Technical Drawing

The establishment of a CAD system constitutes the last step in an information chain consisting of three consecutive parts. The first step is the CAD operation. In this stage, the geometry and features of the design are created for 2D & 3D design, which is a drafting system and a geometric modeling system. The second one is the analysis systems. The mass and positions of the created geometry are fed into the analysis systems to perform finite element analysis (FEA) for structural, thermal, or fluid-flow designs, as a CAE system. The third one is the NC programming system. The analysis result is used as the CAM system, producing G code for the CNC machine. The three-subsystem interoperation system is in command of interaction between the three-subsystems to complete the whole design and manufacture process in the CAD environment. The interoperation system makes it possible to automate the analysis and NC programming.

One essential aspect of any CAD system, which has not been addressed adequately, is the capability to support the automatic placement of dimensions of a mechanical drawing. Today, even the most sophisticated CAD systems automatically place dimensions of mechanical drawings without strictly adhering to standard dimensioning rules (e.g., there are usually overlaps, repetitions and misplacement of dimensions). Therefore, the automatically generated dimensions are the starting point for a manual improvement of the dimension positions. In this paper we present a software system for the automatic placement of dimensions in mechanical drawings, incorporated into a commercial CAD system, which is efficient and places dimensions that comply with the basic drawing standards, assigns dimensions to all elements of a drawing, and does not produce redundant dimensions.

Puji syukur kami panjatkan atas kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, berkat rahmad, hidayah dan anugerah-Nya sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan Tugas Rencana Garis (Lines Plan) tepat pada waktu yang telah ditentukan. Tugas ini terdiri dari penentuan Curve of Sectional Area (CSA) dengan menggunakan metode Hamplin, bentuk lambung kapal yang diperoleh berdasarkan perencanaan garis air muat pada masingmasing station dan perancangan Body Plan yang pada akhirnya diproyeksikan menjadi Sheer Plan (bowbow buttock line) dan Half Breadth Plan. Keseluruhan bentuk perancangan dikoreksi sedemikian rupa sehungga memenuhi syarat yang telah ditentukan. Penulis menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa perencanaan ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna sehingga penulis sangat mengharapkan kritik, saran, masukan dan sanggahan yang bersifat membangun kearah yang lebih baik. Akhir kata penulis mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesarbesarnya kepada Bapak Prof. Daniel M.

This study examines the effects of a seventh-grade science course supported by augmented reality technologies on students' academic achievement on elements and compounds, their motivation towards the science course, and their motivation toward the augmented reality materials used. The study was conducted with the quasi-experimental design of the quantitative research method. The research sample consists of 50 seventh-grade students, 25 in the experimental group and 25 in the control group, studying in a public school. As data collection tools, academic achievement tests, motivation scale for learning science, and motivation scale for the materials used were utilized. In addition, the collected data were analyzed with the SPSS 24.0 program. As a consequence of the research, it was discovered that augmented reality technologies boosted students' academic success and motivation toward science learning (p0.001). In addition, students' motivation toward augmented reality mate...

The crafted electronic forms may be significant access barriers for impaired users, precluding equal use of web services. It relates the intrinsic faults in input field layout, invisible or ambiguous labels, inaccessible error messages, and ineffective validation mechanisms that prevent usability, especially from users of assistive devices. The study is stressing the necessity of accessible from design to meet the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) criteria specifically in terms of perceptibility, operability, and robustness. It also stresses the necessity for screen reader accessibility, clear keyboard navigation, and visual signaling in order to achieve good user experience. The research utilizes best practices that are unprecedented in progressing clarity of labeling, instant feedback to validate errors, rational tab sequences, and ARIA roles in dynamic widgets. Through an intermingling of form design and universal principles for accessibility, the developers will provide user-focused interfaces that suit the wide-ranging range of needs, enhance digital inclusivity, and fulfill ethical as well as lawful accessibility guidelines. The article invites the practice of active testing with disabled users to detect usability gaps and facilitate equal digital interaction.

INTRODUCTION The drafter system provides an environment for the author of software documentation to construct a model of the knowledge to be conveyed in the document and to have draft manuals generated automatically in multiple languages: currently English and French. The system is relevant to both authoring and translating. However, it brings the role of the translator closer to that of author, in that it does not involve a `source' document 1 . drafter is founded on the following principles, based on the results of a user requirements analysis carried out with technical authors and translators specialising in software documentation [3]: ffl Support for knowledge reuse: Authors and translators spend much of their time acquiring the content of the document to be produced, either from the software developers, through experience with the product, or from an existing document. They often e

The paper presents experience from the blended course "Computer programs" at Faculty of Civil Engineering in Rijeka. This course teaches students about CAD (Computer Aided Design) in general and how to design in AutoCAD in particular. Since 2006, lectures and course exercises have been carried out as face-to-face classes and lessons presented on LMS Moodle. By completing the individual exercises, students are expected to adopt and develop their technical drawing proficiency. Students are also involved in group activities requiring integration of their acquired technical skills, organizational skills and presentation skills. Furthermore, intention of group activities improvement by means of latest technologies implementation is presented: by applying the cloud-computing and real-time collaboration tool students can recognise the significant potential of those applications and utilise them in the future.

The paper presents experience from the blended course "Computer programs" at Faculty of Civil Engineering in Rijeka. This course teaches students about CAD (Computer Aided Design) in general and how to design in AutoCAD in particular. Since 2006, lectures and course exercises have been carried out as face-to-face classes and lessons presented on LMS Moodle. By completing the individual exercises, students are expected to adopt and develop their technical drawing proficiency. Students are also involved in group activities requiring integration of their acquired technical skills, organizational skills and presentation skills. Furthermore, intention of group activities improvement by means of latest technologies implementation is presented: by applying the cloud-computing and real-time collaboration tool students can recognise the significant potential of those applications and utilise them in the future.

In the traditional methodology of CAD system teaching, one starts with acquirement of technical drawing principles and design of technical schemes and drawings based on manual drawing. Only consequently students learn to draw the schemes and technical drawings in some of the CAD systems. An alternative possibility to teach CAD/CAE systems could be to start immediately with machine element draughts and modelling and to the technical drawing teaching to pay attention only marginally, in a reduced time allocation. A key question related to this, by the authors proposed way of teaching CAD/CAE systems, is whether the reduction of the technical drawing teaching will not have a negative impact on the students` achievements. The answer to this question should be found out from a pedagogical experiment which the authors are going to carry out and a methodology of which is presented in the paper.

En este articulo se analiza el uso del juego Blokify para introducir al alumnado en las competencias que relacionan las figuras tridimensionales con su representacion bidimensional mediante las vistas normalizadas y la perspectiva. Estos contenidos se estudian en asignaturas de dibujo a partir de secundaria y Bachillerato. Blokify es un juego gratuito para tabletas digitales que permite modelar figuras tridimensionales de forma similar al popular video juego Minecraft: “bloque a bloque”. Las figuras modeladas con Blokify se pueden imprimir en 3D de manera casi directa. Existen informes internacionales que valoran la potencialidad de los videojuegos como recurso educativo y las Tabletas Digitales y la Impresion 3D como tecnologias con repercusion en la ensenanza. En este articulo se detalla la experiencia realizada en el curso 2013-2014 con grupos de Educacion Primaria (3o y 5o) y un grupo de 4o ESO. La actividad se llevo a cabo en el centro concertado Colegio Nuryana de San Cristoba...

Il saggio si occupa di questioni metodologiche pertinenti alla filologia del disegno geometrico storico, in specie dell'edizione dei trattati di Piero della Francesca (De prospectiva pingendi) e, quale esempio d'edizione di un'opera manoscritta a testimonianza plurima, offre il testo grafico critico dei due disegni presenti nei mss. della Descriptio urbis Romae di Leon Battista Alberti.

La digitalización de este artículo se enmarca dentro del proyecto "Estudio y análisis para el desarrollo de una red de conocimiento sobre estudios fílmicos a través de plataformas web 2.0", financiado por el Plan Nacional de I+D+i del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España (código HAR2010-18648), con el apoyo de

In a company they are manufacturing two types of switchgears; Gas insulated switchgear (GIS) and air insulated switchgear (AIS). Ring main unit product (RMU) which is a part of GIS, consist of a heavy critical module assembly weighing about 35 kg enclosed in stainless steel tank. Currently this critical module assembly is manually inserted in stainless steel tank but due to its weight and small clearance it is very difficult for workers to assemble it and often causing injuries to hands of workers. 3 to 4 workers are needed for assembly of RMU product. The required fixture assembly should be compact due to the space constraints. So to carry out this assembly with less efforts, our aim is to design a compact & fixture which will be mechanically operated and we will be able to obtain the optimal solution to the existing problem, which will also reduce the manpower as well as required time for assembly of unit and to ensure the safety of workers.

Apart from constituting an indispensable part of the process of developing technical creativity, technical drawing and graphic communication are also an important component of general technology education. Computer-aided design (CAD), which has been used in the industry for almost six decades, is still developing. During the past thirty years, CAD has gradually entered not only secondary and higher education, but also general technology (technical) education in some parts of the world. As a result, a number of various studies that problematize the use of CAD programs in teaching have been conducted. However, the former practices adopted in the Croatian system of general and compulsory education did not include the application of these contents in teaching. The compulsory education system in Croatia is currently undergoing some changes which could result in making the acquisition of students’ digital competences compulsory and introducing CAD in general education. This paper analyses...

The Draw an Engineer Test (DAET) is a common measure of students' perceptions of engineers. The coding systems currently used for K-12 research are general rubrics or checklists to capture the images presented in the drawing, which leave out some of the richness of students' perceptions, currently only captured with an accompanying student interview. The purpose of this study is to build a reliable coding system, which first establishes an inventory of pictorial elements irrespective of their potential relationship with engineering and second captures aspects of students' engineering perceptions inductively (from the ground up) while at the same time incorporating categories from previous research. The coding system will be used to help researchers understand how young students' perceptions of engineering, engineers, and the work of engineers evolve and are impacted by interventions. The longterm goal of this project is to create a standalone measure that can be broadly applied to diverse populations, and to create a large multi-institution student database, with both K-12 and university populations represented. This database would provide a rich dataset for better understanding common misconceptions about engineering and thus enabling the development of methods to address them.

Recent development of built heritage digitisation has not included required interest on scientific control tool. Without such information, such efforts can be useless for later reuse of digital models. Paradata were developed with this purpose but discussion about its content remained limited. This paper aims to provide a first specific set for digital three-dimensional models of built heritage based on other experiences and previous fieldwork. It includes works developed with photogrammetry, 3D scanning and at a lesser extent manual CAD reconstruction. Thanks to these series of paradata it would be possible not only to document the scientific process behind the digitisation of heritage, but also to provide data for further research.

Geometric tolerance as a source of variability is often ignored in project design and control research and practice. Certain best practices to buffer AEC systems from this variability are established through 'received traditions.'To describe the nature of this variability, basic tolerance terminology is introduced as applicable to a case study. Tolerance analysis and allocation techniques are herein applied to a very simple AEC system, a drywall partition wall with an electrical outlet. A mapping system, combining ...

No desenvolvimento da sociedade capitalista, nomeadamente durante a Primeira Revolução Industrial, a sistematização do Desenho auxiliou o aperfeiçoamento da representação gráfica de forma que o desenho de um projeto pudesse ser construído, produzido e/ou fabricado. O aprimoramento das técnicas industriais apoiadas em igual aperfeiçoamento do Desenho possibilitou a expansão da sociedade capitalista, esta caracterizada pela hegemonia dos países centrais na definição e disseminação da sua cultura material. No estágio atual de desenvolvimento, a sofisticação da produção demarca o cenário global e o Desenho tem na computação gráfica a tradução da sua evolução, quando as distâncias entre as sociedades de espaços geográficos diferenciados são evidenciadas e identificadas especialmente pelo acesso aos bens de consumo. Neste artigo, examinamos o desenvolvimento do capitalismo à luz da reflexão de Immanuel Wallerstein (1990, 2001, 2004), ao relacionarmos a evolução do Desenho Técnico e a organização da divisão do trabalho industrial a partir da organização proposta por Márcio Pochmann (2001), com o objetivo de conhecer os fatores que condicionam o diferente lugar do Desenho Técnico na Educação de países como Portugal e Brasil, que ocupam a semiperiferia do Modern World-System. Como estratégia metodológica, adotamos o método histórico e técnicas de pesquisa documental. Os resultados confirmam o Desenho enquanto conhecimento relevante no desenvolvimento da produção capitalista.

In this arrangement motion is transmitted between the co-axial shafts of different diameters. The synthesis of this mechanism reveals that the no. of pins used in this arrangement should be even ,..2,4,6,8. If more pins used motion will be smoother, but increase in no. of pins not at the cost of strength of shaft. Pins are fixed(may be permanent of temporary) in the drilled holes at the both shaft ends due to which motion is transferred .elbow pins or Z-pins or link used for this arrangements. The bent angle for the all pins are given very precisely , holes drilled very accurately & the axis of both the shafts must be co-axial. Proposed arrangement used for any set of diameters with any profile of shafts but the shafts must be co-axial and having rotational motion along the common axis. Working of this arrangement is very smooth & use very effectively with very minimum amount of power losses.

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of learning objects developed in marker-based augmented reality environment on academic achievement and permanence of learning. In the study, experimental design with pre-test and post-test control group has been used. The study has been carried out in the spring term of 2016-2017 academic year with 45 students studying in the 7th grade of a state secondary school in Sincan district of Ankara. At the beginning of the study, "Academic achievement scale" has been applied to the experimental and control group students. The subject has been discussed by using augmented reality applications for the experimental group, the traditional method (narration, presentation on a model or board and question and answer) for the control group. At the end of the experiment, the same scale has been carried out as post-test and permanence test four weeks after the end date of experimental procedure to each group. According to the result of study, it has been seen that augmented reality application is effective in terms of the academic achievement of students and permanence of their learning.

Jean-Christophe Norman «tire» dans l'espace en s'exposant au public. Ses traversées urbaines prennent à la lettre ce qu'englobe le mot anglais pour «dessiner». «To draw» implique le désir qui induit le fait de tirer une ligne, son attrait et son attraction. Le geste de Jean-Christophe Norman ressemble à la main qui tire en lançant une ficelle. Ce faisant, l'artiste poursuit un double mouvement, tendant, à l'instar d'un Fred Sandback, le fil (rouge). Si on considère sa ligne à la craie par terre comme tendue, elle relève d'un effet spatial.

The design and fabrication are the important elements in translating the idea to a product.This paper presents the capability of 3D solid model in assissting the fabrication process in development and improvement a real product (innovation). The objectives of this project are to design the jig and fixture to remove pin in the piston using pro engineer software (Pro/E), second is to fabricate the jig and fixture using machining process and finally is to improve the method when assembly and removing the pin piston by using the jig compare to conventional method by analyze the effect on the piston parts, the piston pin, connecting rod and piston block. The result shows that the application of jig and fixture have the reduced damage on piston pin, connecting rod and piston head surfaces. These jigs and fixture are used at main assembly line to assemble the engine components. The experiments also conducted on the locator pins (custom made jig) between mild steel and aluminum. It is found...

While drawing a mould for a new design, draftspeople often consult previous projects, searching for something similar. This way they can use solutions already developed in the past, thus reducing the time required to design a new mould. However, current systems do not make this an easy task. We developed a new approach for contentbased retrieval that supports automatic indexation of technical drawing databases and later recovering information by using structural descriptions of mould designs. In this paper, we describe a prototype that is able to retrieve technical mould drawings by content. The prototype allows searching for drawings using sketches, a digitized drawing or a combination of both. Queries can be refined by sketching on a digitized drawing or on one of the results interactively. Preliminary usability tests revealed that users were generally pleased with the concept of using sketches as the main query mechanism.

This communication investigates the automatic reading of unconstrained omni-writer handwritten texts. It shows how to endow the reading system with learning faculties necessary to adapt the recognition to each writer's handwriting. In the first part of this communication, we explain how the recognition system can be adapted to a current handwriting by exploiting the graphical context defined by the writer's invariants. This adaptation is guaranteed by activating interaction links over the whole text between the recognition procedures of word entities and those of letter entities. In the second part, we justify the need of an open multipleagent architecture to support the implementation of such a principle of adaptation. The proposed platform allows to plug expert treatments dedicated to handwriting analysis. We show that this platform helps to implement specific collaboration or cooperation schemes between agents which bring out new trends in the automatic reading of handwritten texts.

The presence of cartoons, comics, and graphic narrative has an at least
centennial history that can be dated as far back as Le Corbusier’s  childhood. However, the introduction of comics in the design studio is not a recent development1. Only in the late 1960s and 1970s, the comics medium was embraced by architects who located themselves outside the mainstream and considered the traditional tools not suited to the representation of a new architecture that defied the constraints of ‘architecture-as-object’.

Although this effervescence passed, comics never left the architectural
scene and the last fifteen years have witnessed a blossoming of
‘archicomics’ as a trend.This chapter looks at several works produced by architects and students in order to discuss and illustrate some uses of the comics medium as a tool to visualize and explain, to develop stories and discourses, and start morphogenetic processes that lead to novel architectural form, or even rethink architectural space.

Vocational students need some skills that will be used when students finish their studies at school. One of the expected skills is the ability to draw using the AutoCAD program. Where the final ability is expected of the students will be able to create engineering drawings in the form of 2-D models. The purpose of the training program is to develop and improve the technical drawing skills of the XII class students in using the AutoCAD program. Therefore, the students of class XII SMK have the ability to draw machine components and other engineering drawings in 2-D format. The method used in this training program through pre-test instrument, AutoCAD module, discussion, display through slide how to make machine image in 2-D formats and practice how to make the engineering drawing then evaluated with post-test. The result of this program is the improvement of the ability of grade XII students in drawing machine components and other engineering drawings in 2-D format.

Abstract–Today there is a great amount of information in the form of engineering projects. The difficulty in retrieving visual information contained in engineering projects in various contexts in which engineering designs are used as inputs in decision making is an area of major concern. Current methods of retrieval do not satisfy the demand for the rapid and precise location of information contained in large sets of drawings. This is because the projects are retrieved through the utilization of codes and keywords that only partially ...

This paper examines ‘mechanical drawing’ in relation to the public culture of ‘industrial enlightenment’ around 1800 in which printed representations alongside exhibitions and lectures created a ‘meaning for machines’ that aimed to unite science, technical know-how and commerce. Technical illustrations often used drawing machine technology in a self-reflexive way and many mechanical engineers concerned themselves with technologies of representation on paper, using and inventing drawing machines to manage the literature of professional presentation. Through considering the interaction between procedures for making and using drawing equipment, I argue that these toy-like devices contributed just as much as bridges or gargantuan steam powered machines did to the self-fashioning of engineers and engineering at this date.

Mesleki Teknik Çizim, tasarım ve üretim sürecinde kullanılan görsel iletişim yöntemlerinden biridir. Sürecin sağlıklı işlemesi, olası tasarım senaryolarının oluşturulması, üretimde maliyetin düşürülmesi, yerel dokümantasyon ağının oluşturulması gibi birçok nedenden dolayı süreç açısından önem teşkil etmektedir. 2016-2017 Eğitim Öğretim Yılı baz alındığında; onbeşi devlet, onaltısı vakıf olmak üzere toplam otuzbir üniversitede, farklı fakülte ve yüksekokula bağlı birimler olarak verilen Moda Eğitimi; Moda Tasarımı, Moda ve Tekstil Tasarımı, Tekstil ve Moda Tasarımı ve Moda Giyim Tasarımı adları altında yürütülmektedir. Bu çalışmada ulusal ölçekte devlet ve vakıf üniversitelerindeki lisans programları incelenmiş, mesleki teknik çizim dersinin müfredatlarında yer alıp almadığı araştırılmış ve yurtdışı örnekleriyle kıyaslamalar yapılmıştır. İnceleme sonucu, söz konusu otuzbir bölümden ancak onaltısında mesleki teknik çizim dersinin ayrı bir ders olarak müfredatta yer aldığı tespit edilmiş ve eğitimde yeterli önem gösterilmediği kanısına varılmıştır. Yurtdışında 3-boyutlu tasarımın artık lisans derslerinde yer aldığı göz önünde bulundurularak konuya dikkat çekilmiş, eleştiri ve öneriler sunulmuştur.

Professional Technical Drawing has been the most commonly adopted visual communication technique in the field of fashion design and manufacture due to several reasons, such as multiple design scenarios and possible sketch updates/corrections, manufacture cost reductions, and formation of local documentation networks. During 2016-2017 Education Year, Fashion Design Curriculum is offered at a total of thirty-one Turkish Universities, under slightly different programme names, such as Fashion Design, Fashion and Textile Design, Textile and Fashion Design and Fashion and Garment Design. Sixteen of these institutions are state-owned, and the remaining fifteen are private institutions. In this study, curriculums adopted by these thirty-one departments have been compared with special attention given to Technical Drawing. It has been observed that only sixteen of these departments have enforced a specific class and the rest does not consider Technical Drawing as a part of their fashion design curriculum. On the other hand, when foreign institutions are included in the comparison, we have realized that due to newly emerging 3-D technologies, many foreign institutions are updating their programme by adding corresponding 3-D technical drawing classes to their curriculum.

Teknik çizim tasarımcı ile üretici ve müşteri arasında bir görsel iletişim ve bilgi aktarımı sağlar. Ülkemizde giyim sektörü için, elde ya da bilgisayar destekli tasarım (CAD) yardımı ile hazırlanan teknik çizimlerde standart değer sağlayan bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu tez çalışması bu ihtiyaçtan yola çıkarak hazır giyim endüstrisine yönelik; tasarımcı-modelist arası dil birliği oluşturma, olası iletişim sorununu en aza indirgeme ve bunlardan kaynaklanan hataların üretim sürecine taşınmasını önlemek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Çalışma ile yetişkin kadın giyiminde 36 beden için hazırlanmış silüet, teknik beden şablonu (baz), üst grup, alt grup, iç giyimi ve dış giyim için teknik çizimler üzerinde örnek şablonlar oluşturularak standardizasyon önerileri sunulmuştur. Sonuçta öngörülen standart kurallar çerçevesinde örnek bir teknik föy; numune üretimi için ihtiyaç duyulacak; renk, kumaş, aksesuar bilgileri gibi gerekli tüm detaylar eklenerek, üretim süreci kapsamında öncelikli olarak modeliste iletilmek üzere, hazır hale getirilmiştir.

Fashion technical drawing provides visual communication and conveys information between designers, manufacturers and customers. Survey on national printed and online resources has shown that fashion design industry lacks a standard technical drawing reference for both by hand and computer aided design (CAD) approaches. In this thesis, creating a common language between fashion designer and modeler has been aimed; in order to reduce possible communication errors in between, and to eliminate propagation of those errors into production line of a garment factory. Silhouette, technical body template (base), tops, bottoms, underwear and outwear of a size 36 adult female has been considered and technical drawings of all garments are included with their standardized sample templates. Lastly, necessary information for prototyping; such as, color, fabric, accessory details have been added on a technical specification sheet for a specific example, ready to be conveyed to the modeler in the manufacturing process.

Ao meu filho Luiz Víctor, que nasceu no início deste mestrado, com a esperança de que no futuro sua formação seja beneficiada com sabedoria pelos esforços desprendidos nesta etapa. V A Deus por tudo, sempre. Aos meus pais, Alcebíades e Luíza, pelo apoio, exemplo e amor durante toda minha vida. Ao meu noivo, Hiran, cuja dedicação, compreensão e carinho foram permanentes inspirações para que este trabalho chegasse ao final. A Luiz Víctor, pela alegria e inspiração. À minha Tia Afrane que me acolheu com tanta amizade durante minhas estadas em São Paulo. À minha Tia Elbeni pela revisão ortográfica e gramatical, e principalmente pela dedicação. À Mércia e Márcia por me permitirem ter paz para trabalhar, enquanto cuidavam do meu filhão. Ao Prof. Dr. Cheng Liang-Yee, cuja distância geográfica não foi empecilho para a inestimável orientação, apoio e constante incentivo dispensados durante todo o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. À Prof a . (tia) Ana Magda, pelos ensinamentos, correções e observações (as vezes contundentes!) e, por sua amizade. Aos colegas do Lab-CAD, pela cuidadosa atenção recebida em minhas temporadas na USP, em especial a André Wakamatsu, pela ajuda nos cálculos. À POLI -UPE pela oportunidade, apoio financeiro e incentivo que recebi em particular dos Profs. Armando Carneiro, Carlos Magno, Mário Jorge e Sérgio Dias. Às secretárias do mestrado Ednaura e Marilza. Aos alunos Juliana e Lucídio, pela colaboração com a pesquisa de campo. Aos colegas do CEFET-PE pelo estímulo e compreensão nos momentos em que precisei me ausentar. À CAPES pelo apoio financeiro. À todos os professores da minha vida acadêmica que contribuíram com o sucesso alcançado hoje. Aos responsáveis pelas respostas dos questionários, pela valiosa contribuição à pesquisa científica no país. Àqueles que, através de suas publicações, foram as fontes de pesquisa e enriquecimento deste trabalho. Aos meus colegas de mestrado, pelo incentivo, cuja amizade conquistada ficará em minha memória para sempre.

Ao meu filho Luiz Víctor, que nasceu no início deste mestrado, com a esperança de que no futuro sua formação seja beneficiada com sabedoria pelos esforços desprendidos nesta etapa. V A Deus por tudo, sempre. Aos meus pais, Alcebíades e Luíza, pelo apoio, exemplo e amor durante toda minha vida. Ao meu noivo, Hiran, cuja dedicação, compreensão e carinho foram permanentes inspirações para que este trabalho chegasse ao final. A Luiz Víctor, pela alegria e inspiração. À minha Tia Afrane que me acolheu com tanta amizade durante minhas estadas em São Paulo. À minha Tia Elbeni pela revisão ortográfica e gramatical, e principalmente pela dedicação. À Mércia e Márcia por me permitirem ter paz para trabalhar, enquanto cuidavam do meu filhão. Ao Prof. Dr. Cheng Liang-Yee, cuja distância geográfica não foi empecilho para a inestimável orientação, apoio e constante incentivo dispensados durante todo o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. À Prof a. (tia) Ana Magda, pelos ensinamentos, correções e observações (as vezes contundentes!) e, por sua amizade. Aos colegas do Lab-CAD, pela cuidadosa atenção recebida em minhas temporadas na USP, em especial a André Wakamatsu, pela ajuda nos cálculos. À POLI-UPE pela oportunidade, apoio financeiro e incentivo que recebi em particular dos Profs. Armando Carneiro, Carlos Magno, Mário Jorge e Sérgio Dias. Às secretárias do mestrado Ednaura e Marilza. Aos alunos Juliana e Lucídio, pela colaboração com a pesquisa de campo. Aos colegas do CEFET-PE pelo estímulo e compreensão nos momentos em que precisei me ausentar. À CAPES pelo apoio financeiro. À todos os professores da minha vida acadêmica que contribuíram com o sucesso alcançado hoje. Aos responsáveis pelas respostas dos questionários, pela valiosa contribuição à pesquisa científica no país. Àqueles que, através de suas publicações, foram as fontes de pesquisa e enriquecimento deste trabalho. Aos meus colegas de mestrado, pelo incentivo, cuja amizade conquistada ficará em minha memória para sempre.

This study aimed at finding out the effects of computer-aided instruction on junior secondary students' achievement and retention in basic science in Ado local government area of Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study utilized a nonrandomized pretest post-test quasi-experimental design. The population for this study consisted of all JS II students in secondary schools in Ado Local Government Area. The sample for this study was made up of 120 JS II basic science students drawn from four sampled junior secondary schools. Multi-stage sampling procedures was used in selecting sample for this study.. Thirty students were selected from each school taken cognizance of equal representation of samples in the target population. Basic science Achievement and Retention Test (BSART) developed by the researcher was the instrument for data collection. The Basic Science Achievement and Retention Test (BSART) was used to test students' achievement and retention in basic science. The instrument, BSART was validated by 2 specialists in science education at the Bamidele Olumilua University, Ikere-Ekiti and the general criticisms and suggestions were used for improving the instrument. The data collected from the two groups were analyzed using Kuder Richardson's (KR21) formula to establish the reliability coefficient of the instrument. This instrument gave a reliability coefficient (r) of 0.78. The data collected from Basic Science Achievement and Retention Test were presented and analyzed using the ANCOVA to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Based on the findings of this research, it was concluded that computer-aided instruction in basic science enhances achievement and retention of the junior secondary students. On the basis of findings from this study, it was recommended among others that: Computer literacy programme should be provided for both students and teachers for full integration of ICT resources in Science Education Programme. Government, Non-Governmental Organization and Parents Teacher Associations should fund development of CAI packages in the schools, equip the schools with necessary ICT facilities and train manpower to produce software for science education in Nigerian

Technical drawing is a fairly important skill for a mechanical engineering graduate in the industrial world.  This  activity  aims  to  improve  the  knowledge  and  skills  of  students  at  SMKN  1 Waringinkurung in Autocad-based technical  drawing for daily work  assignments.  This activity was carried out on24-26July 2024 at SMKN 1 Waringinkurung, Serang Regency. The implementation method is with direct practice techniques. The success of this activity can be seen from the increase in the  competence  of  grade  12  students  of  SMKN  1  Waringinkurung  during  learning.  In  addition, students also appear to be increasingly proficient and understand Autocad-based drawing techniques.
Keywords:Autocad; Technical Drawing; Learning

espanolLa orientacion espacial esta presente en los contenidos curriculares de la Educacion Primaria, sin embargo no existen una amplia variedad de actividades relacionadas con este tema. En este trabajo presentamos una propuesta didactica que engloba cuatro ideas que se pueden llevar a cabo en un aula de los ultimos cursos de Educacion Primaria. El objetivo de este trabajo es que el alumnado desarrolle ciertas habilidades de orientacion espacial y a la vez que conozca su entorno. EnglishSpatial orientation is a topic included in Primary Education curricular contents; nevertheless it does not exist a large range of activities related with this field. In this article we present an educational proposal which includes four ideas that can be performed in the last courses of Primary Education. It is aimed that students will develop skills of spatial orientation and at the same time they will be able to discover their environment.