХІХ -початку ХХ ст. Доведено, що у цю добу суттєво модернізувався як склад учителів за соціальними характеристиками (стать, походження, рівень освіти, політичні уподобання), так і характер їх праці. Це в значній мірі вплинуло на поступ освіти краю.

Turizm, günümüz itibariyle iktisadi, siyasi ve sosyal açılardan birçok ülke gibi Türkiye'nin de mevcut durumunu ve geleceğini yakından etkileyen unsurlardan biri hâline gelmiştir. Bu anlamda Türkiye'de turizmin geçirdiği safhaların tarihsel açıdan incelenmesi, mevcut turizm teşkilatlanmasının ve faaliyetlerinin daha iyi anlaşılarak kuvvetlendirilmesi ve böylece ülke turizmine katkı sağlamak üzere geleceğe yönelik daha başarılı adımlar atılabilmesi bakımından önem arz etmektedir. Bu bağlamda Başbakanlık'a bağlı olarak 1949-1957 yılları arasında faaliyet gösteren Basın-Yayın ve Turizm Genel Müdürlüğü (BYTGM)'nün Türk turizm tarihi içinde önemli bir merhaleyi teşkil ettiği görülmektedir. Turizm faaliyetlerini geliştirmeye ve artırmaya yönelik turistik tanıtım ve propaganda faaliyetlerinin öneminin arttığı söz konusu dönem itibariyle çağdaş bir anlayış çerçevesinde Türkiye'nin tarihî ve tabii güzelliklerinin ülke insanına ve yabancılara tanıtılması, turistler nezdinde olumlu bir ülke imajı uyandırılması ve bu münasebetle turistlere ülke sathında seyahat imkân ve fırsatları yaratılması bir gereklilik hâlini almıştı. Turizmin ülkeye sağlayabileceği iktisadi, siyasi ve sosyal kazançlar yetkililer ve ilgililer tarafından göz ardı edilmemiş, bu doğrultuda tanıtma ve propaganda faaliyetleri BYTGM'nin başta gelen görevleri arasında yer almıştır. Bu yöndeki çalışmalar belediyeler, gönüllü ve hususi kuruluşlar ile bilim ve sanat insanlarınca da desteklenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında Türkiye turizminde önemli bir dönüm noktasını ve gelişim merhalesini teşkil eden BYTGM dönemindeki turistik tanıtma ve propaganda faaliyetleri ele alınmıştır. Bu münasebetle Türkiye'deki sosyal tarih araştırmalarına katkı sağlamak ve turizm tarihi çalışmalarına da ışık tutmak amaçlanmıştır.

We explore the encapsulated history of Britain's occupation of Australia from 1770 to 1864, a history defined by a sequence of dispossessory land laws, aggressive territorial occupation, and racist Aboriginal legislation that gave us the politics of First Nation suffering: We identify the phases of discovery, occupation, and dispossession, examining and deconstructing a key event in each phase and its consequences. We examine Australia's formative history from the perspective of the landscape-Botany Bay, Sydney Cove, Murdering Creek-where the associated narratives became contextual referents for the intentional violence that led to the birth of a nation still adapting to change. We consider ways of seeing history through this borrowed landscape. We examine the impact of the occupation process on the Indigenous population, including our failing attempts at reconciliation. We discuss the broader implications of this historical occupation process, including ecocide and the ongoing struggle for Indigenous self-determination.

Son varios los artículos que hemos ido dedicando a diferentes familias de esta ciudad conquense a lo largo de estos años en los libros de fiestas de San Juan Evangelista. Siendo este uno más, que como otros muchos que vendrán, reflejan el amplio legado histórico que nos ofrece Huete. Es por ello que en esta ocasión nos gustaría poner el foco en un linaje, sobre el que hasta la fecha hemos efectuado algunos apuntes, bastante someros, y motivo por ello más que justificado, para ahondar en detalles de su pasado. Sobre el origen de la familia Cabildo, carecemos de datos que nos confirmen una fecha precisa de su existencia en este lugar. Amor Calzas (1904, 101) ya nos habla de Fray Pedro Cabildo, mercedario que nacería a principios del siglo XVI. El autor comenta que en el siglo XVIII, este apellido todavía estaba extendido entre algunos optenses que vivían en el barrio de San Gil. En el caso de Pedro Cabildo, indica que "profesó en 1532, pasando como Misionero á las Inidias, y ocupándose con gran celo de la predicación (...) volvió a España, y ási Convento de Huete, de donde fué nombrado Vicario, muriendo en 1570" (Amor, 1904, 101-102). Así pues, desprendemos por esta referencia, que la familia Cabildo, como mínimo, ya pudo estar presente desde finales del medievo en la localidad, desconociéndose por ahora el origen genealógico del linaje. Por otro lado, en la obra de Manuel de Parada, se comenta sobre este mismo Pedro Cabildo, que fue "hijo o pariente cercanísimo de uno de los primeros comuneros que se alzaron en Huete contra el Emperador" (Parada, 2019, 556).

There is an apparent contradiction in recent scholarship on the Enlightenment and its relationship to the environment. Whereas intellectual historians have characterized the master discourse of Enlightenment social theory, political economy, as being uniquely unconcerned with sustainability and limits to growth, environmental historians have argued that eighteenth-century intellectuals were remarkably sensitive to natural constraints-especially in European colonial spaces. This article

Ghiasuddin Ali Yazdi known as "Ghias" was a well-known poet and painter from the tenth and eleventh century AH who was known for the design of silk fabrics to "Naqshband". He, in addition to skill in the art of Naqshbandi, was also capable of poetry and had a collection of beautiful poems. His poetry collection includes various poems odes and sonnets, quatrains and Masnavi. All of these has been corrected and published only once by Hussein Masarrat in 2014. This study, by examining this publication, will show its weaknesses and inadequacies in several sections: 1) the method of correction is uncertain and inauthentic; it is deductive; 2) many of the verses are recorded with distortions that, by affecting the meaning of the original text, have changed a lot of it. In addition to these points, the mistakes related to suspensions, typos, mischiefs, and recordings should also be mentioned. Masarrat's correction of Ghias' collection has many drawbacks; for thi...

Orientador: Claudio Henrique de Moraes BatalhaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências HumanasResumo: A tese de doutorado apresentada tem como objetivo investigar a experiência dos trabalhadores suburbanos cariocas, entre 1890 e 1920. Na virada do século XIX, a então Capital Federal passou por diversas mudanças, dentre as quais se destacaram o fim da escravidão, o início do processo de industrialização e as reformas urbanas realizadas pelos governos de Pereira Passos e Rodrigues Alves. Durante esse período, a zona suburbana da cidade teve um crescimento populacional expressivo. Tendo em vista esse processo, a pesquisa visou investigar quem eram esses novos habitantes dos subúrbios e de que se ocupavam. Além disso, as dificuldades em torno da moradia e os conflitos com os senhorios foram analisados, procurando explorar a dimensão habitacional da experiência de tais sujeitos. A partir do estudo da trajetória longeva da Sociedade Progresso...

De acuerdo con los genealogistas españoles de la primera mitad del siglo pasado, uno de los troncos principales del apellido Gallegos (o Gallego), se remonta al año 1050, y tuvo por exponente a don Suer (o Suero) Gallego (1). A pesar de esta

Il piccone risanatore intacca le vecchie e non tutte nobili costruzioni di un quartiere centrale ma indecoroso, nel centro di Milano. Al posto delle antiche, anguste e sordide contrade, dove non erano nè aria nè bellezza, la città sta per trarre nuovo respiro da una piazza dedicata a Colui che firmava, il 4 Novembre 1918, il Bollettino della Vittoria. Dopo alterne vicende, una relazione ufficiale ha potuto annunciare che «per volontà del Regime, il piano regolatore della zona sita a sud-est di piazza del Duomo in Milano è attualmente in pieno corso di attuazione, ed ha radicalmente trasformata la topografia di una delle zone più caratteristiche della vecchia città: quella cioè compresa tra le vie Carlo Alberto, Cappellari, Visconti e San Giovanni in Conca».

Az anekdota a 19. század második felében a magyar szépirodalomnak és a populáris irodalomnak is központi fogalma. Ez volt az az időszak, amikor formálódni kezdett egy "új olvasóközönség," amikor a magas műveltség és az írni-olvasni tudás elváltak egymástól. 1 Az 1868-as népiskolai törvény életbelépése nyomán is fokozatosan gyarapodott az olvasni tudók száma, megjelent az igény a könnyen érthető, szórakoztató olvasmányok iránt, ami a könyvkiadást is jelentősen átalakította. Az előző időszakhoz képest tömegméretűvé vált a nyomtatás, és elsősorban ponyvákat, valamint kalendáriumokat jelentettek meg, utóbbiakat kiadási számban csak a tankönyvek és az iskolai értesítők szárnyalták túl. 2 A korszak populáris

This thesis investigates leadership, power dynamics, and mass-elite relations in classical Athenian democracy (507-323 BCE), addressing critical theoretical and interpretive gaps in current scholarship. While much research either overemphasises the power of the dēmos (the people) or exaggerates elite influence, this study advances a balanced and theoretically informed perspective. Offering a nuanced understanding of leadership as a relational and process-oriented phenomenon that operates across formal and informal spheres, it adopts transactional and transformational leadership theories as a foundational framework. The study examines the distribution and exercise of power in the Athenian polis (city-state), extending beyond formal political institutions to economic, cultural, and social domains.

The research focuses on three primary areas: (1) the impact of factional alignments and elite networks on leadership dynamics and mass-elite relations; (2) the interplay of wealth, reciprocity, and philotimia (love of honour) in shaping leadership roles and civic obligations; and (3) the balance between individual influence and collective rule in political decision-making processes.

The findings reveal that leadership in Athens was characterised by a dual nature: while elite figures could wield considerable influence, their power remained conditional on the approval and sovereignty of the dēmos, which in turn relied on the resources and expertise provided by elites. This interdependent relationship can be conceptualised as a form of diarchy (co-rule) – a complex power-sharing arrangement between the dēmos and elites – where leadership was a dynamic process involving both social influence and institutional authority. Transactional leadership practices, underpinned by reciprocal exchanges and obligations, formed the backbone of Athenian politics, while transformational leadership surfaced less frequently, often through charismatic speakers in crisis-driven contexts.

The study concludes that effective leadership was largely situational and relied more on the social paradigm of reciprocity and charis (goodwill) than on specific individual traits. By integrating the political-legal, economic, and social dimensions of leadership, this thesis reframes Athenian democracy as a cooperative yet stratified structure, challenging simplistic narratives of popular dominance or elite capture. In doing so, it contributes to historical inquiry into democratic legitimacy, the role of socio-economic elites, and the applicability of leadership theories to historical contexts, offering fresh insights into the complexities of Athenian democracy.

I will present two Tracing boards in this article. These Tracing boards remember me the prologue of John: "Light Shines in the Darkness". I will share my thoughts.
Often, at the bottom of a lodge painting is the mosaic tile recalling the turbulence, passions, and
clashes between spirituality and interests. Passions, addictions, are ingredients blocking the
possibility of making Royal Art and entering the sphere of spirituality.