Economics

This paper studies the pattern of poverty, discusses various strategies of poverty reduction. The level of poverty is being analyzed according to various criteria. In this paper we propose to build the changes in relevant indicators of poverty level on the basis of various programs such as targeted social support. Method of Data Envelopment Analysis which operates with the concepts of economics and system analysis is being implied in this economic study.

Low unionization rates, a falling real federal minimum wage, and prevalent noncompetes characterize low-wage jobs in the United States and contribute to growing inequality. In recent years, a number of private employers have opted to institute or raise company-wide minimum wages for their employees, sometimes in response to public pressure. To what extent do wage-setting changes at major employers spill over to other employers, and what are the labor market effects of these policies? In this paper, we study recent minimum wages by Amazon, Walmart, Target, and Costco using data from millions of online job ads and employee surveys. We document that these policies induced wage increases at low-wage jobs at other employers. In the case of Amazon, which instituted a $15 minimum wage in October 2018, our estimates imply that a 10% increase in Amazon's advertised hourly wages led to an average increase of 2.6% among other employers in the same commuting zone. Using the CPS, we estimate wage increases in exposed jobs in line with our magnitudes from employee surveys and find that major employer minimum wage policies led to small but precisely estimated declines in employment, with employment elasticities ranging from-.04 to-.13.

On 29 April 2021, the European Platform tackling undeclared work (hereafter the ‘Platform’) held a webinar on ‘COVID 19: combating fraud in short-term financial support schemes’.

The event brought together 31 participants from 20 countries, representing labour inspectorates and other enforcement authorities, as well as European level social partners, and representatives from Eurofound, the European Commission and the European Labour Authority (ELA).

This study explores the long-term impact of population ageing on labour supply and human capital investment in Canada, as well as the induced effects on productive capacity. The analysis is conducted with a dynamic computable overlapping generations model where ...

"It is important to establish the “Proto-dynamo” as concept that represents an entirely new paradigm of economic infrastructure. The concept alludes to the “dynamo” which is a machine that uses opposing magnetic forces to efficiently produce/convert energy. The principle behind the dynamo is to use opposing forces within the same machine to get a consolidated output of energy. If the new paradigm of “protodynamism” can be represented by an electrical generator, the old paradigm of Keynesian theory can be represented by a meat grinder in which ten pounds of product goes in one side, and six ounces of tasteless sausage comes out the funnel possibly tainted with formaldehyde or some random pesticide that is unpronounceable. "

We study the extent of fraud in initial coin offerings (ICOs), and whether information disclosure prior to the issuance predicts fraud. We document different types of fraud, and that fraudulent ICOs are on average much larger than the sample average. Issuers who disclose their code on GitHub are more likely to be targeted by phishing and hacker activities, which suggests that there are risks related to disclosing the code. Generally, we find it extremely difficult to predict fraud with the information available at the time of issuance. This calls for the need to install a third party that certifies the quality of the issuers, such as specialized platforms, or the engagement of institutional investors and venture capital funds that can perform a due diligence and thus verify the quality of the project.

This paper investigates the impact of democratic dispensation on the performance of the Nigerian economy between 1983 and 2012. The paper divide the period into two (military and democracy i.e. 1983-1998 and 1999-2012).It’s employed descriptive statistic (comparative analysis of major indicators of economic performance in Nigeria through simple averages) and multiple regression analysis (OLS), causality as well as Johansen cointegration technique. The Johansen cointegration result shows that there was no cointegrating equation; implying the absence of long run relationship between economic growth and democracy in Nigeria. The results of causality are contained in table 4.0.2.2. The results revealed that there was no causation existed between GDP and poverty as well between GDP and democracy, one-way causation existed between corruption and GDP, but the causation runs from GDP to corruption which implied that corruption cannot cause GDP but GDP does cause corruption, one-way causatio...

Une comptabilité en temps de travail se caractérise essentiellement par le fait que les flux de biens et services, au lieu d'être évalués aux prix du marché, sont évalués en quantité de travail, c'est-à-dire soit en heures de travail, soit en hommes-années. Si l'on passe provisoirement sous silence les débats théoriques, la mise en oeuvre concrète d'une telle comptabilité consiste à mettre en rapport des flux de biens et de services avec les quantités de travail qu'ils contiennent, en considérant comme incorporés non seulement le travail direct fourni au dernier stade du processus de production, mais également le travail indirect nécessaire pour produire les consommations intermédiaires et reproduire le capital fixe utilisé. L'intérêt des comptabilités sociales en temps de travail est d'être avant tout un instrument d'analyse structurelle du fonctionnement du système productif. On a ainsi pu comparer le nombre d'emplois correspondant au produit de chacune des 28 branches du Tableau d'échanges interindustriels avec l'évaluation de ce même produit en prix. Également, le modèle a permis de calculer le nombre d'emplois correspondant aux exportations et à la consommation des ménages.

Over the last 20 years, macroeconomists have increasingly given attention to the role of gender in the macroeconomy and the implications of macro-level policies for gender equality. This paper reviews the salient findings of that literature. Research shows that gender gaps in education, health, unpaid labor, employment, and wages affect the macroeconomy, influencing the rate of per capita GDP growth. The effects are transmitted via both the supply side of the economy, principally through labor productivity, and the demand side, through business spending, exports, saving, and the balance of payments. Theoretical perspectives influence which gender gaps are incorporated into models as well as how. For example, heterodox economists emphasize the demand and supply side in the short and long run, while neoclassical economists tend to focus on long-run supply-side effects.

The paper proposes an overview of decision support systems in order to define the role of a system to assist decision in university management. The authors present new technologies and the basic concepts of multidimensional data analysis using models of business processes within the universities. Based on information provided by scientific literature and on the authors’ experience, the study aims to define selection criteria in choosing a development environment for designing a support system dedicated to university management. The contributions consist in designing a data warehouse model and models of OLAP analysis to assist decision in university management.

This paper outlines a classical-Marxian model of the antebellum US economy. The model assumes that the mobility of capital tended to equalize the rate of profit between North and South, whilst land rents were minimized by an expanding frontier. Under these conditions slave prices are the capitalized present value of the excess surplus value produced by slaves. This excess surplus value arose because slaves could be forced to work harder at a lower standard of subsistence than wage laborers, who were free to move between individual employers and also between sectors by farming frontier lands. If the growth of the slave population saturated the land available for slave production, land rents would rise to capture the excess surplus value produced by slaves, and slave prices would collapse. We find the model predicts historical movements of slave prices, and is compatible with contemporaneous views of the impact of territorial restriction on the viability of slavery.

Guillaume RISSE Take Home Exam: Basic commodity trading: 1) a) What drives exchange rates and why are they so volatile? The exchange rate between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another one. As a consequence, the rates are " traded" and should reflect the equilibrium between the supply and the demand for the currency. On the supply side, we have mostly central banks. They the institutions whose goal is to determine and adjust the supply of currency, by putting in place monetary policy. Thus, the different monetary policies are very important drivers of the Foreign Exchange market. The initial aim a central bank is to control inflation for its currency zone and they can use many ways to do so. One major possibility is the adjustment of interest rate. A direct consequence is that interest rates (and inflation) are a major mover of exchange rates. This why, by using differential between interest rates from 2 countries, we can derive a naïve way to "price" the foreign exchange rate. This is the covered interest parity. With the emergence of electronic money, the supply of currency is quite controllable by the institution. So the volatility mainly comes from the demand side and demand in currency can be influenced by many factors. The first element is basic: it is the need to use a currency to purchase goods outside its local market. This is obvious with the current situation of US dollars that is used for mainly all the commodity traded around the world, even if the goods does not come from, neither go to the US. Another important point is the economic situation of the country emitting the currency. Although no more money are currently convertible to physical assets (like gold), a currency needs confidence from people and trading partners to maintain its value. This is why the public debt as well as the current account deficit are important indicators that can influence foreign exchange volatility. The last point is market psychology and how trading participants consider the currency compared to the others. It includes political turmoil, economic risk and factors that may affect the rate of a currency. A good current example is the Saoudi Ryial that, because of the drop of oil prices, has seen its forward exchange rate very much depreciated compared to spot market.

La incidencia económica de la responsabilidad social puede traducirse en efectos directos e indirectos para las empresas que la practican. No obstante, desde un punto de vista macroeconómico también cabe suponer que una determinada masa crítica de empresas responsables en una economía, conviertan a ésta en un foco de atracción de factores y recursos productivos. Para explorar la consistencia de esta hipótesis, en este trabajo, estudiamos, en el ámbito de la OCDE, la asociación entre algunos indicadores de la RSC y una serie de variables relacionadas con el crecimiento económico. Los resultados obtenidos no permiten hablar de la RSC como un factor determinante del crecimiento económico, sin embargo revelan una asociación positiva entre los indicadores de RSC y los de crecimiento económico en la OCDE. Dicha asociación, especialmente clara en los indicadores de competitividad y estabilidad de precios, se ve fortalecida en el ámbito de la Unión Europea. También cabe señalar un comportamiento favorable de los índices bursátiles de sostenibilidad en la región europea, superior al mostrado por los índices de carácter general. En conclusión, los resultados alcanzados permiten observar el fenómeno de la RSC como una práctica empíricamente compatible con uno de los objetivos clave en la Estrategia de Lisboa, la competitividad.

Health care is ubiquitous in the lives of industrialized people. Yet, every medical development, technique, and procedure impact the environment. Green Bioethics synthesizes environmental ethics and biomedical ethics, thus creating an interdisciplinary approach to sustainable health care. Notably, Green Bioethics addresses, not the structure of environmental sustainability in health care institutions, but the sustainability of individual health care offerings.

Green Bioethics parallels traditional biomedical ethics by providing four principles for ethical guidance. Through these four principles, Green Bioethics presents a coherent framework for evaluating the sustainability of medical developments, techniques, and procedures. The principles of Green Bioethics are:
- Distributive Justice (Allocate Basic Medical Resources before Special Interest Access)
- Resource Conservation (Provide Health Care Needs before Health Care Wants)
- Simplicity (Reduce Dependence on Medical Interventions)
- Ethical Economics (Humanistic Health Care Instead of Financial Profit)

The future of our world may very well depend on how effectively we halt ecological destruction and conserve our resources. The principles of Green Bioethics, in tandem with the concrete examples given in this book, will support sustainability in health care.

To cite:
Wilkins, A. 2017. Rescaling the local: Multi-academy trusts, private monopoly and statecraft in England. Journal of Educational Administration and History, 49 (2), 171-185

For the past six years successive UK governments in England have introduced reforms intended to usher in less aggregated, top-down, bureaucratically overloaded models of service delivery as well as secure conditions for greater school autonomy.  Yet the ‘hollowing out’ of local government has not resulted in less bureaucracy on the ground or less regulation from above, nor has it diminished hierarchy as an organising principle of education governance.  In some cases, monopolies and monopolistic practices dominated by powerful bureaucracies and professional groups persist, albeit realised through the involvement of new actors and organisations from business and philanthropy.  In this paper I adopt a governmentality perspective to explore the political significance of large multi-academy trusts (MATs) – private sponsors contracted by central government to run publicly funded schools – to the generation of new scalar hierarchies and accountability infrastructures that assist in bringing the gaze of government to bear upon the actions of schools that are otherwise less visible under local government management.  On this account, it is argued, MATs are integral to statecraft and the invention and assemblage of particular apparatuses for intervening upon specific organisations, spaces and peoples.

Recognizing the possible relation between investments, economic growth and unemployment, and how there is not an established impact of an unlikely productive project failure on the secondly mentioned variables, we address such relation and asses theoretically the effect of different instruments of monetary policy on the mentioned macroeconomic indicators. To do this we build upon two models of economic growth considering the role of entrepreneurs, risk takers, and a monetary authority which is the average agent of the economy that is assumed to be aware of how the inflation can damage equally the individuals' life style, independently of their particular levels of income, finding that the impact of the monetary instruments depends on the behavior of the population, and endogenizing the money in circulation.

The Telecommunications Act of 1996 sought to end the monopoly that once existed in the telecommunications industry. Since its adoption, the telecommunications industry has been undergoing a period of rapid change and development. The entry of new players into the market encouraged them to seek new ways to attract and keep customers. These changes have led to a rapid influx of new technology and services. Many times what defines a monopoly is not clear in every circumstance and there are many pending lawsuits for violations of antitrust laws in the courts today. Economic models are useful in resolving issues of whether a monopoly truly exists, or whether claims are unsubstantiated. Previous models were applicable only in certain situations. These models are unreliable in predicting monopolies outside the parameters for which they were designed. This research will develop and test an economic model that accurately predicts the existence of a monopoly in the telecommunications sector, based on the United States of America's marketplace case, as the best representative example to deal with.

fter 20 years of Richard Whittington´s seminal paper entitled “Strategy as Practice” (SAP), this paper aims to provide an overview of academic production inside the new research area of SAP, evaluating aspects such as main papers, authors, publication vehicles, themes, institutions, related keywords, among others. Concerning SAP, results indicate that: (1) SAP is still a young field, with most of the work being published after 2007; (2) Paula Jarzabkowsky and Richard Whittington are the most productive authors, although Google Scholar suggests there is significant author dispersion; (3) “Strategy” and “Practice” are the main research terms in Web of Science, while Google Scholar indicates a large density of related terms; (4) both studies indicate that SAP production has not been published in classic journals, and there is relevant production in non-English publications and conferences.Concerning bibliometricdata sources: (1) size limitations in Google Scholar make it impossible to ...

Journal of Economic Perspectives-Volume 13, Number 3-Summer 1999-Pages 3-22 ... I n the 1960s, Africa's future looked bright. On the basis of Maddison's (1995) estimates of per capita GDP for a sample of countries, during the first ...

The authors present an overview of the academic literature on charitable giving based on a literature review of more than 500 articles. They structure their review around the central question of why people donate money to charitable organizations. We identify eight mechanisms as the most important forces that drive charitable giving: (a) awareness of need; (b) solicitation; (c) costs and benefits; (d) altruism; (e) reputation; (f) psychological benefits; (g) values; (h) efficacy. These mechanisms can provide a basic theoretical framework for future research explaining charitable giving.

Personal bankruptcies in the United States have increased dramatically, rising from 1.4 per thousand working age population in 1970 to 8.5 in 2002. We use a heterogeneous agent life-cycle model with competitive financial intermediaries who can observe households' earnings, age and current asset holdings to evaluate several commonly offered explanations. We find that increased uncertainty (income shocks, expense uncertainty) cannot quantitatively account for the rise in bankruptcies. Instead, stories related to a change in the credit market environment are more plausible. In particular, we find that a combination of a decrease in the transactions cost of lending and a decline in the cost of bankruptcy does a good job in accounting for the rise in consumer bankruptcy. We also argue that the abolition of usury laws and other legal changes are unimportant.

ALREADY LIVE ON AMAZON , buy now this ebook of methods from the world’s best in 63 professions. PEERLESS PRACTICAL TESTED not fact pile “literacy” but procedure literacy!!  Essential for parenting and leading by us all. BUT TOUGH for these methods come from the world’s best——they are not at all the way you now operate & the way I now operate—— they are a leap beyond us! Dozens of my former students have built profitable 10 year plus old consultancies based on single methods of the 100 methods in this book. There is no gigantic global corporation you cannot become VP or CEO of by riding just two or three of these 100 methods——nothing more than that is needed to get to the top. But i warn you—Each method in this book will require deep abiding changes in how you view things, value things, and what you aim for, plus, how you do and implement. The rewards are huge however and immediate! The book is extremely well ordered so you can study any method in any order without getting lost. Each method came from those at the top of 63 fields via being most effective BUT WITH added bits from other eminent ones doing something very similar but slightly better in this or that respect.  No one expert’s way of work was as good therefore in every detail as EACH of this ebook’s 100 methods. Rise above the tops of every field using this ebook!  Magic power!

The paper proposes an overview of decision support systems in order to define the role of a system to assist decision in university management. The authors present new technologies and the basic concepts of multidimensional data analysis using models of business processes within the universities. Based on information provided by scientific literature and on the authors' experience, the study aims to define selection criteria in choosing a development environment for designing a support system dedicated to university management. The contributions consist in designing a data warehouse model and models of OLAP analysis to assist decision in university management.

Due to its geographical position, events in the Middle East, the Sahel, and Europe have consequential effects on the Maghreb (Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia). Hence, recent economic, political, and cultural changes are more or less inspired or encouraged by those developments taking place in the surrounding environment. Together with Mauritania, the four countries founded in 1989 the Arab Maghreb Union (UMA), which aimed at regional integration. Unfortunately, the UMA remains a distant wish; the conflict over Western Sahara and the political differences between Algeria and Morocco have prevented the UMA's advance.

Antitrust litigation against the NCAA has focused on its members' collusive restraint on athlete compensation at levels below marginal revenue product. The recent O'Bannon v. NCAA and In Re NCAA Grant-in-Aid Cap Antitrust Litigation have both prescribed a relevant market for "college education" where schools compete for athlete labor by offering tuition and fee or cost-of-attendance offsets. This article argues that this unitary definition conflates two separate products, academic education and athletic participation, that NCAA members offer as a bundled tie. The NCAA has mandated purchase of the tied product, academic education, as a prerequisite for access to intercollegiate athletics participation, the tying product. Paradoxically, the NCAA has then argued that this bundled tie, which this article argues violates the Supreme Court's three-pronged 'quasi' per-se rule prohibiting tying arrangements, represents a claimed 'pro-competitive justification' by integrating athletics and academics. This article offers evidence that this tying arrangement serves no legitimate pro-competitive purpose under the NCAA model of amateurism. Rather, it extracts consumer surplus, enhances dominant cartel members' market power, and forecloses competition not only from non-members but also from smaller NCAA member-schools. As such, the NCAA model of amateurism violates antitrust law governing tying arrangements and should be enjoined.

O rganization theory highlights the spread of norms of rationality in contemporary life. Yet rationality does not always spread without friction; individuals often act based on other beliefs and norms. We explore this problem in the context of restaurants and diners. We argue that consumers potentially apply either of two social codes when forming value judgments about restaurants: (1) an apparently rational science-based code of hygiene involving compliance with local health regulations or (2) a context-activated code of authenticity involving conformity to cultural norms. We propose that violations of the hygiene code recede in importance when the authenticity code is activated. This claim is supported by empirical analyses of 442,086 online consumer reviews and 52,740 governmental health inspections conducted from 2004 to 2011.

Part I: Historical Background 1: Justice and Economics 2: The Modern Moral Dialogue 3. Justice in Economic History 4. The Disappearance of Justice 5. Property, Culture, and Economics Part II: The Social Encyclicals 6. Rerum Novarum: A Scandalous Encyclical? 7. Laborem Exercens: Work as the Key to the Social Question 8. Centesimus Annus: The Uncertain Victory Part III: Toward an Evolved Capitalism 9. The Social Teachings and Economics: Ideas in Tension 10. Toward an "Evolved" Capitalism 11. Marginal Productivity and the Just Wage 12. The Neo-Conservative Response 13. Distributivism Part IV: The Practice of Justice in the Modern Business World 14. Taiwan and the "Land to the Tiller" Program 15. Development and Globalization 16. Micro-Banking 17. The Mondragon Cooperative Corporation 18. ESOP's and Profit Sharing 19. The Just Wage in the Corporation 20. The Vocation of Business.

"Baruchello’s Philosophy of Cruelty, the second collection of his essays, turns a difficult and emotionally charged topic into a surprisingly informative and enlightening read. Covering the history of Western philosophy’s treatment of cruelty as a topic, yet relating every point to present-day occasions of violence and injustice, this book is a touchstone for any discussion of cruelty as a philosophical theme. It pulls no punches, yet it leaves you standing taller." (Dr. B. Myers)

(cf. http://www.brendanmyers.net/nwpbooks/baruchello2.html - incl. table of contents; the book can be ordered from Amazon or the publisher)

Please note that all author's royalties are devolved to charity.

This article uses the concept of institutional thickness to describe key features of the local governance of economic development. For this purpose, a methodology for the empirical assessment of institutional thickness is developed and applied to the case of Birmingham, England. The results from this empirical analysis are threefold. First, they make it possible to draw some conclusions on the role that local governments can play to promote local economic development. Second, they suggest that institutional thickness is a useful organizing concept for analyses of the local governance of economic development. Finally, they demonstrate the value of a verifiable and replicable methodology for the detection and measurement of local institutional conditions and of governance arrangements.

We commonly think of information as a means to an end. However, a growing theoretical and experimental literature suggests that information may directly enter the agent’s utility function. This can create an incentive to avoid information, even when it is useful, free, and independent of strategic considerations. We review manifestations of information avoidance as well as theoretical and empirical research on reasons for why people avoid information, drawing from economics, psychology, and other disciplines. The review concludes with a discussion of some of the diverse (and costly) individual and societal consequences of information avoidance.

Thermal energy loss in the process industry is a significant issue due to the high temperatures and multiple heat intensive processes involved. High-grade thermal energy is typically recovered within processes. However, lower grade heat is often rejected to the environment.