Academia.eduAcademia.edu

Structural Adjustment and Intersectoral Shifts in Tanzania: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis

Profile image of P. WobstP. Wobst

2001

https://doi.org/10.2499/0896291200RR117
visibility

…

description

213 pages

link

1 file

Abstract

In memory of my dear brother Joachim v Contents List of Tables vi List of Figures viii Acronyms and Abbreviations x Foreword xii Acknowledgments xiii Summary xiv 1. Introduction 1 2. From African Socialism to a Free Market Economy 7 3. The General Equilibrium Approach 27 4. A Social Accounting Matrix and General Equilibrium Model for Tanzania 45 5. The Effects of Macroeconomic Policies on Growth, Equity, and Intersectoral Shifts 78 6. Results, Achievements, and Conclusions Appendix A : Recent Economic Indicators and Policies vi Tables 2.1 Annual exchange rates, 1985-98 2.2 Monthly exchange rates, 1995-96 2.3 Deposit and lending rates, 1992-98 4.1 Macroeconomic social accounting matrix 4.2 1992 macrosam for Tanzania (millions of 1992 TSh) 4.3 Accounts of the 1992 microsam for Tanzania 4.4 New macrosam for 1992 (millions of 1992 TSh) 4.5 Parameters and variables of the Tanzanian CGE model 4.6 Initial macroeconomic model closures 5.1 Policy bias experiments from initial base: Flexible exchange rate 5.2 Policy bias experiments from initial base: Fixed exchange rate 5.3 Policy bias experiments from synthetic base: Flexible exchange rate 5.4 Policy bias experiments from synthetic base: Fixed exchange rate 5.5 Sectoral structure of the Tanzanian economy based on 1992 SAM 5.6 Agricultural terms of trade (TOT) (value-added) and price indices under mobile versus fixed sectoral capital demand in nonagriculture 5.7 Sectoral structure of total factor payments based on 1992 SAM 5.8 Average marketing margin coefficients and respective total values for aggregate agriculture and nonagriculture A.1 Country data for Tanzania: Economic and social indicators A.2 Tanzania: Recent policy performance A.3 Tanzania: Physiographic regions A.4 Tanzania's domestic tax policies during the 1990s C.1 Distribution of labor value-added (million TSh and percent) C.2 Final household consumption (million TSh and percent) C.3 Individual income tax (rates, values, and shares per household group in million TSh and percentage) C.4 Household savings (rates, values, and shares per household group in million TSh and percent) D.1 1992 social accounting matrix for Tanzania respect to σ C variation G.2 Percentage change of real value-added deviations with respect to σ T variation x

Related papers

The changing economy of Tanzania: patterns of accumulation and structural change
Marc Wuyts

2014

his paper is also available as REPOA working paper no 14/3. The paper has also been used as background material in the preparation of Tanzania Human Development Report 2014:Economic Transformation for Human Development coordinated by ESRF. Our thanks go to the Executive Director of REPOA Prof.

View PDFchevron_right
Economic transformation in Tanzania: vicious or virtuous circle?
Marc Wuyts

2014

I n the 2000s, policy discourses on the macroeconomics of development in Tanzania tended to focus quite narrowly on the growth-poverty nexus. The usual argument was that the adoption of certain core macroeconomic policies (the so-called 'fundamentals' of low inflation, trade openness, market liberalization, sound financial policies and good governance) would induce economic growth, which, in turn, would lead to poverty reduction. More specifically, this argument stated that if GDP per capita grows significantly and if inequality as measured by the GINI coefficient derived from successive household budget surveys does not worsen significantly, it follows that the incidence of (absolute) poverty must fall.Given this premise, which had become a mantra in the international development industry, policy analysis then boiled down to monitoring the correlation between economic growth and changes in income consumption inequality, on one hand, and the incidence of poverty, on the other. When this presumed relation failed to hold-as it did in Tanzania-a policy paradox was said to exist. The problem with this approach, however, was that it makes a heroic jump from the growth in GDP per capita to the reduction in incidence of poverty without much specification of the actual mechanisms that supposedly link them together. It appeared, therefore, as if per capita GDP growth directly translates itself into improved standards of living of working people, regardless of the mechanisms through which these transmissions are supposed to take place. Growth is defined purely in terms of the quantitative expansion of output without much consideration of its character or content. Within this type of reasoning, therefore, there is little mention of how standards of living of the majority of working people-poor and non-poor alike-depend on how output growth divides between productivity growth and employment growth, on the composition of this growth across productive sectors in the economy, and, in turn, on how and to what extent productivity growth translates into the growth in labour earnings on which the large majority of the working population depends. Nor is there much, if any, discussion of how growth-induced changes in relative prices between broad categories of commodities may provoke favourable or adverse changes in the standards of living of working people and, by implication, in the incidence of poverty. In other words, the character of accumulation and the ways in which it shapes the structure of output and of relative prices, the employment relation and the productivity-labour earning nexus, including related modalities of social protection, is somehow left out of the equation. More recently, however, the policy focus in Tanzania has turned towards the challenge of economic transformation, which bringsconcerns with the nature of production and employment, and with the development of productive capabilities back into the centre of the policy arena. This recent shift in Tanzania towards greater policy concern with socioeconomic transformation is a welcome development, but it also appears to go together with putting matters of poverty and of human development on the backburner. The implicit assumption appears to be that the twin motors of economic transformation and economic growth will lead to human development and the reduction in poverty. This paper argues, however, that this cannot be taken for granted since whether or not economic transformation engenders human development depends upon the nature of the process of transformation.

View PDFchevron_right
Final Report Mpia 19971 the Impact of Fiscal Reforms on Poverty and Income Distribution in Tanzania : A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis
Nicodemas Lema

2018

Tanzanian government targets to transform the economy into a middle-income and semiindustrialized state by 2025. As a policy measure to promote this transformation, the government exempted the Value Added Tax on producer capital commodities in 2017/18 fiscal year. This aims to promote utilization of these commodities by manufacturing industries and therefore generates growth, employment, and raises incomes. This study analyzes the impact of macroeconomic fiscal instruments on the Tanzanian economy, by applying a static PEP 1-1 standard CGE model. We simulate a reduction of the Value Added Tax rate on producer capital commodities (electricity, machinery, electrical equipment, vehicles and other equipment) under two different government closure rules. In the first simulation, government expenditures are fixed while government savings are flexible and adjust to changes in the government revenue. Results show a decline in investment expenditure following a decrease in government savings and thus a negative impact on macroeconomic indicators. However, real households' budget is positively affected due to a decline in consumer price index. In the second simulation, government savings are fixed to maintain the budget deficit. The results show a decline in real GDP partly because of a decrease in output in governmental, some agricultural and service sectors. Conversely, output increases for all industrial sectors, leading to a decrease in average unemployment rate. Real consumption increases for all household categories except for the richest households.

View PDFchevron_right
2017] FIRST ECONOMISTS CONFERENCE ON TANZANIA AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMY - REPORT © Tanzania Institutional Economics Development Foundation (TIEDF) 2017
PHILIPO F MRUTU, Charles M Lyimo

This is a report for 1st Economists Conference on Tanzania and the Global Economy hosted by Tanzania Institutional Economics Development Foundation (TIEDF).

View PDFchevron_right
Poverty and Inequality During Structural Adjustment in Rural Tanzania
Luisa Ferreira

Policy Research Working Papers, 1999

View PDFchevron_right
TanzaniaThe Story of an African Transition
Alejandro Hajdenberg
View PDFchevron_right
Structural adjustment and Tanzania's peasantry: assessing the likely long-term impact
Manfred Bienefeld

… adjustment and rural labour markets in Africa., 1995

The Government of Tanzania, in 1984, slashed food subsidies in order to allow for the introduction of a structural adjustment package, which itself removed many controls on factor and product markets, especially in international and domestic trade. The chapter assesses the impact ...

View PDFchevron_right
The Economic Development of Tanzania
William Lyakurwa

Scientific American, 1980

View PDFchevron_right
The Impact of Fiscal Policy on Income Distribution in Tanzania: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis
Nicodemas Lema

2019

The Tanzanian government has established a goal to transform the country into a middle-income and semi-industrialized state by 2025. To promote this transformation, the government exempted the Value Added Tax on capital commodities in FY 2017-2018 as a way to promote utilization of these commodities by manufacturing industries and generate growth, employment, and increased incomes. This study analyzes the impact of a reduction in Value Added Tax on capital commodities (electricity, vehicles, machinery, and equipment) under two different closure rules: (1) fixed governmental expenditures and flexible governmental savings (2) flexible governmental expenditures and fixed governmental savings. Under the first regime, government savings declined and industries that depended heavily on government investments suffered. In the second, output increased for all industrial sectors, leading to a decrease in average unemployment. Real consumption increased for all but the richest household categ...

View PDFchevron_right
PRICE SHOCKS, STRUCTURAL CONSTRAINTS AND POLICY REACTIONS IN TANZANIA AND MALAWI. A GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS
Emanuele Ferrari

L'instabilità dei prezzi internazionali delle commodities verificatasi fra il 2007 e il 2008 ha generato conseguenze negative per le economie deboli dei Paesi Meno Sviluppati (PMS), dipendenti dalle importazioni di prodotti alimentari ed energetici. Questo lavoro si propone di studiare le conseguenze dello shock sui prezzi internazionali e di offrire elementi per valutare scelte di politica economica come risposta allo shock in due PMS dell'Africa orientale: Malawi e Tanzania. Il lavoro poggia sull'analisi di scenari controfattuali simulati con un modello di equilibrio economico generale calcolabile -statico e riferito ad un singolo paese – che costituisce una versione modificata dello standard dell'IFPRI (Lofgren et al., 2002). Le matrici di contabilità sociale utilizzate sono quelle fornite da Thurlow e Wobst (2003) per la Tanzania, e da Thurlow et al. (2008) per il Malawi. Le matrici sono state aggiornate al 2007 mediante una procedura iterativa che ha anche conse...

View PDFchevron_right

References (213)

  1. notation for the cells of the macrosam cells is row, column. For example, "Commodities, Activities" represents an expenditure flow from the column "Activities" to the row "Commodities." Note that Tanzania's financial year ends on June 30; thus all data collected as financial year data have to be estimated for 1992 by computing the averages of 1991/92 and 1992/93 figures.
  2. Commodities, Activities): 1,276,427-Import-ridden intermediate de- mand. Total intermediate demand, including imports from unpublished Bureau of Statistics data sources adjusted by other indirect production taxes (Domestic Taxes, Activities).
  3. Factors, Activities): 1,456,047-Value-added at factor costs. Total value- added at factor costs as in Table 6(a) of URT (1997), adjusted accordingly to supplementary data to the Revised National Accounts of Tanzania 1987-96.
  4. Domestic Taxes, Activities): 27,032-Other indirect taxes. Other indirect taxes are calculated as a residual of total net taxes on products, as in Table 6(a) of URT (1997) and tariffs and sales taxes as provided by the supplemen- tary data to the Revised National Accounts of Tanzania 1987-96.
  5. Activities, Commodities): 2,320,484-Domestic supply. Domestic sup- ply is computed as the residual of the "Activities" column total (equal to gross output including informal-sector activities) minus exports (Activities, Rest of the World [ROW]) and OHC (Activities, Households).
  6. Domestic Taxes, Commodities): 43,475-Sales taxes. Total sales tax as provided in the supplementary data to the Revised National Accounts of Tan- zania 1987-96 and double-checked with data from Table 2.1 of the Bank of Tanzania's (BOT) Economic Bulletin, 1997, 1 st quarter, Dar es Salaam.
  7. Tariffs, Commodities): 23,451-Import duties. Total import duties as provided by the supplementary data to the Revised National Accounts of Tanzania 1987-96.
  8. ROW, Commodities): 553,363-Imports of goods and services. Total im- ports of goods and services at free on board (F.O.B.) prices as in Table 6(b) of URT (1997), adjusted by a 75 percent share of the unrecorded trade and T References
  9. Abbink, G. A., M. C. Braber, and S. I. Cohen. 1995. A SAM-CGE demonstration model for Indonesia: Static and dynamic specifications and experiments. Inter- national Economic Journal 9 (3): 15-33.
  10. Adams, F. G., and I. Park. 1995. A CGE approach to modeling the development ladder. Journal of Asian Economics 6 (2): 177-199.
  11. Adams, P. D., P. B. Dixon, D. McDonald, G. A. Meagher, and B. R. Parmenter. 1994. Forecasts for the Australian economy using the MONASH model. Inter- national Journal of Forecasting 10 (4): 557-571.
  12. Adelman, I., and P. Berck. 1988. Food security policy in a stochastic world. De- partment of Agricultural and Resource Economics Working Paper 478. Univer- sity of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Calif., U.S.A.
  13. Adelman, I. and S. Robinson. 1978. Income distribution policy in developing coun- tries: A case study of Korea. Stanford, Calif., U.S.A.: Stanford University Press.
  14. ---. 1987. Macroeconomic adjustment and income distribution: Alternative models applied to two economies. Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics Working Paper 385. University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Calif., U.S.A.
  15. Adelman, I., J. M. Bournieux, and J. L. Waelbroeck. 1986. Agricultural develop- ment led industrialization in a global perspective. Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics Working Paper 478. University of California at Ber- keley, Berkeley, Calif., U.S.A.
  16. Akinboade, O. A. 1994. Technical efficiency change in Kenyan agriculture and the poor: A computable general equilibrium analysis. Canadian Journal of Devel- opment Studies 15 (1): 55-74.
  17. Anderson, K., B. Dimaranan, T.W. Hertel, and W. Martin. 1997. Economic growth and policy reform in the APEC region: Trade and welfare implications by 2005. Centre for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper 1605. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research.
  18. Ardeni, P. G. 1989. Does the law of one price really hold for commodity prices? American Journal of Agricultural Economics 71 (3): 661-669.
  19. Armington, P. S. 1969. A theory of demand for products distinguished by place of production. IMF Staff Papers 16: 159-176.
  20. Arndt, C., S. Robinson, and F. Tarp. 1999. Parameter estimation for a computable general equilibrium model: A maximum entropy approach. Trade and Macro- economics Division Discussion Paper No. 40. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute.
  21. Arrow, K. J. 1952. An extension of the basic theorems of classical welfare econom- ics. In Proceedings of the second Berkeley symposium on mathematical statis- tics, ed. J. Neyman. Berkeley, Calif., U.S.A.: University of California Press.
  22. Arrow, K. J., and F. H. Hahn. 1971. General competitive analysis. San Francisco, Calif.: Holden-Day.
  23. Ashimogo, G. 1995. Peasant grain storage and marketing in Tanzania: A case study of maize in Sumbawanga District. Schriften zur internationalen Agrarentwicklung, Bd. 15. Berlin: Humbold University.
  24. Aune, J. B., and R. Lal. 1995. The tropical soil productivity calculator-A model for assessing effects of soil management on productivity. In Soil management: Experimental basis for sustainability and environmental quality, ed. R. Lal and B. A. Steward. Boca Raton, Fla., U.S.A.: CRC Press.
  25. Aune, J. B., S. Glomsrod, V. Iversen, and H. Wiig. 1997. Structural adjustment and soil degradation in Tanzania: A CGE-model approach with endogenous soil productivity. Research Department Discussion Papers No. 189. Oslo: Statistics Norway.
  26. Azis, I. J. 1997. Impacts of economic reform on rural-urban welfare: A general equilibrium framework. Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies 9 (1): 1-19.
  27. Baffes, J. 1991. Some further evidence on the law of one price: The law of one price still holds. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 73 (4): 1264- 1273.
  28. Balsvik, R. and A. Brendemoen. 1994. A computable general equilibrium model for Tanzania: Documentation of the model, the 1990 -Social Accounting Matrix and Calibration. Statistisk sentralbyra Reports 94/20. Oslo: Statis- tics Norway.
  29. Bandara, J. S. 1991. Computable general equilibrium models for policy analysis in developing LDCs. Journal of Economic Surveys 5 (1): 3-69.
  30. Bautista, R. M., and S. Robinson. 1996. Income and equity effects of crop produc- tivity growth under alternative foreign trade regimes: A CGE analysis for the Philippines. Trade and Macroeconomics Division Discussion Paper No. 4. Wash- ington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute.
  31. ---. 1997. Income and equity effects of crop productivity growth under alter- native foreign trade regimes: A CGE analysis for the Philippines. Asian Journal of Agricultural Economics 2 (2): 177-194.
  32. Bautista, R. M., and A. Valdes. 1993. The bias against agriculture: Trade and mac- roeconomic policies in developing countries. San Francisco, Calif.: Institute for Contemporary Studies Press.
  33. Bautista, R. M., S. Robinson, F. Tarp, and P. Wobst. 2001. Policy bias and agricul- ture: Partial and general equilibrium measures. Review of Development Eco- nomics 5 (1).
  34. Bell, C. L. G., and T. N. Srinivasan. 1984. On the uses and abuses of economy-wide models in development policy analysis. In Economic structure and performance, ed. M. Syrquin, L. Taylor, and L. E. Westphal. New York: Academic Press.
  35. Benjamin, N. 1996. Adjustment and income distribution in an agricultural economy: A general equilibrium analysis of Cameroon. World Development 24 (6): 1003-1013.
  36. Bevan, D. L., P. Collier, and J. W. Gunning. 1986. Consequences of a commodity boom in a controlled economy. Oxford Applied Economics Discussion Paper 6. Oxford: Institute of Economics and Statistics.
  37. BOT (Bank of Tanzania). Various quarterly issues. Economic Bulletin. Dar es Salaam.
  38. Bourguignon, F. 1994. Comment (on A financial computable general equilibrium model for the analysis of stabilization programs by A. Fargeix and E. Sadoulet). In Applied general equilibrium and economic development: Present achieve- ments and future trends, eds., J. Mercenier and T. N. Srinivasan. Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S.A.: University of Michigan Press.
  39. Bourguignon, F, W. H. Branson, and J. de Melo. 1992. Adjustment and income distribution: A micro-macro model for counterfactual analysis. Journal of De- velopment Economics 38 (1): 17-39.
  40. Brooke, A., D. Kendrick, and A. Meeraus. 1988. GAMS: A user's guide. San Fran- cisco, Calif., U.S.A.: Scientific Press.
  41. Brown, D. K. 1992. The impact of a North American free trade area: Applied gen- eral equilibrium models. In North American free trade: Assessing the impact, ed. N. Lustig, B. P. Bosworth, and R. Z. Lawrence. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
  42. Brown, D. K., A.V. Deardorff, A. K. Fox, and R. M. Stern. 1996. The liberalization of service trade: Potential impact in the aftermath of the Uruguay Round. In The Uruguay Round and the developing countries, ed. W. Martin and A. Winters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  43. Bryceson, D. F. 1993. Liberalizing Tanzania's food trade: Public and private faces of urban marketing policy, 1939-1988. Geneva: United Nations Research Insti- tute for Social Development.
  44. Ceglowski, J. 1994. The law of one price revisited: New evidence on the behavior of international prices. Economic Inquiry 32: 407-418.
  45. Chenery, H. B. 1975. The structuralist approach to development policy. American Economic Review 65 (2): 310-316.
  46. Chenery, H. B., S. Robinson, and M. Syrquin. 1986. Industrialization and growth: A comparative study. New York: Oxford University Press.
  47. Coetzee, Z. R., J. J. Swanepoel, and W. A. Naude. 1997. A minimalist CGE model for analyzing trade liberalization in South Africa. Journal for Studies in Eco- nomics and Econometrics 21 (1): 37-56.
  48. Coetzee, Z. R., K. Gwaranda, W. A. Naude, and J. J. Swanepoel. 1997. Currency depreciation, trade liberalization and economic development. South African Journal of Economics 65 (2): 165-190.
  49. Condon, T., H. Dahl, and S. Devarajan. 1987. Implementing a computable general equilibrium model on GAMS: The Cameroon model. DRD Discussion Paper 290. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
  50. Coopers and Lybrand. 1994. Tanzanian government 1994/1995 budget summary. Dar es Salaam: Coopers and Lybrand.
  51. ---. 1995. Tanzanian government 1995/1996 budget summary. Dar es Salaam: Coopers and Lybrand.
  52. ---. 1996. Tanzanian government 1996/1997 budget summary. Dar es Salaam: Coopers and Lybrand.
  53. Davies, R., and J. Rattso. 1996. Growth, distribution, and environment: Macroeco- nomic issues in Zimbabwe. World Development 24 (2): 395-405.
  54. Davies, R., J. Rattso, and R. Torvik. 1994. The macroeconomics of Zimbabwe in the 1980s: A CGE analysis. Journal of African Economics 3 (2): 153-198.
  55. ---. 1998. Short-run consequences of trade liberalization: A computable general equilibrium model of Zimbabwe. Journal of Policy Modeling 20 (3): 305-333.
  56. Deardorff, A. V., and R. M. Stern. 1990. Computational analysis of global trading arrangements. Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S.A.: University of Michigan Press.
  57. Debreu, G. 1951. The coefficient of resource utilization. Econometrica 19 (3): 273-292.
  58. ---. 1959. Theory of value: An axiomatic analysis of economic equilibrium. New York: Wiley.
  59. Decaluwe, B., and A. Martens. 1988. CGE modeling and developing economies: A concise empirical survey of 73 applications to 26 countries. Journal of Policy Modeling 10 (4): 529-568.
  60. Decaluwe, B., and F. Nsengiyumva. 1994. Policy impact under credit rationing: A real and financial CGE of Rwanda. Journal of African Economics 3 (2): 262- 308.
  61. de Janvry, A., A. Fargeix, and E. Sadoulet. 1988. The welfare effects of stabiliza- tion policies and structural adjustment programs analyzed in CGE frameworks: Results and agenda. Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics Working Paper 460. University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Calif., U.S.A. Delgado, C. L., and N. W. Minot. 2000. Agriculture in Tanzania since 1986: Fol- lower or leader of growth? World Bank country study. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
  62. de Maio, L., F. Stewart, and R. van der Hoeven. 1999. Computable general equilib- rium models, adjustment and the poor in Africa. World Development 27 (3): 453-470.
  63. de Melo, J. 1988. Computable general equilibrium models for trade policy analysis in developing countries: A survey. Journal of Policy Modeling 10 (4): 469-503.
  64. de Melo, J., and S. Robinson. 1985. Product differentiation and trade dependence of the domestic price system in computable general equilibrium trade models. In International trade and exchange rates in the late eighties, ed. T. Peeters, P. Praet, and P. Reding. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
  65. ---. 1989. Product differentiation and the treatment of foreign trade in comput- able general equilibrium models of small economies. Journal of International Economics 27: 47-67.
  66. de Melo, J., and D. Tarr. 1992. A general equilibrium analysis of U.S. foreign trade policy. Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. and London: Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology Press.
  67. Dervis, K., J. de Melo, and S. Robinson. 1982. General Equilibrium Models for Development Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  68. Devarajan, S., J. D. Lewis, and S. Robinson. 1986. A Bibliography of computable general equilibrium (CGE) models applied to developing countries. Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics Working Paper 400. University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Calif., U.S.A.
  69. ---. 1990. Policy lessons from trade-focused, two-sector models. Journal of Policy Modeling 12: 625-657.
  70. ---. 1991. From stylized to applied models: Building multisector CGE models for policy analysis. Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics Work- ing Paper 616. University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Calif., U.S.A.
  71. ---. 1993. External shocks, purchasing power parity, and the equilibrium real exchange rate. World Bank Economic Review 7 (1): 45-63.
  72. ---. 1994. Getting the model right: The general equilibrium approach to ad- justment policy. World Bank and International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C. Draft manuscript.
  73. Devarajan, S., D. S. Go, J. D. Lewis, S. Robinson, and P. Sinko. 1997. Simple general equilibrium modeling. In Applied methods for trade policy analysis: A handbook, ed. J. F. Francois and K. A. Reinert. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  74. Diao, X., E. Yeldan, and T.L. Roe. 1998. A simple dynamic applied general equilib- rium model of a small open economy: Transitional dynamics and trade policy. Journal of Economic Development 23 (1): 77-101.
  75. Dixon, P.B., B. R. Parmenter, A. A. Powell, and P. J. Wolcoxen. 1992. Notes and problems in applied general equilibrium economics. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
  76. Dixon, P. B., B. R. Parmenter, J. Sutton, and D. P. Vincent. 1982. ORANI: A multisectoral model for the Australian economy. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
  77. Dorfman, R., P. A. Samuelson, and R. M. Solow. 1958. Linear programming and economic analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  78. Economic Research Bureau. 1996. Tanzanian economic trends: A bi-annual review of the economy, vol. 8, nos. 1 and 2. Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam. Economist Intelligence Unit. 1996. County profile: Tanzania/Comoros 1995-96. London.
  79. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1998a. Special report: FAO/WFP crop and food supply assessment mission to Tanzania. 3 Au- gust 1998. <http://www.fao.org/giews>.
  80. ---. 1998b. Special Report: FAO/WFP crop and food supply assessment mission to the United Republic of Tanzania. 19 February 1998. <http://www.fao.org/giews>.
  81. ---. 1998c. The FAOSTAT database. <http://apps.fao.org>.
  82. ---. 1999. Special Report: FAO/WFP crop and food supply assessment mission to Tanzania. 15 February 1999. <http://www.fao.org/giews>.
  83. Fargeix, A., and E. Sadoulet. 1994. A financial computable general equilibrium model for the analysis of stabilization programs. In Applied general equilibrium and economic development: Present achievements and future trends, ed. J. Mercenier and T. N. Srinivasan. Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S.A.: University of Michigan Press.
  84. Felderer, B., and S. Homburg. 1984. Makroökonomik und neue makroökonomik. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
  85. Frisch, R. 1959. A complete scheme for computing all direct and cross demand elasticities in a model with many sectors. Econometrica 27: 177-196
  86. Gibson, B., and D. E. van Seventer. 1996. Trade, growth and distribution in the South African economy. Development Southern Africa 13 (5): 771-792
  87. Ginsburgh, V. A., and L. Van der Heyden. 1985. Equilibrium with government price support policies and mathematical programming. CORE Discussion Paper 8511. Louvain la Neuve, Belgium: Catholic University of Louvain.
  88. Ginsburgh, V. A. and J. L. Waelbroeck. 1981. Activity analysis and general equilib- rium modelling. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
  89. Go, D. S. 1994. External shocks, adjustment policies and investment in a develop- ing economy: Illustrations from a forward-looking CGE model of the Philip- pines. Journal of Development Economics 44 (2): 229-261.
  90. Golan, A. 1998. Entropy, likelihood, and uncertainty: A comparison. In Maximum entropy and bayesian methods, ed. G. Erickson. The Netherlands: Kluwer Aca- demic Publishers, forthcoming.
  91. Golan, A., and G. G. Judge. 1996. A maximum entropy approach to empirical like- lihood estimation and inference. Working Paper. University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Calif., U.S.A.
  92. Golan, A., G. G. Judge, and D. Miller. 1996. Maximum entropy econometrics: Ro- bust estimation with limited data. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  93. Golan, A., G. G. Judge, and S. Robinson. 1994. Recovering information from in- complete or partial multisectoral economic data. Review of Economics and Sta- tistics 76: 541-549.
  94. Goldin, I., O. Knudsen, and D. van der Mensbrugghe. 1993. Trade liberalization: Global economic implications. Paris and Washington, D.C.: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and World Bank.
  95. Grepperud, S., H. Wiig, and F. R. Aune. 1999. Maize trade liberalization vs. fertil- izer subsidies in Tanzania: A CGE model analysis with endogenous soil fertility. Research Department Discussion Papers No. 249. Oslo: Statistics Norway.
  96. Gunning, J. W., and M. Keyser. 1993. Applied general equilibrium models for policy analysis. In Handbook of development economics, ed. H. Chenery and T. N. Srinivasan. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
  97. Harrison, W. J., and K. R. Pearson. 1994. Computing solutions for large general equilibrium models using GEMPACK. Centre of Policy Studies and the Impact Project Working Paper IP-64. Clayton, Australia: Monash University.
  98. Heidhues, F. 1998. Developing countries and globalization: Convergence or diver- gence? Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture 37 (3): 175-179.
  99. Hertel, T. W. 1997a. Applied general equilibrium analysis of agricultural poli- cies. Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, Purdue, Ind., U.S.A. ---. 1997b. Global trade analysis: Modeling and applications. New York: Cam- bridge University Press.
  100. ---. 1999. GTAP preparatory course on applied equilibrium analysis. Depart- ment of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University. <http:// www.agecon.purdue.edu/gtap/gtaponline>.
  101. Hicks, J. R. 1939. Value and capital: An inquiry into some fundamental principles of economic theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  102. Hinojosa, O., and S. Robinson. 1992. Labor issues in a North American trade area. Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics Working Paper 632. Uni- versity of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Calif., U.S.A.
  103. Huff, K. M. 1995. Medium-run consequences for Australia of an APEC free- trade area: CGE analysis using the GTAP and Monash models. Centre of Policy Studies and the Impact Project Working Paper G-111. Clayton, Austra- lia: Monash University.
  104. IDA/IMF (International Development Association/International Monetary Fund). 2000. Tanzania: Decision point document under the enhanced heavily indebted poor country (HIPC) initiative. Washington, D.C.
  105. IMF (International Monetary Fund). 1996a. Tanzania: Staff report for the 1996 Article IV consultation. African Department, Washington, D.C.
  106. ---. 1996b. Tanzania: Statistical appendix. IMF Staff Country Report No. 96/2. Washington, D.C.
  107. ---. 1996c. Tanzania: Selected issues and statistical appendix, SM/96/267. Washington, D.C.
  108. ---. 1998. Tanzania: Statistical appendix. IMF Staff Country Report No. 98/5. Washington, D.C.
  109. ---. 1999. IMF concludes Article IV consultations with Tanzania. Public Infor- mation Notice (PIN) No. 99/28. <http://www.imf.org>.
  110. ---. Various years. Press Releases. Several issue numbers. <http:// www.imf.org>.
  111. Isard, P. 1977. How far can we push the "law of one price"? American Economic Review 67 (5): 942-948.
  112. Isard, W. 1960. Methods of regional analysis: An introduction to regional science. New York: Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Wiley.
  113. Isard, W., I. J. Azis, M. P. Drennan, R. E. Miller, S. Saltzman, and E. Thorbecke. 1998. Methods of interregional and regional analysis. Aldershot: Ashgate.
  114. Johansen, L. 1960. A multisectoral study of economic growth. Amsterdam: North- Holland.
  115. Keller, W. J. 1980. Tax incidence: A general equilibrium approach. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
  116. Keuschnigg, C., and W. Kohler. 1995. Dynamic effects of tariff liberalization: An intertemporal CGE approach. Review of International Economics 3 (1): 20-35.
  117. King, B. B. 1985. What is a SAM? In Social accounting matrices: A basis for planning, ed. G. Pyatt and J. I. Round. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
  118. Krueger, A. O. 1992. The political economy of agricultural pricing policy: A syn- thesis of the political economy in developing countries, vol. 5. World Bank: Washington, D.C.
  119. Krueger, A. O., M. Schiff, and A. Valdes. 1988. Agricultural incentives in develop- ing countries: Measuring the effect of sectoral and economywide policies. World Bank Economic Review 2 (3): 255-271.
  120. Kullback, S., and R. A. Leibler. 1951. On information and sufficiency. Annual Mathematical Studies 4: 99-111.
  121. Leontief, W. W. 1941. The structure of the American economy, 1919-1929. New York: Oxford University Press.
  122. Lewis, J. D. 1994. Macroeconomic stabilization and adjustment policies in a gen- eral equilibrium model with financial markets: Turkey. In Applied general equi- librium and economic development: Present achievements and future trends, ed. J. Mercenier and T. N. Srinivasan. Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S.A.: University of Michigan Press.
  123. Lewis, J. D., S. Robinson, and Z. Wang. 1995. Beyond the Uruguay round: The implications of an Asian free trade area. China Economic Review 6 (1): 35-90.
  124. Lipton, M. 1977. Why poor people stay poor: Urban bias in world development. Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.: Harvard University Press.
  125. Löfgren, H., and S. Robinson. 1999. Spatial networks in multi-region computable general equilibrium models. Trade and Macroeconomics Division Discussion Paper No. 35. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute.
  126. Lora, E. 1994. Comments (on Macroeconomic stabilization and adjustment poli- cies in a general equilibrium model with financial markets: Turkey by J. D. Lewis). In Applied general equilibrium and economic development: Present achievements and future trends, eds., J. Mercenier and T. N. Srinivasan. Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S.A.: University of Michigan Press.
  127. Lyon, C. C., and G. D. Thompson. 1993. Temporal and spatial aggregation: Alter- native marketing margin models. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 75: 523-536.
  128. Malakellis, M. 1993. Illustrative results from ORANI-INT: An intertemporal CGE model of the Australian economy. Centre of Policy Studies and the Impact Project Working Paper OP-77. Clayton, Australia: Monash University.
  129. Mas-Colell, A. 1985. The theory of general economic equilibrium: A differentiable approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  130. Mercenier, J., and T. N. Srinivasan, eds. 1994. Applied general equilibrium and economic development: Present achievements and future trends. Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S.A.: University of Michigan Press.
  131. Mitra, P. K. 1994. Adjustment in oil-importing developing countries: A compara- tive economic analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  132. Mundlak, Y., and D. F. Larson. 1992. On the transmission of world agricultural prices. The World Bank Economic Review 6 (3): 399-422.
  133. Naude, W.A. and P. Brixen. 1993. Currency depreciation, trade liberalization, and economic development. South African Journal of Economics, 61(3): 153-165.
  134. Ndulu, B. J. 1994. Tanzania's economic development: Lessons from the experience and challenges for the future. In Development challenges and strategies for Tanzania: An agenda for the 21 st century, ed. L. A. Msambichaka, H. P. B. Moshi, and F. P. Mtatifikolo. Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam Press.
  135. Negishi, T. 1960. Welfare economics and existence of an equilibrium for a com- petitive economy. Metroeconomica 12: 92-97.
  136. OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). 1990. Model- ling the effects of agricultural policies. OECD Economic Studies Special Issue No. 13. Paris.
  137. Oygard, R. 1995. Structural adjustment policies and the management of natural re- sources. Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Supplement No. 21: 7-12.
  138. Pareto, V. 1909. Manuel d'economie politique. Paris: V. Giard & E. Briere.
  139. Pereira, A. M., and J. B. Shoven. 1988. Survey of dynamic computational general equilibrium models for tax policy evaluation. Journal of Policy Modeling 10 (3): 401-436.
  140. Pfeiffer, S. 1989. Der IWF und Tansania: Die Konditionalität der Bereitschaftskreditvereinbarung des Internationalen Währungsfonds mit Tansania vom, September 1980. Hamburger Beiträge zur Afrika-Kunde No. 71. Hamburg: Institut für Afrika-Kunde.
  141. Phlips, L. 1974. Applied consumption analysis. Amsterdam and New York: North- Holland and American Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc.
  142. Pyatt, G. and J. I. Round. 1985. Social accounting matrices: A basis for planning. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
  143. Rattso, J., and R. Torvik. 1998. Zimbabwean trade liberalization: Ex post evalua- tion. Cambridge Journal of Economics 22 (3): 325-346.
  144. Reinert, K. A., and D. W. Roland-Holst. 1997. Social accounting matrices. In Ap- plied methods for trade policy analysis, ed. J. F. Francois and K. A. Reinert. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  145. Robinson, S. 1989. Multisectoral models. In Handbook of development economics, ed. H. Chenery and T. N. Srinivasan. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
  146. ---. 1990. Analyzing agricultural trade liberalization with single-country com- putable general equilibrium models. Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics Working Paper 524. University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Calif., U.S.A.
  147. ---. 1991. Macroeconomics, financial variables, and computable general equi- librium models. World Development 19 (11): 1509-1525.
  148. Robinson, S., A. Cattaneo, and M. El-Said. 1998. Estimating a social accounting matrix using cross entropy methods. Trade and Macroeconomics Division Discussion Pa- per No. 33. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C.
  149. ---. 2000. Updating and estimating a social accounting matrix using cross en- tropy methods. Trade and Macroeconomic Division Discussion Paper No. 58. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C.
  150. Rutayisire, L., and R. Vos. 1991. A SAM for Tanzania. Working Paper Sub-Series on Money, Finance, and Development No. 39. Institute of Social Studies, The Hague.
  151. Rutherford, T. F. 1987. A modeling system for applied general equilibrium analy- sis. Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics Discussion Paper No. 836. New Haven, Conn., U.S.A.: Yale University Press.
  152. Sahn D. E., P. Dorosh, and S. Younger. 1996. Exchange rate, fiscal and agricultural policies in Africa: Does adjustment hurt the poor? World Development 24 (4): 719-747.
  153. ---. A reply to De Maio, Stewart, and van der Hoeven. World Development 27 (3): 471-475.
  154. Salter, W. 1959. Internal and external balance: The role of price and expenditure effects. Economic Record 35: 226-238.
  155. Sarris, A. H. 1994a. A social accounting matrix for Tanzania. Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program Working Paper 62. Ithaca, New York, U.S.A.: Cornell University Press.
  156. ---. 1994b. Macroeconomic policies and household welfare: A dynamic com- putable general equilibrium analysis for Tanzania. Cornell Food and Nutri- tion Policy Program Working Paper 68. Ithaca, New York, U.S.A.: Cornell University Press.
  157. ---. 1996. Macroeconomic policies and household welfare in Tanzania. In Eco- nomic reform and the poor in Africa, ed. D. E. Sahn. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  158. Scarf, H. E. 1967a. The approximation of fixed points of a continuous mapping. SIAM Journal of Applied Mathematics 15 (5): 328-343.
  159. ---. 1967b. On the computation of equilibrium prices. In Ten essays in honor of Irving Fisher, ed. W. Fellner. New York: Wiley & Sons.
  160. ---. 1973. The computation of economic equilibria. New Haven, Conn., U.S.A.: Yale University Press.
  161. Schiff, M., and A. Valdes. 1992. The political economy of agricultural pricing policy: A synthesis of the economics in developing countries, vol. 4. World Bank Com- parative Study. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  162. Semboja, H. H. 1994. The effect of energy taxes on the Kenyan economy: A CGE analysis. Energy Economics 16 (3): 205-215.
  163. Shannon, C. E. 1948. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Systems Tech- nical Journal 27: 379-423.
  164. Shoup, C. S. 1990. Choosing among types of VATs. In Value added taxation in developing countries, ed. M. Gillis, C. S. Shoup, and G. P. Sicat. World Bank Symposium. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
  165. Shoven, J. B., and J. Whalley. 1972. A general equilibrium calculation of the effects of differential taxation of income from capital in the U.S. Journal of Public Economics 1: 281-321.
  166. ---. 1973. General equilibrium with taxes: A computational procedure and an existence proof. Review of Economic Studies 40: 475-489.
  167. ---. 1974. On the computation of competitive equilibrium on international mar- kets with tariffs. Journal of International Economics 4: 341-354.
  168. ---. 1984. Applied general-equilibrium models of taxation and international trade. Journal of Economic Literature 22 (3): 1007-1051.
  169. ---. 1992. Applying general equilibrium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  170. Srinivasan, T. N. 1982. General equilibrium theory, project evaluation and eco- nomic development. In The theory and experience of economic development: Essays in honor of Sir W. Arthur Lewis, ed. M. Gersovitz and W. A. Lewis. London: George Allen and Unwin.
  171. Swan, T. 1960. Economic control in a dependent economy. Economic Record 36: 51-66.
  172. Taube, G. 1992. Wirtschaftliche Stabilisierung und Strukturanpassung in Tan- zania: Die Auswirkungen des Economic Recovery Programme 1986-1989 im Ländlichen Bereich. Fallstudie West-Usambara-Berge, Distrikt Lushoto. Hamburger Beiträge zur Afrika-Kunde No. 41. Hamburg: Institut für Afrika- Kunde.
  173. Taylor, L. 1975. Theoretical foundations and technical implications. In Economy- wide models of development planning, ed. C. R. Blitzer, P. B. Clark, and L. Taylor. London: Oxford University Press.
  174. ---. 1990. Structuralist CGE models. In Socially relevant policy analysis: Struc- turalist computable general equilibrium models for the developing world, ed. L. Taylor. Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A., and London: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
  175. ---. 1991. Income distribution, inflation, and growth: Lectures on structuralist macroeconomic theory. Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A., and London: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
  176. ---. 1994. Comment (on A financial computable general equilibrium model for the analysis of stabilization programs by A. Fargeix and E. Sadoulet). In Ap- plied general equilibrium and economic development: Present achievements and future trends, eds., J. Mercenier and T. N. Srinivasan. Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S.A.: University of Michigan Press.
  177. Taylor, L., and I. Adelman. 1996. Village economies: The design, estimation, and use of villagewide economic models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  178. Taylor, L., and S. L. Black. 1974. Practical general equilibrium estimation of resource pulls under trade liberalization. Journal of International Economics 4: 35-58.
  179. Taylor, L., and F. J. Lysy. 1979. Vanishing income redistributions: Keynesian clues about model surprises in the short run. Journal of Development Economics 6 (1): 11-30.
  180. Theil, H. 1967. Economics and information theory. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
  181. Unemo, L. 1995. Environmental impact on governmental policies and external shocks in Botswana: A CGE modeling approach. Environmental Papers. Wash- ington, D.C.: World Bank.
  182. UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 1996. Development coopera- tion report -Tanzania: 1995 report. Dar es Salaam and New York.
  183. URT (United Republic of Tanzania). Planning Commission. 1986. The economic recovery programme. Dar es Salaam.
  184. ---. Bureau of Statistics and Labour Department. 1993. Labour force survey 1990/91. Dar es Salaam.
  185. ---. Bureau of Statistics. 1995a. National accounts of Tanzania 1976-94. Dar es Salaam.
  186. ---. Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development. 1995b. National land policy. Dar es Salaam.
  187. ---. Bureau of Statistics. 1995c. Selected statistical series: 1951-93. Dar es Salaam.
  188. ---. Bureau of Statistics. 1995d. Revised national accounts of Tanzania 1976- 1990. Dar es Salaam.
  189. ---. Bureau of Statistics. 1996a. Household budget survey 1991/92, vol. 4. Dar es Salaam.
  190. ---. Bureau of Statistics. 1996b. Statistical abstract 1994. Dar es Salaam.
  191. ---. Tanzania Revenue Authority. 1996c. Structural and operational features of Tanzania value added tax (VAT) and (VAT) demonstration notes. Dar es Sa- laam.
  192. ---. Bureau of Statistics. 1997. Revised national accounts of Tanzania 1987- 1996. Dar es Salaam.
  193. URT, IMF, and World Bank (United Republic of Tanzania, International Monetary Fund). 1996. Tanzania: Policy framework paper for 1996/97-1998/99. Dar es Salaam and Washington, D.C.
  194. ---. 1999. Tanzania: Enhanced structural adjustment facility policy framework paper for 1998/99-2000/01. <http://www.imf.org>.
  195. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. 1998. World factbook 1998. <http:// www.cia.gov/cia>.
  196. U.S. International Trade Commission. 1998. The economic implications of liberal- izing APEC tariff and nontariff barriers to trade. Investigation No. 3332-372, Publication 3101. Washington, D.C.
  197. Wald, A. 1936. Über einige Gleichungssysteme der mathematischen Ökonomie. Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie 7: 637-670.
  198. Walras, L. 1874. Elements d'economie politique pure, ou, Theorie de la richesse sociale. Lausanne: L. Corbaz.
  199. Wang, Z., and F. Zhai. 1998. Tariff reduction, tax replacement, and implications for income distribution on China. Journal of Comparative Economics 26 (2): 358-387.
  200. Weintraub, E. R. 1983. On the existence of a competitive equilibrium: 1930-54. Journal of Economic Literature 21: 1-39.
  201. ---. 1985. General equilibrium analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  202. Wenzel, H. D., and R. Wiedemann. 1989. Tanzania's economic performance in the eighties. Studies in Applied Economics and Rural Development No. 20. Heidelberg, Germany: Research Centre for International Agrarian Develop- ment.
  203. Winters, P., R. Murgai, E. Sadoulet, A. de Janvry, and G. Frisvold. 1998. Economic and welfare impacts of climate change on developing countries. Environmental and Resource Economics 12 (1): 1-24.
  204. World Bank. 1981. Accelerated development in Sub-Saharan Africa: An agenda for action. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
  205. ---. 1994a. Tanzania: Agriculture. World Bank country study. Washington, D.C. ---. 1994b. Tanzania: Agriculture sector memorandum, vol. 2, main report. Washington, D.C.
  206. ---. 1996a. African development indicators 1996. Washington, D.C.
  207. ---. 1996b. Tanzania -The challenge of reforms: Growth, incomes and wel- fare, vol. 2. Washington, D.C.
  208. ---. 1998. World development indicators 1998. Washington, D.C. CD-ROM.
  209. ---. 1999a. Countries: Tanzania. <http://www.worldbank.org>.
  210. ---. 1999b. World development indicators 1999. Washington, D.C. CD-ROM.
  211. ---. 2000a. World Bank and IMF support debt relief for Tanzania under en- hanced HIPC initiative. News Release No: 2000/281/S. <http:// www.worldbank.org>
  212. ---. 2000b. World development indicators 2000. Washington, D.C. CD-ROM.
  213. Yeldan, A. E. 1997. Financial liberalization and fiscal repression in Turkey: Policy analysis in a CGE model with financial markets. Journal of Policy Modeling 19 (1): 79-117.

Related papers

Behaviour of income velocity in Tanzania, 1967-1994
Prof. Michael Ndanshau

1996

View PDFchevron_right
The Behaviour of Income Velocity in Tanzania 1967-94
Michael Ndanshau

SSRN Electronic Journal

View PDFchevron_right
Macroeconomic stabilization and economic growth: analysis of reform policies in Tanzania
Sudipta Sarangi

Journal of Policy Modeling, 2002

View PDFchevron_right
Economic Transformation in Africa from the Bottom Up: Evidence from Tanzania
Josaphat Kweka

2016

View PDFchevron_right
Balancing investment, consumption and employment in Tanzania: Why consumption and input-output multipliers matter for economic planning IKD Working Paper Number 92
Marc Wuyts
View PDFchevron_right
The Potential Welfare Effects of the U.S.’s African Growth and Opportunity Act on Tanzania
Aloyce Kaliba
View PDFchevron_right
Empirical analysis of determinants of economic growth in Tanzania
New Applied Studies in Management, Economics & Accounting (NASMEA)

New Applied Studies in Management, Economics & Accounting, 2025

View PDFchevron_right
Tanzania and the IMF: The Analytics of Alternative Adjustment Programmes
Ajit Singh

Development and Change, 1986

View PDFchevron_right
Tanzania A Study of African Economics
Yann Martin
View PDFchevron_right
The Factors Affecting Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Developing Countries: The Case of Tanzania
ALEX KIRA

European Journal of Business and Management, 2013

View PDFchevron_right
The Second Economy in Tanzania by T. L. Maliyamkono and M. S. D. Bagachwa London, James Currey; Athens, Ohio University Press; Nairobi, Heinemann Kenya; and Dar es Salaam, ESAURP; 1990. Pp. xix + 197. £25.00. £9.95 paperback.Capitalism, Socialism and the Development Crisis in Tanzania edited by N...
Tony Waters

Journal of Modern African Studies, 1990

View PDFchevron_right
Structural adjustment as a policy process: The case of Tanzania
Goran Hyden

World Development, 1993

View PDFchevron_right
Structural Adjustment and Rural Employment in Tanzania
Manfred Bienefeld

Paper submitted to the ILO Employment/Rural Project …, 1989

View PDFchevron_right
Prices and the Transformation of Peasant Agriculture: the Tanzanian Case
Frank Ellis

The IDS Bulletin, 1982

View PDFchevron_right
Protection and the determinants of household income in Tanzania 1991-2007
Oliver Morrissey

RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2010

View PDFchevron_right
A Case Study on Economic Development of Tanzania
Vishwas Gupta

Journal of the International Academy of Case Studies, 2020

View PDFchevron_right
Trade liberalization and the structure of production in Tanzania
Khatibu Kazungu

Department of Economics, University of Glasgow, 2009

View PDFchevron_right
59 BOJE: Botswana Journal of Economics Tanzania’s Revealed Comparative Advantage and Structural Transformation
Beatrice Mkenda

2016

View PDFchevron_right
A Study of Zambia and Tanzania
Jörgen Levin
View PDFchevron_right
Fiscal Incidence in Tanzania
Kenneth Mdadila

African Development Review, 2016

View PDFchevron_right
Inequalities and Structural Transformation in Tanzania
Edmund Matotay

Development, 2014

View PDFchevron_right

Related topics

EconomicsTax reformEconomic policyMarket OrientationComputable General EquilibriumEconomic transition
580 California St., Suite 400
San Francisco, CA, 94104