Civil Engineering

In high-strength steels it is often difficult to distinguish between hydrogen embrittlement and various other brittle failure mechanisms. The objective of this work was to develop a sensitive analytical procedure based on secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) that would allow in-service identification of local hydrogen accumulation, either during quality control or during failure analysis of electroplated items. Dynamic SIMS was found useful in identifying when baking of Cd-plated AISI 4340 steel was not carried out, thus potentially leading to hydrogen embrittlement. In all non-baked samples, an increase in the hydrogen signal was found at the Cd/steel interface. In baked samples, either a peak was not observed at the interface, or it was insignificant based on determination of the ratios between the hydrogen signals in the coating, interface and substrate. This reproducible effect was monitored even after 16 months storage in a desiccator. These observations make the procedure practical in suggesting more accurate, reliable and cost effective recommendations for prevention of failures. The main effect of baking was found to be effusion of hydrogen from the interface and the substrate steel into the atmosphere. A mechanism for delayed failure is suggested.

The first full-depth, precast, ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) waffle panels have been designed and implemented in a bridge replacement project to utilize accelerated bridge construction (ABC) and increase bridge deck longevity. This paper first evaluates the structural performance of this bridge using a combination of field live load testing and analytical modeling.

Silica-potash-lime stained-glasses from medieval age in Northern Europe are found in a poor conserv ation state. Their mechanisms of atmospheric corrosion are still not fully understood and need deeper investigation. A multi-scale analysis of K-Ca rich silicate glasses (ancient and model glass), showed modified layers characterised by a multilayer sequence consisting in the repetition of nm-thick laminae with different compositions. Crystalline phases (sulphates, carbonates and phos phates) are observed. The formation of these sequences is due chiefly to interdiffusion, followed by local dissolution pheno mena. Precipitation of secondary phases is enhanced by the presence of fractures, which facilitate fluid circulation.

Stability of multi-story one-bay space pallet racking system studied experimentally and theoretically to obtain the buckling length and the critical load for the upright of the racking system considering the beam-column connection, and frame bracing pattern. Five samples of space pallet racking system are studied to obtain the critical load and buckling lengths with different cases of loading, in addition two samples of short upright of the racking system are investigated under axial compression loads to carry out the upright capacity. The experimental results are re-evaluated using both the American Code of Racking (RMI 2012), and the European code of Racking (EN15512), moreover the investigated system are modeled and analyzed using SCIA Engineer software. The modes of failure of the experimented samples are recorded and evaluated. The experimental program has been conducted on the pallet racks using full-scale models.

1] Hyporheic flow results from the interaction between streamflow and channel morphology and is an important component of stream ecosystems because it enhances water and solute exchange between the river and its bed. Hyporheic flow in pool-riffle channels is particularly complex because of three-dimensional topography that spans a range of partially to fully submerged conditions, inducing both static and dynamic head variations. Hence, these channels exhibit transitional conditions of streambed pressure and hyporheic flow compared to previous studies of fully submerged, two-dimensional bed forms. Here, we conduct a series of three-dimensional simulations to investigate the effects of bed topography, depth of alluvium, and stream discharge on hyporheic flow in pool-riffle reaches with variable bed form submergence, and we propose three empirical formulae to predict the mean depth of hyporheic exchange and characteristic values of the residence time distribution (mean and standard deviation). Hyporheic exchange is predicted with a three-dimensional pumping model, and hyporheic flow is modeled as a Darcy flow. We find that the hyporheic residence time is well approximated by a lognormal distribution for both partially and entirely submerged pool-riffle topography, with the parameters of the distribution defined by the mean and variance of the log-transformed residence time. Depth of alluvium has a substantial effect on hyporheic flow when alluvial depth is less than a third of the bed form wavelength for the conditions examined.

Interfacial interactions, namely interfacial tension, wettability, capillarity and interfacial mass transfer are known to govern fluid distribution and behavior in porous media. Therefore the interfacial interactions between CO 2 , brine and oil and/or gas reservoirs have a significant influence on the effectiveness of any CO 2 storage operations. However, data and knowledge of interfacial properties in storage conditions are scarce. This issue becomes particularly true in the case of deep saline aquifers where limited, economically driven, data collection and archiving are available. In this paper, we present a complete set of brine-CO 2 interfacial tension data at pressure, temperature and salinity conditions, representative of a CO 2 storage operation. A semi-empirical correlation is proposed to calculate the interfacial tension from the experimental data. Wettability is studied at pore scale, using glass micromodels in order to track fluids distribution as a function of the thermodynamic properties and wettability conditions for water-CO 2 systems. With this approach, we show that, in strongly hydrophilic porous media, the CO 2 does not wet the solid surface whereas; if the porous media has less hydrophilic properties the CO 2 significantly wets the surface.

Currently effective Rollover Protective Structure standards exist for Buses, Earthmoving Equipment and Agricultural Tractors. Construction guides for racing cars have also evolved. There are no well-recognised Rollover Protective System tests, standards or design guides for either Military or Civilian (4 Wheel Drive Vehicles) 4 × 4's. This paper presents a range of test protocols, procedures and demonstration methods that have been developed and used to evaluate and test Rollover Protective Structures for Military 4 × 4's. A dynamic test method developed by Exponent, Inc. is also examined.

Rainscreen wall design is still at its infancy stage even after its introduction about four decades ago. Research continues in an effort to set out appropriate design guidelines for rainscreen walls. This paper presents the key results of yearlong full-scale measurements of wind loading on rainscreen walls. The objective of this study is to estimate the impact of various design parameters on the wind loading on rainscreen. This paper also presents the current status of the available codes and standards regarding the wind loads on rainscreen walls and compares the full-scale results with some available provisions. r

Tertiary and/or Quaternary tectonic faulting is documented in three areas of southernmost Illinois: the Fluorspar Area Fault Complex (FAFC) in Pope and Massac Counties, the Ste. Genevieve Fault Zone (SGFZ) in Alexander and Union Counties, and the Commerce Fault Zone (CFZ) in Alexander County.

Potential impacts of 0.5 and 1.0 m of relative sea level rise (RSLR) on hurricane surge and waves in southeast Louisiana are investigated using the numerical storm surge model ADCIRC and the nearshore spectral wave model STWAVE. The models were applied for six hypothetic hurricanes that produce approximately 100 yr water levels in southeastern Louisiana. In areas of maximum surge, the impact of RSLR on surge was generally linear (equal to the RSLR). In wetland or wetland-fronted areas of moderate peak surges (2-3 m), the surge levels were increased by as much as 1-3 m (in addition to the RSLR). The surge increase is as much as double and triple the RSLR over broad areas and as much as five times the RSLR in isolated areas. Waves increase significantly in shallow areas due to the combined increases in water depth due to RSLR and surge increases. Maximum increases in wave height for the modeled storms were 1-1.5 m. Surge propagation over broad, shallow, wetland areas is highly sensitive to RSLR. Wave heights also generally increased for all RSLR cases. These increases were significant (0.5-1.5 m for 1 m RSLR), but less dramatic than the surge increases.

ABSTRACT
Nowadays, drainage networks, whether that was wastewater or storm water drainage networks are considered as one of the necessary infrastructure basics in modern cities. This research is focusing on planning and designing one drainage network “for a dual purpose” instead of the two networks that used one for wastewater and the other one for rainwater drainage, as they are called separated Drainage networks. Therefore, this network is working on wastewater and on the rainwater drainage on the same time. That reduces the cost by reducing amount of excavations and number of the pipes as well the wages for the workers who work on that project. This network would be perfect in Arab countries like Iraq because the amount of the rainfall is not that much and it happens only on the winter season for almost two or three months, not like the other western countries or Australia.
This research is following the global standardization in finding the optimal way of the designing a network such as finding the pipe slope and velocity of the water inside the pipes. Also, to compare it with minimum and the maximum velocity permitted, as well as finding the discharges and levels of pipes’ places in trenches and that depending on essential principles of designing of the network.
The research also includes the planning, designing and drawing a typical longitudinal sections for the Arab city and to be considered as a model that could be used for the planning and designing for any other cities according to the least possible cost.
All in all, the most important characteristic of this research is to adopt the discharging of more than a pipe in one direction within the inspection room so as to minimize the amount of excavation and reduce the diameters of the large pipes. For example, instead of choosing a pipe with a large diameter we can use two or more pipes with less diameter and that consider as a special feature worthwhile when you do not desire to the use of large diameters or the unavailability of that kind of pipes.

Hydraulic jump is a phenomenon caused by change in flow from super-critical to sub-critical flow with considerable energy dissipation and rise in depth of flow. This paper presents the results of experimental investigations to control the hydraulic jump by providing the abrupt rise (hump) at the bed of rectangular open channel. Various types of humps were designed and fabricated based on the critical velocity analysis for the maximum discharge in the flume. These humps were placed in flume at different positions from the upstream gate to control the hydraulic jump at the downstream. From the experimental results a new relationship is proposed to control the hydraulic jump at a specified location using the hump in the bed. This gives the economical solution in agricultural field which is one of the major contributions towards the society as well as it also gives technical inputs to the researchers in the field of same research. I. INTRODUCTION A hydraulic jump is a phenomenon which has extensively been studied in the field of hydraulic engineering due to its frequent occurrence in open channel flow such as rivers and spillways. When the rapid change in the depth of flow from a low stage to high stage, the result is usually in the form of an abrupt rise at water surface, this local phenomenon is known as Hydraulic jump. By utilizing characteristics, hydraulic jump is immensely used as an energy dissipater to dissipate the excess energy of flowing water at the downstream of hydraulic structures such as spillways and sluice gates, to recover head or rise the in water level on the downstream side and thus maintain high water level in the channel for irrigation or other water distribution purposes. It is useful for increasing weight on an apron to reduce the uplift pressure under a masonry structure by raising the water depth on the apron, to increase the discharge of a sluice by holding back the tail water, to indicate special conditions of supercritical flow and of control section to decide the perfect location of gauging station, for mixing of chemicals, to remove air pockets from water supply line and to prevent water locking etc. Due to these many practical applications, hydraulic jump is an interesting topic that has caught the imagination of many researchersin 18 th century who had done the first experimental investigation of jump to till date. But the control of the jump and its location to serve all these above mentioned uses is the foremost important task for the investigators. The hydraulic jump can be controlled or affected by the number of appurtenances as baffle blocks, sills, weirs, abrupt rise and drop in the channels. As the flow in the vicinity of these appurtenances is rapidly varied, the velocity distribution is not uniform. And it is difficult to apply the momentum equation to analyze accurately the formation of jump only by means of theoretical basis; therefore for useful design information one has to rely on the experimental investigations [1]. The researchers had done laboratory experiments to develop empirical relations for universal applications and model studies were conducted for specific projects. In the 20 th century,many researchershave done experiments on hydraulic jump, amongst them one has done model study with dual spillway [2], one of them had thrown a light on the impact of hydraulic jump [3] and few from the current era; in 2005 one had studied the jump on rough bed [4], in 2011 researcher noticed

Considerably long periods of time are required to measure soil-water characteristic curves using conventional equipment such as pressure plate apparatus or a Tempe cell. A commercially available, small-scale medical centrifuge with a swinging type rotor assembly was used to measure the soil-water characteristic curves on statically compacted, fine-grained soil specimens. A specimen holder was specially designed to obtain multiple sets of water content versus suction data for measuring the soil-water characteristic curve at a single speed of rotation of the centrifuge. The soil-water characteristic curves were measured for three different types of fine-grained soils. The three soils used in the study were processed silt (liquid limit, wL = 24%; plasticity index, Ip = 0; and clay = 7%), Indian Head till (wL = 35.5%, Ip = 17%, and clay = 30%), and Regina clay (wL = 75.5%, Ip = 21%, and clay = 70%). The soil-water characteristic curves for the above soils were measured in 0.5, 1, and 2 ...

1] This paper assesses global water stress at a finer temporal scale compared to conventional assessments. To calculate time series of global water stress at a monthly time scale, global water availability, as obtained from simulations of monthly river discharge from the companion paper, is confronted with global monthly water demand. Water demand is defined here as the volume of water required by users to satisfy their needs. Water demand is calculated for the benchmark year of 2000 and contrasted against blue water availability, reflecting climatic variability over the period 1958-2001. Despite the use of the single benchmark year with monthly variations in water demand, simulated water stress agrees well with long-term records of observed water shortage in temperate, (sub)tropical, and (semi)arid countries, indicating that on shorter (i.e., decadal) time scales, climatic variability is often the main determinant of water stress. With the monthly resolution the number of people experiencing water scarcity increases by more than 40% compared to conventional annual assessments that do not account for seasonality and interannual variability. The results show that blue water stress is often intense and frequent in densely populated regions (e.g., India, United States, Spain, and northeastern China). By this method, regions vulnerable to infrequent but detrimental water stress could be equally identified (e.g., southeastern United Kingdom and northwestern Russia).

Digital image correlation (DIC) is assessed as a tool for measuring strains with high spatial resolution in woven-fiber ceramic matrix composites. Using results of mechanical tests on aluminum alloy specimens in various geometric configurations, guidelines are provided for selecting DIC test parameters to maximize the extent of correlation and to minimize errors in displacements and strains. The latter error is shown to be exacerbated by the presence of strain gradients. In a case study, the resulting guidelines are applied to the measurement of strain fields in a SiC/SiC composite comprising 2-D woven fiber. Sub-fiber tow resolution of strain and low strain error are achieved. The fiber weave architecture is seen to exert a significant influence over strain heterogeneity within the composite. Moreover, strain concentrations at tow crossovers lead to the formation of macroscopic cracks in adjacent longitudinal tows. Such cracks initially grow stably, subject to increasing app lied stress, but ultimately lead to composite rupture. Once cracking is evident, the composite response is couched in terms of displacements, since the computed strains lack physical meaning in the vicinity of cracks. DIC is used to identify the locations of these cracks (via displacement discontinuities) and to measure the crack opening displacement profiles as a function of applied stress.

To predict the performance of an aquifer thermal energy storage system, an understanding of the system's hydrothermal behavior is needed. One possibility is to run a detailed numerical simulation of the system. However, for a single-well system in which fluid flow is limited to steady radial flow, a characterization scheme based on a set of four dimensionless parameter groups allows production temperatures and energy recovery factors to be read from graphs. The assumption of radial fluid flow is valid when buoyancy flow can be neglected and a well is fully screened in a horizontal aquifer which is confined above and below by impermeable layers. Criteria for little buoyancy flow include a low permeability or vertically stratified aquifer, a small temperature difference between injected and ambient water. and short cycle leneth The ha.•ie enerov tranannrt ., ,.., ........ •,.• ....... r layer system with steady radial fluid flow in the aquifer are nondimensionalized to derive the key parameter groups. Next a numerical model which calculates the heat transfer in the aquifer and confining layers for an injection-storage-production cycle is run for a range of values of these groups. The calculated production temperatures and energy recovery factors are then presented graphically as a function of the parameter groups. Comparisons between results of field experiments and recovery factors read from the graphs show good agreement. ATES cycl• [Tsang eta!., 1977; Fabris et al., 1977]. Recently, Sauty et al. [1980a] have studied the thermal behavior of a simplified single-well ATES system in terms of , a set of dimensionless groups. A few heat storage field experiments in either confined

Giulio Cesare Lensi Orlandi Cardini (14/01/1911-15/01/2005) fiorentino, figlio dell'architetto Alfredo Lensi, già direttore del museo Stibbert, e di Alda Orlandi Cardini di Pescia, si laureò a Pisa, alla Regia Scuola degli ingegneri, nel 1933.

201A before the final stabilization of the Siberian platform (3600 Ma to 1600 Ma) and the comparatively short period of time for the stabilization of the Kaapvaal craton (3600 Ma to 3050 Ma) and 2) the intensive multiple activation of the marginal zones of the Siberian platform and the tectonically-controlled, magmatic sedimentary, intracratonic activity, typical of the Kaapvaal craton. (from Authors)

Interannual climatic and hydrologic variability has been substantial during the past decades in many regions. While climate variability and its impacts on precipitation and soil moisture have been studied intensively, less is known on subsequent implications for global food production. In this paper we quantify effects of hydroclimatic variability on global "green" and "blue" water availability and demand in global agriculture, and thus complement former studies that have focused merely on long-term averages. Moreover, we assess some options to overcome chronic or sporadic water scarcity. The analysis is based on historical climate forcing data sets over the period 1977-2006, while demography, diet composition and land use are fixed to reference conditions (year 2000). In doing so, we isolate the effect of interannual hydroclimatic variability from other factors that drive food production. We analyse the potential of food production units (FPUs) to produce a reference diet for their inhabitants (3000 kcal cap −1 day −1 , with 80 % vegetal food and 20 % animal products). We applied the LPJmL vegetation and hydrology model to calculate the variation in green-blue water availability and the water requirements to produce that very diet. An FPU was considered water scarce if its water availability was not sufficient to produce the diet (i.e. assuming food self-sufficiency to estimate dependency on trade from elsewhere). We found that 24 % of the world's population lives in chronically water-scarce FPUs (i.e. water is scarce every year), while an additional 19 % live under occasional water scarcity (water is scarce in some years). Among these 2.6 billion people altogether, 55 % would have to rely on international trade to reach the reference diet, while for 24 % domestic trade would be enough. For the remaining 21 % of the population exposed to some degree of water scarcity, local food storage and/or intermittent trade would be enough to secure the reference diet over the occasional dry years. Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Furthermore, meteorological

In a recent study, the time-dependent increase in axial load resistance of steel H-piles driven into cohesive soils, due to setup, was systematically quantified using measured field data. A method to estimate the setup based on measurable soil properties was subsequently established. These studies highlighted that the uncertainties of the measurements of soil properties and thus the semi-empirical approach to estimate setup are significantly different from those of the methodology used for measuring the pile resistance during retaps at any time after the end of driving. Recognizing that the two sets of uncertainties should be addressed concurrently, this paper presents a procedure for determining the factored resistance of a pile with due consideration to setup in accordance with the load and resistance factor design that targets a specific reliability index. Using the first-order second-moment method, the suggested procedure not only provides a simplified approach to incorporate any form of setup in design, but it also produces comparable results to the computationally intensive firstorder reliability method. Incorporating setup in design and construction control is further shown to reduce foundation costs and minimize retap requirements on piles, ultimately reducing the construction costs of pile foundations.

This paper deals with the solution of the stress, displacement, and pore pressure field induced by the drilling and~or the pressurization of a vertical borehole. The rock, which is permeated by fluid, is assumed to behave as a poroelastic material with compressible constituents, following the Biot theory. The analytical solution is derived in the Laplace transform space, and is transformed to the time domain using an approximate numerical inversion technique. The solution reveals a full range of coupled poroelastic effects which provide potential mechanisms for delayed borehole instability and shear fracture initiation inside the rock.

The effectiveness of two geotechnical investigation toolsöthe piezocone and the dilatometeröto characterize the soils forming the shallowest deposits of the upper quaternary basin of the Venice lagoon soil is examined in this study. For this purpose, the results of a comprehensive site and laboratory investigation carried out recently over a small lagoon areaöthe Malamocco Test Siteöare used to evaluate the applicability of the most widely used charts or correlative equations to characterize soil pro¢le and estimate the main geotechnical properties of these soils, when applied to the interpretation of CPTU and DMT results. The particular interest of this siteöapart from its unquestionable historical relevanceöis the presence, apparently without any regular pattern in depth and site, of a predominantly silty fraction combined with clay and/or sand, thus forming an erratic interbedding of various types of sediments. This case represents therefore the opposite condition of that which has been normally utilized in the past to calibrate the two devices, namely the presence of particularly homogeneous natural deposits or arti¢cially sedimented homogeneous layers of sand or clay. The Malamocco Test Site may therefore be considered as test benchmark for the applicability of the two devices to characterize highly heterogeneous silty deposits.

The depleting non-renewable energy sources and its hazardous impact on an environment has forced us to think out of the box and take active moves in the field of renewable energy sources. Conventional Internal Combustion Engines use the maximum share of the non-renewable energy sources and as soon as possible we need to find alternatives for the same. In this study, we have designed an Electric Bike which is completely eco-friendly and based on the electric motor concept as an alternative to the Internal Combustion Engine. The selection of batteries and motors while designing such concept totally depends on the desired output or the working load conditions. This dissertation concentrates on designing and analysing the frame of a two-wheeler, twoseater bike for an electric mobility purpose, while considering strength, safety and optimum performance of the vehicle.

Early, pre-code, reinforced concrete structures present undetermined resistance to earthquakes. This situation is particularly unacceptable in the case of essential facilities, such as healthcare structures. Amongst these, the Santa Maria Hospital -finished in 1953 with a total area of 120,000 m 2 -in Lisbon, was designed without explicit consideration for earthquake loading. Given the crucial importance of this healthcare facility in the case of a strong earthquake in the greater Lisbon metropolitan area, the Portuguese Health Ministry requested a seismic vulnerability assessment of the Hospital structure, as well as of the major non-structural components, medical equipment and basic infrastructure lifelines.

processing using simple linear regression with equal line. Using the equations of structural cracking HDM-4 model a simulation on Excel, we arrive in this study to results allowing good timing by using the following coefficients: Kcia = 1.27 and Kcpa = 0.79.

The effectiveness of two geotechnical investigation toolsöthe piezocone and the dilatometeröto characterize the soils forming the shallowest deposits of the upper quaternary basin of the Venice lagoon soil is examined in this study. For this purpose, the results of a comprehensive site and laboratory investigation carried out recently over a small lagoon areaöthe Malamocco Test Siteöare used to evaluate the applicability of the most widely used charts or correlative equations to characterize soil pro¢le and estimate the main geotechnical properties of these soils, when applied to the interpretation of CPTU and DMT results. The particular interest of this siteöapart from its unquestionable historical relevanceöis the presence, apparently without any regular pattern in depth and site, of a predominantly silty fraction combined with clay and/or sand, thus forming an erratic interbedding of various types of sediments. This case represents therefore the opposite condition of that which has been normally utilized in the past to calibrate the two devices, namely the presence of particularly homogeneous natural deposits or arti¢cially sedimented homogeneous layers of sand or clay. The Malamocco Test Site may therefore be considered as test benchmark for the applicability of the two devices to characterize highly heterogeneous silty deposits.

A new approach is developed to determine the shear wave velocity in saturated soft to firm clays using measurements of the liquid limit, plastic limit, and natural water content with depth. The shear wave velocity is assessed using the site-specific variation of the natural water content with the effective mean stress. Subsequently, an iterative process is envisaged to obtain the clay stiffness and strength parameters. The at-rest earth pressure coefficient, as well as bearing capacity factor and rigidity index related to the cone penetration test, is also acquired from the analyses. Comparisons are presented between the measured clay parameters and the results of corresponding analyses in five different case studies. It is demonstrated that the presented approach can provide acceptable estimates of saturated clay stiffness and strength parameters. One of the main privileges of the presented methodology is the site-specific procedure developed based on the relationships between clay strength and stiffness parameters, rather than direct correlations. Despite of iterative processes, the presented approach can be easily implemented using a simple spreadsheet, benefiting both geotechnical researchers and practitioners.

Due to its prevalence in modern infrastructure, concrete is experiencing the most rapid increase in consumption among globally common structural materials; however, the production of concrete results in approximately 8.6% of all anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Many methods have been developed to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production of concrete. These methods range from the replacement of inefficient manufacturing equipment to alternative binders and the use of breakthrough technologies; nevertheless, many of these methods have barriers to implementation. In this research, we examine the extent to which the increased use of several currently implemented methods can reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in concrete material production without requiring new technologies, changes in production, or novel material use. This research shows that, through increased use of common supplementary cementitious materials, appropriate selection of proportions for cement replacement, and increased concrete design age, 24% of greenhouse gas emissions from global concrete production or 650 million tonnes (Mt) CO2-eq can be eliminated annually.

1] The interest about the exchange of water between streams and aquifers has been increasing among the hydrologic community because of the implications of the exchange of heat, solutes, and colloids for the water quality of aquatic environments. Unfortunately, our understanding of the relevance of the exchange processes is limited by the great number of coupled hydrological and geomorphological factors that interact to generate the complex spatial patterns of exchange. In this context, the present work presents a mathematical model for the surface-subsurface exchange through the streambed of a meandering stream. The model is based on the linearization of the equations that govern the hydrodynamics and the morphodynamics of the system, and it provides a first-order analytical solution of the coupled flow field of both the surface and the subsurface flows. The results show that stream curvature determines a characteristic spatial pattern of hyporheic exchange, with water upwelling and downwelling concentrated near the stream banks. The exchange can drive surface water deep into the sediments, thus keeping deep alluvium regions connected with the stream. The relationships between hyporheic exchange flux and the geometrical and hydrodynamical properties of the stream-aquifer system are also investigated.

The proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada specifies dynamic analysis as the preferred method for computing seismic design forces and deflections, while maintaining the equivalent static force method for areas of low seismicity and for buildings with certain height limitations. Dynamic analysis procedures are categorized as either linear (elastic) dynamic analysis, consisting of the elastic modal response spectrum method or the numerical integration linear time history method, or nonlinear (inelastic) response history analysis. While both linear and nonlinear analyses require careful analytical modelling, the latter requires additional considerations for proper simulation of hysteretic response and necessitates a special study that involves detailed review of design and supporting analyses by an independent team of engineers. The paper provides an overview of dynamic analysis procedures for use in seismic design, with discussions on mathematical modelling of structures, structural elements, and hysteretic response. A discussion of the determination of structural period to be used in association with the equivalent static force method is presented.

Increased flooding in recent years indicates that most parts of the country are subjected to periodic and destructive flood attacks. Therefore, the identification of high-risk areas with potential runoff production within a watershed area is one of the most important measures in flood control and reduction of the damage caused by it. In this study, the quasi-distributional ModClark method was employed to simulate the hydrograph of flooding, and the unit flood response method was applied to determine the intensity of flooding of different areas of the Tangrah watershed, Iran. For this purpose, the ModClark model was first calibrated and verified. Thereafter, the design of rainfall with 50 and 100-year return periods (T r) was extracted at the Tangrah station and the design flood was calculated with the above-mentioned return periods. By combining the curve number layers, slope, precipitation, and flow distance, homogeneous units were obtained in terms of the flood. The effect of each homogeneous unit on the total watershed output was obtained by the removal of each unit and implementation of the rainfall-runoff model. According to the 100-year return runoff production potential, homogeneous units of 116 with a fi (0.54 m 3 / s. km 2) were identified as the most effective cell in the Tangrah watershed area, which could be explained by the soil type, vegetation, and other physical factors of these units.

One of the most important properties of flexible pavements in terms of tire-pavement interface is surface texture. The texture of a pavement surface and its ability to resist polishing effect of traffic is of prime importance in providing skidding resistance. Pavement surface texture greatly contributes to tire-pavement skid resistance which has a direct effect on traffic operation and safety particularly at high speeds. Doubtless, there exists a close relationship between pavement surface texture and aggregate angularity within the wearing course. This paper is aimed to determine the effect of aggregate shape on the surface properties of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). Two different mineralogical types of aggregate (basalt and limestone) have been crushed with impact, jaw and roll type of crushers. Various types of aggregate with different shapes have been mixed with 50/70 penetration grade bitumen to form dense graded mixtures. Test methods related with the evaluation of shape and texture characteristics have been utilized to characterize the geometrical properties of aggregates. The texture and friction properties of asphalt slabs have been evaluated by means of sand patch test, 3D laser scanner and dynamic friction tester respectively. The results indicated that a relationship exists between the shape characteristics of aggregate and the surface properties of HMA.

Storage tanks have been widely used in many industrial particularly in the oil refinery and petrochemical industry which are to store a multitude of different product with crude oil as one if it. There are different types of tank such as fixed roof tank, open roof tank, floating roof tank etc. Floating roof tank is which the roof floats directly on top of the product, with no vapour space and eliminating the possibility of flammable atmosphere.

The current state of knowledge of cement hydration mechanisms is reviewed, including the origin of the period of slow reaction in alite and cement, the nature of the acceleration period, the role of calcium sulfate in modifying the reaction rate of tricalcium aluminate, the interactions of silicates and aluminates, and the kinetics of the deceleration period. In addition, several remaining controversies or gaps in understanding are identified, such as the nature and influence on kinetics of an early surface hydrate, the mechanistic origin of the beginning of the acceleration period, the manner in which microscopic growth processes lead to the characteristic morphologies of hydration products at larger length scales, and the role played by diffusion in the deceleration period. The review concludes with some perspectives on research needs for the future.

Climate change and demographical increase in developing countries are inducing us to reconsider the way we build the buildings. Concrete and steel have already reshaped our cities for 2 centuries but problems related to the non-sustainable aspects of steel and concrete are now appearing in their productive system, characteristics, creation process and energy demands. It is necessary to find new solutions, especially regarding high-rise buildings which will be one of the main typologies of construction in a more and more urban future scenario. The only structural material that can tackle the future demand of building is wood as Mass Timber Products. There are already several successful examples of how this material could answer architectural challenges. As architects, we have the power to choose how the building is built and realized. On our profession stands a great chance to increase the realization of sustainable buildings. Since the beginning of mankind, wood structure was one of the most common types and this trend was decreased only in the last 2 centuries thanks to the rise of steel and concrete structures. The 21st century can be instead the century of the renaissance of wood an the motifs are really a lot. Sustainable, renewable, zero impact and other qualities certified that it must be considered as possible solution. The context of the competition Wien Heiligendstadt Wohnen und Arbeiten is a pretext to show how an international competition can adopt Mass Timber as technological solution compared with a concrete solution. Showing the plus points and demerits of wood as a structural material is the main aim of this Master Thesis. Additionally, this Master Thesis aims to demonstrate the feasibility of an on field context rather than a theoretical solution, while also displaying the current status of wood technology.