Structure of labour market and unemployment in Sudan

Economic Research Forum Working Paper, 2023

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this publication are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to the Economic Research Forum, members of its Board of Trustees, or its donors.

Journal of Social Science Studies

This paper examines the inequality of opportunity in the labor market in Sudan, using data of the Poverty Survey, 2014. A logit model is used with the dependent variable taking 1 if the person is employed and 0 otherwise. A set of circumstance variables are used as regressors, and ex-ante inequality of opportunity is calculated using the dissimilarity index and Shapley decomposition. Gender was associated with the largest share of inequality of opportunity, estimated at 73.41 percent. Gender-based inequality of opportunity in employment was assessed using Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition methods. The findings reveal that the average probability of accessing employment is 0.87 for men and 0.59 for women, yielding a gap of 0.274. The difference between the average group characteristics of males and females was reflected in the coefficient of endowment (0.008), representing 2.9 percent of the total difference. The bulk of the gap is attributed to differences in circumstances, as indicated ...

African Journal of Social Work, 2020

South Sudan as a nation has experienced several forms of economic, political and social unrest due to unemployment situation in the country. The South Sudan Government has realized problem of unemployment especially the urban youth, and mitigate it through specific policy interventions. This paper attempts to support policy making in identifying the unemployed persons and knowing their profile. Information were obtained through a primary survey of 100 households with population size of 690 across five payam (sub-county) in Juba County. The results show that the unemployed members among the sample households are those with fairly large families with high dependency ratio and low literacy rate especially among the girls and women.

This paper analyzes the evolution of labor supply and unemployment in Egypt in the period from 1999 to 2012, focusing on the impact of the demographic phenomenon known as the youth bulge and the impact of the world financial crisis and the marked economic slowdown following the January 25th 2011 revolution. Data from the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey of 2012 is used and compared to previous survey rounds. Trends in population, the labor force, employment, and unemployment are investigated and examined by age and education. Even though demographic pressures on the labor market have decreased since 2006 as the youth bulge generation has already made its way into the labor market, employment rates have decreased, labor force participation among women has decreased, unemployment has slightly increased, and under-employment has increased substantially. Overall, the labor market post-revolution is in a weaker position than in 2006.

Review of Economics Finance, 2013

This study aims at building a macro-econometric model for the Sudan economy mainly for the sole purpose of policy analysis. The model conforms to the previous attempts in relying on the conventional income-expenditure approach. However, it differs from them in certain aspects. It covers a rather extended period from 1960 to 2005. The model contains 14 equations covering the monetary sector, public sector, real sector, external sector, labor sector, and prices. The equations of the model are identified, and the three stages least squares is used to estimate the model. Also, unit root test has been used to avoid problem of spurious regression. The model passes all the required tests and is employed to conduct sound policy analysis.

Iraq Journal For Economic Sciences / ISSN:1812-8742 / ISSN ONLIN:2791-092X , 2024

The paper aimed to study the impact of macroeconomic indicators on inflation in Sudan during the period from (2000-2022). The paper followed the econometrics approach through a linear regression model on time series data. The papers hypotheses were that there is a statistically significant relationship between the gross domestic product and government expenditure, and exchange rate on inflation. The paper reached the most important results, the most important of which is that the gross domestic product and exchange rate directly and positively affect the inflation rate, and that government expenditure inversely affects the inflation rate.The most important recommendations included the need to pay attention to reducing inflationary pressures with the aim of stopping the deterioration of the value of the Sudanese pound and then improving it. This can only be achieved by increasing the gross domestic product, which contributes to expanding the productive capacity of the economy,and reducing government expenditure on non-productive activities and increasing taxes to reduce inflation rates.

This paper aims at exploring the Dynamics of Youth Unemployment Outlook in South Sudan through a case study approach by assessing the nature and extent of youth unemployment problem, the major factors contributing to youth unemployment, the impact of the various policies, legal frameworks and programs that have been implemented for purposes of addressing youth unemployment, and recommendations of the alternatives policies and programs that can address youth unemployment in South Sudan. As this paper asserts, there is a growing global concern about youth unemployment as the global economy is being threatened by the challenge of creating productive jobs in a bid to sustain economic growth and maintain social cohesion. Further, the implications of youth unemployment are both social economic and political and as such ignoring the roles played by the youth in the society amounts to threatening the very survival of a country like South Sudan. The problem of youth unemployment is also one of the few development and policy concerns that are common to both developing and developed countries, especially during this period when the study is undertaken. The study is also concerned with the concept of the youth bulge which has been seen as a common phenomenon in many developing countries. In South Sudan it has been established that unemployment levels are higher among the youth. The prevalence of youth unemployment in South Sudan with its associate factors continues to entangle the South Sudanese society. Its negative impact is posing complex economic, political, environmental, social and moral policy issues for South Sudan. Addressing youth employment will mean better utilization of human capital, reduction in the growing social problems and improving the diminishing economic growth for South Sudan. Key conceptual framework issues for addressing unemployment in South Sudan are; employment creation, employability, entrepreneurship, and equal opportunity and acceleration of inclusive economic growth.

Management, 2021

Summary A well-known macroeconomic relationship is called the OKUN Law, which states that the negative correlation between unemployment rates and raw domestic output can be determined. This study will focus on the theoretical framework for developing models of the relationship between economic growth and unemployment rates. This study contributes to the existing literature by estimate Okun’s law for Arab economies during the period 1960–2017. The results of this study indicate that Okun’s coefficient is valid for the case of Arab countries in the different version, when unemployment rates reach the threshold and are between 6.35 and 7.933, in which the impact of the GDP on unemployment rates is negative and significant, with a significant level of 1 per cent. As for outside the threshold, i.e. less than 6.35 and more significant than 7.933, this effect is negative, but it is not significant. Moreover, the decision-makers in Arab countries seek to raise economic growth rates to addre...

INNOVATION IN SOCIETY AND ENHANCEMENT OF HUMAN CAPITAL: CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES FOR SUDAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO, 22nd November 2017, 2017

This article analyzes the structure of the Sudanese labour market considering five axis: the dominance of public sector in total employment; the demographic structure and the description of the economic activities of Sudanese people; the low skill level and brain drain problems; the increasing rate of unemployment and the mismatch between the educational and the labour market. From this analysis certain educational needs are identified withparticular attention to those more closely related to the objectives of INSO Project. In this way, the article provides a theoretical framework for the project and some indications for its continuation.

The Egyptian Labor Market in an Era of Revolution, 2015

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this publication are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to the Economic Research Forum, members of its Board of Trustees, or its donors.

This study has examined the impact of inflation on GDP and unemployment rate in Pakistan. It was a longitudinal study for the period in [2000][2001][2002][2003][2004][2005][2006][2007][2008][2009][2010]. The data has been taken from secondary sources. The study concludes that inflation insignificantly influences GDP and unemployment and the correlation is negative. The correlation between unemployment and inflation is positive i.e. 0.477 and is insignificant at 10% level of significance. The correlation between GDP and unemployment rate has also been found insignificant with a value of 0.196. It is, therefore, concluded that inflation has a role which influential but for GDP and unemployment with insignificant levels in the macroeconomics factors of Pakistani economy.

2021

The paper uses a sample of five Arab countries (namely Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia) in a dataset covering the period from 1990 to 2006. Two-stage least squares methodology is used to find estimates of growth and human capital variables from a search of deeper instruments, and fitted values from these regressions are then used in a second-stage estimation of unemployment behaviour in the general population and separately for men. Results suggest that while growth, by itself, does tend to achieve significant reduction in unemployment, the lack of sustainability of growth works in the opposite direction raising unemployment so that the net effect is rather modest. Moreover, while educational contribution to lowering of unemployment is likely to be of a modest magnitude for all, the labour market appears to strongly discriminate against women’s skills. Rising longevity appears to predict rising unemployment via participation which would call for faster job creation in or...

The Egyptian Labor Market Revisited, 2009

This paper analyzes data from the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey of 2006 (ELMPS 06) and its predecessor surveys from 1988 and 1998 to reveal that the employment outlook in Egypt has broadly improved since 1998. Despite continued rapid growth of the working age population since 1998, overall participation rates have increased, unemployment rates have decreased, and employment growth has been robust. In many instances, the levels of these variables have returned to or exceeded their levels in 1988, prior to the initiation of the 1991 stabilization and structural adjustment programs. The performance of the labor market in Egypt in the past eight years has been helped by favorable demographic as well as economic developments. The generation at the peak of the youth bulge, which was putting severe pressures on the labor market in the 1990s, has now completed its labor market transition, for the most part, and demographic pressures are easing. These demographic developments have been accompanied by important changes in the structure of the economy. While employment in state-owned enterprises (SOEs) had begun to decline in the 1988-98 decade, employment in government was still growing rapidly during that period at about twice the rate of growth of overall employment. This has clearly changed in the 1998-06. Employment growth in the civil service has slowed dramatically and much of the burden of employment creation has shifted to the private sector.

International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2018

This study was conducted to find out the determinants of unemployment in Bahrain. The objectives of the study were to find out the way in which the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Inflation, Government Expenditure, and Gross Rate of Fixed Capital Formation affects unemployment and to make up policy recommendations from the finding of the study. The study used time series analysis from the year 1980 to 2015. The study found that there is no significant impact of economic growth and inflation on unemployment in Bahrain while there is a significant impact of fixed capital formation and government expenditures on unemployment in Bahrain. The recommendations of the study are that the government should pursue policies that promote economic growth, Gross Rate of Fixed Capital Formation, and carefully and empirically assessed public spending.

Although it is well-established in the literature that unemployment is a labor market insertion problem in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), the dynamics driving youth unemployment remain poorly understood. Using panel and retrospective data from the Labor Market Panel Surveys in Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia, we are able to substantially improve our understanding of youth unemployment in MENA by studying flows into and out of employment and unemployment. We also decompose trends in the unemployment rates in Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia over the past decade into the contributions of individuals entering unemployment from outside the labor force and from previous employment, and changes in the duration of unemployment these individuals experience. Models for the incidence and duration of unemployment illustrate the relationship between individuals’ characteristics and their unemployment dynamics.