Water and wastewater treatment

In Bamako, like in the majority of south of Saharan cities, there is a very fast demographic growth moving from 658 275 inhabitants in 1987 to 1 016 514 in 1998, then 1908104 in 2009 (INSAT, 2010). For a few decades, the town has been suffering from a notorious lack of collective equipments for the collection and cleaning up of domestic waste water. If the issue of access to drinking water is a major problem for the inhabitants of Bamako, the issue of the collection and cleaning-up of waste water remains even more problematical. The problem is more severe in the districts that have long been considered to be precarious then rehabilitated with regard to their location and to the difficult economic conditions of their inhabitants. Initiatives have been taken here and there across the town for a more collective management of waste water with various results. Before the generalisation of these operations in several districts, a test stage has been observed in Bozola with ten or so house...

In Bamako, like in the majority of south of Saharan cities, there is a very fast demographic growth moving from 658 275 inhabitants in 1987 to 1 016 514 in 1998, then 1908104 in 2009 (INSAT, 2010). For a few decades, the town has been suffering from a notorious lack of collective equipments for the collection and cleaning up of domestic waste water. If the issue of access to drinking water is a major problem for the inhabitants of Bamako, the issue of the collection and cleaning-up of waste water remains even more problematical. The problem is more severe in the districts that have long been considered to be precarious then rehabilitated with regard to their location and to the difficult economic conditions of their inhabitants. Initiatives have been taken here and there across the town for a more collective management of waste water with various results. Before the generalisation of these operations in several districts, a test stage has been observed in Bozola with ten or so house...

CCF SN2 minutos -Peso molecular -Cromatografia em Camada Fina -Substituição Nucleofílica de Segunda Ordem ~[COR]O-Concentração do corante activado no tempo O k 8 -Constante de Velocidade de Reacção -Desvio Padrão V. reaeção-Velocidade de reacção t e [Cor] f ~d -tempo -Exponencial -Concentração de corante activado no tempo t Símbolo de integral -Símbolo de derivada K C-L -Relação entre a constante de reacção com a fibra e a KH O 2 constante de reacção com a água ISO 3 -Teste de solidez dos tintos à lavagem [41] log -logarítmo de base 10 Cone (A %) -Concentração em percentagem de área ..,..

CCF SN2 minutos -Peso molecular -Cromatografia em Camada Fina -Substituição Nucleofílica de Segunda Ordem ~[COR]O-Concentração do corante activado no tempo O k 8 -Constante de Velocidade de Reacção -Desvio Padrão V. reaeção-Velocidade de reacção t e [Cor] f ~d -tempo -Exponencial -Concentração de corante activado no tempo t Símbolo de integral -Símbolo de derivada K C-L -Relação entre a constante de reacção com a fibra e a KH O 2 constante de reacção com a água ISO 3 -Teste de solidez dos tintos à lavagem [41] log -logarítmo de base 10 Cone (A %) -Concentração em percentagem de área ..,..

Leachate is liquid that permeated through rubbish heap that contained of organic/inorganic substances and heavy metals which influence human health if it accumulated in human body. Some types and number of heavy metal ions contained in leachate determine rate of pollution in the leachate’s original place. To eliminate content of heavy metal ions of leachate, this research used Electrolysis Remediation method using 2-D hexagonal electrode. It was expected that, after the electrolysis remediation process, content of heavy metal ions of leachate could be reduced, so that it existed under threshold. Leachate analysis used electrolysis remediation observing pH, resistivity and concentration of heavy metals, such as Hg, Cu, Cr, and Cd of leachate before, during and after processing the electrolysis. Results of research indicated that contents of leachate in Hg metal ions were 2.149 ppm; Cu, 0.074 ppm; Cr, 0.272 ppm; Pb, 0.161 ppm; and Zn = 0.340 ppm. For Cd was not detected in the leachat...

Water treatment and healthy potable water supply are the most important environmental priorities and coagulation process is of great important in water treatment plants. Various researches have been done about the best coagulant for turbidity and organic matter removal. The present study is aimed to compare the performance of five coagulants including poly ferric sulfate, Ferric chloride, alum, poly aluminum chloride, and poly aluminum ferrous chloride in turbidity and organic material removal. In the present study, at first by conducting various Jar tests, optimal dose of applied coagulants in turbidity removal, has been obtained in high turbidities (to 300NTU) and low turbidities (10 NTU), then the efficiency of each of the applied coagulants in organic materials removal has been investigated. Based on the importance of applied coagulant in water treatment plants for better operation and achieving high-quality water, the current study applies a Multi-Criteria Decision making support system using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to help the selection of the best coagulant.

A continuous digester type was designed at the laboratory scale with an aim to studying and improving anaerobic digestion of organic wastes. The results obtained can be extrapolated at large scale pilot plant. To study the digester start-up we have chosen as a substrate the sludge issued from the wastewater treatment plant located in Adrar city (south west of Algeria). Different parameters have been considered such as pH, VFA, COD, and volume of biogas generated during the digestion process. Résumé -Un type de digesteur en continu a été développé à l'échelle du laboratoire dans le but d'étudier et d'améliorer la digestion anaérobie des déchets organiques. Les résultats obtenus peuvent être extrapolés à l'échelle d'un pilote industriel. Pour étudier ce pilote de digesteur, nous avons choisi comme substrat de la boue provenant de l'usine de traitement des eaux usées, située à Adrar ville (sud-ouest de l'Algérie). Différents paramètres ont été considérés com...

Heavy metal bioremediation from wastewater has gained great attention due to their high toxicity and non-biodegradable nature. They should be treated before discharge to water bodies. Assessment and evaluation of the impact of different concentrations of a mixture of heavy metal ions, namely Zn 2+ , Pb 2+ , Cu 2+ and Cr 6+ on the efficiency of a pilot plant hybrid up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket packed with novel packing media treating real municipal wastewater was investigated. The packing media is a novel non-woven polyester fabric (NWPF) that entraps heavy metal ions, subsequently reducing their toxicity on anaerobic sludge that affects the performance of UASB. It promotes faster biomass propagation and organic matter removal due to their unique characteristics and morphology. The size of the reactor was 1.81 m 3 and was continually fed with different heavy metal ions at a flow of 5.76 m 3 /day. Incremental increase of the concentrations of metal ions from 1200 to 13,300 mg/ m 3 was carried out at different experimental runs. Results indicated that the use of NWPF enhanced the removal efficiency of the mixture of metal ions compared with the conventional UASB. The removal rates of chemical and biological oxygen demands were 67.65 and 77.35% at a total metal concentration of 1200 mg/m 3. Further increases in the total concentrations of metal ions to 11-fold decreased the organic removal by 15.43% for COD and 10.58% for BOD. In conclusion, the use of NWPF as a packing material proved to be a promising media for mitigating the effect of heavy metals on UASB performance.

Various types of waste effluents produced by two industries were studied to verify their environmental effects and to prepare a suggestion for management of those wastes. Two types of wastes were considered- wastewater and solid wastes. Analysis on three samples of wastewater was performed to determine the physical, chemical, organic and biological pollution. The pH values were 6.58, 6.75 & 6.64; amount of TDS were 235, 241 & 270 ppm; total hardness were 126, 123 & 144 ppm; calcium hardness were 105, 99 & 122 ppm, all the values of P-alkalinity were zero and values of M-alkalinity were 40, 40 & 45 mg/l. Iron concentrations were 0.21, 0.18 & 0.19 mg/l. Their Cl2 test proved absence of Cl2 Molecule. Only one sample was analyzed for bacterial viable count (44x105 cfu/ml), fungal test (fungi were absent), DO (6.8 mg/l), BOD (156 mg/1) and COD (267 mg/1). Results suggested that iron concentrations, pH values, TDS and DO were within the standard range. Level of total hardness, alkalinity,...

The objective of this study was to simulate coagulation/ flocculation process for ceramic industrial wastewater treatment with respect to the removal of COD/BOD, TP and TSS using ferric chloride (FeCl3) and anionic polymer. Also, to examine the suitability of the treated wastewater to be used as drinking water using (rats) an animal model.  A total of 216 industrial wastewater samples were taken from six different ceramics
industrial wastewater treatment plants (Cleopatra 10th Ramadan wastewater plant 1(flour), Cleopatra 10th Ramadan wastewater plant 2 (porcelain), Cleopatra 10th Ramadan wastewater plant 3 (wall), Galleria Sokhna - Suez wastewater plant, Eldorado Sokhna - Suez wastewater plant and Fancy Sokhna - Suez wastewater plant) were treated using FeCl3 (coagulant) and anionic polymer (flocculent). The best treatment for
the removal of contaminants in industrial wastewater from all sources as suspended solids (SS), organic matters (COD or BOD5), nutrients (TN+TP) and heavy metals was investigated relative to the Egyptian standards of tap water.  Results of chemical analysis of the treated industrial wastewater showed a great reduction for all contaminants in compare to the pretreated samples by ratios ranged from 50 to 100% removal. The study showed that the best result for treatment compare to the chemical analysis of Egyptian standard of drinking water analysis, is the ceramic
industrial wastewater treated with the recommended doses (15 ppm FeCl3 as a coagulant dosage + 5 ppm anionic polymer as flocculent dosage + 5 ppm Cl2 as disinfectant + 5 ppm NaOH to adjust the pH to be 7 to 8.5).  Results of the biological evaluation of the treated industrial wastewater showed unsuitability of such treated water as a drinking water for the experimental rats. From the study it could conclude that the treatment of the industrial wastewater (ceramics industry) was efficient chemically and the resultant treated water was comparable to the standards of Egyptian drinking water but was not suitable as drinking
water, hence might be used in the industry and wood trees irrigating not in drinking water regimes.

The economic crisis is far to an end. After a recursion of the recession in 2012 and a continuance in 2013, its’ effects are increasingly stronger and the most tangible effect is the poverty increase among the active population. It is due to the revenues decrease, to poverty and exclusion’s risks, the attenuation of protection effects which are socially and initially carried out by the decrement of tax incomes and by the increase of expenditures level for social performances. These effects are being acutely experienced, particularly by the member states in the Southern and Eastern Europe. Therefore, at the E.U. point, one performed studies, one determined the causes and it is trying to find solutions. This scientific paper aims to analyze the main parameters onto one must interfere in and the actions that should be considered in order to increase population’s standard of living.

Agriculture is an important branch of the national economy, with various functions such as: main source of business activity that uses the workforce, ecological factor for the protection of the environment, technical and cultural tradition, representing a civilization in itself. This paper shows that, in Romania, agriculture has an extremely special position, being one of the primary branches of material production, taking into account that the economic and social growth of the contemporary world is in close connection with the level of accomplishments in agriculture and it cannot exist outside a strong development of this production branch. Because the agricultural sector is currently growing, now, in 2014, we can see a considerably large migration from the urban area to the rural area. Young people choose villages and not cities being influenced also by the agricultural schemes offered by the European Union, schemes that support the needs of the agricultural field.

This study presents the origins and manifestations of the economic crisis that started in 2008 at both world level and in the European Union. In both cases the study analyzes also some of the measures undertaken in order to overpass the crisis and their results. During the same year, 2009, the European Union witnessed a decline of its GDP by 4.4 %, while the Euro zone had a decline of 4.5 %. Only from this synthetic data results a conclusion that the European Union and the Euro zone were more affected by the economic crisis than the rest of the world. This situation remained true in 2013 and 2014. In 2013 the world economy had a growth rate of its GDP of 2.3 % while European Union had a growth rate of 0.1 % and the Euro zone of – 0.5 % (World Bank Data). In 2014, according to the forecasts of the World Bank the world economy had a growth rate of 2.6 % while the Euro zone of only 0.9 % (World Bank Data) and the European Union as a whole of 1.3 % (Forecast for European Union for 2014 ...

Ecological agriculture is a developing sector in Romania, the farms’ profitability depending directly on their physical and economic size. Large ecological farms are fewer in this sector, but due to their size they succeed in dealing better with high investments costs and in managing more effectively the process of production, animal husbandry or crop cultivation. The methodology used in this paper is based on the data gathered from an agricultural business of 750 hectares in the southern part of Romania and includes calculations specific to economic-financial rate of return, starting from the company’s economic outturn account. The analysis performed and presented in this paper contributes to increasing the knowledge and importance of the information provided by this ecological farm’s economic-financial rate of return.

Innovation in agriculture occurs in response to the requirements of increasing the competitiveness of the agricultural sector, given the intensification of social and political pressures on combating the climate changes effects and ensuring food safety. Through innovation in agriculture is seeking for new solutions to increase the performance of economic entities in this domain and also to ensure sustainable development of the agricultural domain. The conducted research involved, first, a theoretical approach based on reviewing the specialized literature, which allowed, later, devising an empirical study on the relationship innovation performance in agriculture, at the European Union level (EU-28). To answer the research question, in the study there were used the following data analysis methods: multiple linear regression analysis, correlation analysis, comparative analysis. The main results of the study show that, in most countries, agriculture has recorded performance gains. The h...

The Magnitude and occurrence of extreme low flow events are needed in setting minimum flows to protect the instream users. As the true distribution is not normally known, the identification of the most appropriate distribution function that describes the extreme low flow data of a catchment is essential in estimating reliable low flow quantiles at various average recurrence intervals (ARI). The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative assessment of the performance of three plausible distribution functions for estimating low flow quantiles. The investigation was carried out by using 27-gauge stations within South Australia (SA), the driest state in Australia. The best distribution function out of the three selected distributions; Log Normal (LN), Log Pearson Type 3 (LP3), and Generalized Extreme Value (GEV for each of the three selected annual minima series (7-day, 15-day and 30-day) at each gauged catchments was identified. The estimated low flow quantiles from using these thre...

Capillary irrigation systems have been investigated for some years as a means to deliver water to plants in container gardening. This review paper identifies that traditional capillary irrigation systems such as capillary wicks, capillary mats, and ebb and flow systems have been shown to produce higher crop yields and use less water than conventional irrigation methods. In addition, capillary irrigation offers an added advantage by reducing the volume of potentially harmful leachate into surrounding soil environments. However, these systems are basically limited to small pot sizes and are widely used for growing ornamental and nursery plants in glasshouse conditions. Further, the cost and complexity of Negative Pressure Difference Irrigation may have limited its practical use. Conversely, wicking beds (WBs) are low-tech and water-efficient systems which can be used for growing plants with different rooting depths. Irrespective of the wide acceptance of WBs among the growing communit...

Adsorption of Phenol/tyrosol from Aqueous Solutions on Macro-reticular Aromatic and Macro-porous Polystyrene Cross-linked with Divinylbenzene Polymeric Resins Jacques R. Njimou, Marco Stoller, Agnese Cicci, Angelo Chianese, Charles P. Nanseu-Njiki, Emmanuel Ngameni, Marco Bravi a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, B.P. 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon b Department of Chemical Materials Environmental Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18 – 00184, Rome, Italy njimoujacques@gmail.com, jacques_njimou@yahoo.it

Electrochemical methods show promise for wastewater treatment by removing pollutants, recovering nutrients, and generating hydrogen. To scale this technology, durable and affordable electrode materials are needed. This study evaluates aluminum 6061-T6, titanium grade II, ductile iron, and magnesium to understand their performance in promoting precipitation, gas production, and treating wastewater under several conditions. Electrodes were tested with ammonia-, magnesium-, and phosphate-spiked wastewater samples with induced precipitation at concentrations of 0.033 mol/L and 0.0033 mol/L; the liquid, gas, and precipitation phases were characterized. The results showed up to 35% reduction in ammonia, total phosphate recovery, and up to 70% reduction in magnesium. The cell generates hydrogen with purity levels of 95.6%, 96.1%, 87.9%, and 93.5% when utilizing iron, aluminum, titanium, and magnesium electrodes, respectively. The analyses of precipitants showed formation of vivianite crystals from iron, struvite precipitation from magnesium, and berlinite from aluminum. Overall, these results hold substantial promise for hydrogen generation from wastewater and potential for nutrient recovery and treatment.

El uso de microorganismos inmovilizados en diferentes soportes, es una técnica ampliamente utilizada en el tratamiento avanzado de agua residual. Uno de los soportes más comunes es el alginato, el cual es permeable a los nutrientes al mismo tiempo que restringe el paso de otros microorganismos. De igual forma, es posible una distribución homogénea de los microorganismos dentro y facilita su recuperación. El uso de la bacteria promotora del crecimiento, Azospirillum brasilense, inmovilizada en conjunto con la microalga Chlorella vulgaris, tiene una influencia favorable en el aumento de la población de esta, al mismo tiempo que le otorga mayor eficiencia en la eliminación del contaminantes nitrógeno y fósforo. Por otro lado, se ha reportado que la matriz de alginato es susceptible a degradación debido a la presencia de cationes y/o microorganismos en sistemas abiertos, lo cual es una de las principales limitantes al emplear esta tecnología in situ. El presente trabajo examinó el potencial para disminuir la concentración de contaminantes durante el tratamiento terciario de Agua Residual Secundaria (ARS) usando la microalga C. vulgaris y la bacteria A. brasilense, inmovilizados en conjunto en esferas de alginato. Se evaluó la estabilidad del alginato como matriz inmovilizante, usando como parámetros la fuerza de gel y el diámetro. Se evaluaron diferentes proporciones de alginato de sodio y se evaluaron combinaciones de este con otros agentes (polímeros y compuestos). La concentración óptima para la elaboración de la matriz inmovilizante es el 2 % p/v de alginato de sodio, gelificándolo en 2% de CaCl 2 . La eficiencia del sistema se evaluó en función de la eliminación de nutrientes, y el aumento de biomasa. Por otro lado, se determinó que el sistema el sistema co-inmovilizado C. vulgaris -A. brasilense, es eficiente en la eliminación de más del 90 % de fosfatos y cerca del 50 % de amonio en 24 horas bajo el régimen fotoautotrófico tiempo durante el cual la matriz aun es estable, usando una proporción de 10 g de esferas por cada 100 mL de ARS. Las esferas de alginato sin microorganismos inoculados, también son capaces de eliminar nutrientes del ARS cerca de un 60 % de fosfatos y alrededor del 30 % de amonio, ya que la presencia de las esferas de alginato favorece el crecimiento de microorganismos residentes del ARS capaces de asimilar nutrientes (N y P).

Degree Bachelor of Engineering Degree Programme Environmental Engineering Specialisation option Environmental Construction Engineering Instructor(s) Kaj Lindedahl, Senior Lecturer Kari Leminen, Home Office Co-ordinator Bimal Chandra Sharma, O&M Specialist Minna Paananen-Porkka, Language Instructor Many Nepalese rural communities are suffering from lack of safe drinking water. One of the reasons is that approximately one third to one half of all drinking water supply systems fail shortly after the construction. The main purpose of this thesis project was to analyze the environmental sustainability of rural water supply systems implemented by the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Western Nepal (RWSSP-WN).In addition, the thesis project In addition, the thesis project also assessed the sustainability of the District Water Supply and Sanitation(DWSS) schemes from the institutional and financial point of view focusing on the organization and management capacity of the Water Users' and Sanitation Committees (WUSCs) in managing their schemes including their Operation and Maintenance (O&M) management capacity to ensure the proper functionality and sustainability.

Ce projet vise à optimiser l'utilisation de l'eau dans une brasserie en réutilisant les eaux usées. Le procédé étudié étant
discontinu, la méthode graphique décrite par Majozi et al. (2006), qui considère le temps comme contrainte principale,
a été utilisée. L’étude démontre qu'il est possible d'optimiser la consommation d'eau dans la brasserie en intégrant des
systèmes de réutilisation des eaux usées, ce qui entraînerait des économies significatives et une réduction des coûts liés
à la gestion des eaux. Les résultats indiquent une amélioration notable de l'efficacité des ressources, avec un retour sur
investissement rapide. Cette approche durable non seulement repondérait aux exigences environnementales, mais
renforcerait également la viabilité économique de l'entreprise.

Las arcillas se han utilizado ampliamente para remediación de aguas residuales contaminadas con metales pesados. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar los cambios en la adsorción de Cd(II), cuando se utilizan arcillas naturales y calcinadas. Se seleccionaron cuatro muestras de arcillas procedentes de diferentes regiones de Argentina con mediano contenido de mineral arcilloso: illita (I), montmorillonita (M), caolinita con estructura ordenada (CO) y caolinita con estructura desordenada (CD). Se caracterizaron con Difracción de Rayos X, por Espectroscopia Infrarroja con Transformada de Fourier y superficie específica BET. Se llevaron adelante estudios de adsorción de Cd(II) con las mismas en su forma natural y calcinada, variando la concentración inicial del ión metálico. Se encontró que la arcilla natural con mediano contenido de montmorillonita y la arcilla calcinada con mediano contenido de illita (IC) presentaron los mayores porcentajes de adsorción (M 95%, IC 76%). Se concluye que el tratamiento térmico permite potenciar el uso de una arcilla

The separated semi solid obtained after effluent treatment is called sludge. 2.81 million metric ton sludge has been produced every year from Textile sector in Bangladesh. There is a burning question, how this sludge will be managed? There are several options for sludge management. One of those option is composting. In this work, we have analyzed heavy metals (Cu, Cr & Fe) in sludge and studied the effects of composting of Textile sludge on different plants, Tagar, Joba, Gandhoraj, Mehogony and Rain Tree. We found Cu: 8.80 mg/kg, Cr: 9.55 mg/kg and Fe: 2.61% in Textile sludge. Adverse effect was observed in Tagar, Joba and Mahogony plants whereas positive impact was found in Gandharaj and Rain Tree. Direct composting is suitable for non-crop plants because plants get nutrients as well as toxic substances from direct composting of sludge. Direct composting of Textile sludge on crop producing plants will be hazardous for human being for migration of toxic substances through food chain.

Agricultural land use in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam is dominated by intensive irrigated rice cropping systems on both alluvial and acid sulfate soils. A stagnating and occasionally declining productivity may be linked on the alluvial soils to low N use ...

The disinfection of water (including wastewater) plays a vital role in providing safe drinking water and decontaminating fluids released from medical facilities and pharmaceutical production plants. The reduction in microbial numbers, and the targeted elimination of pathogens, is combined with the removal of unwanted impurities, including antimicrobials. This is an important consideration as trace amounts of antibiotics in wastewater may increase microbial resistance, leading to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

For many years, the traditional route has been by chemical disinfectants, primarily the application of oxidants such as free chlorine, peracetic acid, chlorine dioxide, chloramines, ozone and ultraviolet radiatio. These kill microorganisms through protein and enzyme denaturation and DNA destruction.

Attention is increasingly being paid to electrochemical disinfection and photocatalytic disinfection to minimise pollution and to meet the safety requirements of wastewater reuse. This is a topic that pharmaceutical and healthcare organisations need to be mindful of. These alternative forms of disinfection for water treatment are examined in this article.

Sandle, T. (2025) Water disinfection: Innovations in chemistry and light, RSSL Life Science Insights, 2nd April 2025: https://www.rssl.com/insights/life-science-pharmaceuticals/water-disinfection-innovations-in-chemistry-and-light/

Malgré les efforts accomplis, la situation de l’assainissement dans les villes d’Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre présente une dimension alarmante avec des taux d’accès des ménages aux réseaux d’égout relativement faible : moins de 30% des ménages raccordés à Abidjan et Dakar, 5% à Kumasi, 2% à Yaoundé et Douala et 1⁄2% à Niamey. Dans l’ensemble, les stations d’épuration construites dans ces localités n’ont pas été conçus en considérant la nécessité de valoriser dans les règles de l’art les sous-produits de l’épuration. Or, des pratiques de réutilisation des eaux usées brutes et de ces sous-produits sont courantes en Afrique dans les secteurs du maraîchage urbain, et de l’horticulture. Ces activités connaissent un essor particulier dans les villes subsahariennes en raison de la croissance exponentielle de la population urbaine, de l’exode rural, la crise économique, le chômage urbain, la forte demande en produits maraîchers. La sècheresse, l’insuffisance d’eau d’arrosage et la baisse...

This study focused on the evaluation as natural flocculant in water clarification and identification of major phytochemical groups of Aloe vera, a plant which belongs to Liliaceae family. Phytochemical groups such tannins, saponins, mucilage, flavonoids, anthracene derivatives, quinone derivatives and proteins were identified. However, they were devoid of alkaloids, reducing compounds, cardiotonic glycosides in this plant. The results obtained for determined Aloe vera constituent materials showed a high rate of organic matter in this plant (81.05% of dry matter) and low levels of dry matter and ash (respectively 4.2% of fresh matter and 12.04% of dry matter). The clarification tests using this plant for very turbid surface water (turbidity: 185-200 NTU, Suspended solids: 160-170, Obvious color: 275-285 Pt Co), showed a good elimination of turbidity and suspended solids. Removal efficiency was 72% for turbidity, 91% for suspended solids and 15% for the obvious color. Aloe vera can be promoted as a good natural floculant in surface water clarification.

Machinery and implements used in agricultural product/on work in media of lives-the soil, livestock and crops. Certain features of these media determine the possibility and extent of mechanization of works relating to them. In the tropical rain forest areas, mechanization remains the greatest obstacle to the expansion of production and therefore constitute great problem to food and primary raw materials supply. This paper highlights the problems, discusses the problems as well as the correlating factors and the possibilities of improving on the level of mechanization in view of the present technological and socioeconomic development of the peoples of tropical rain forest areas of Nigeria. The work is an original scholarly research based on review of relevant publications and visit to several locations within the Tropical Rain forest belt. The results reveal inadequacies managerial skills and in appropriate deployment of technical staff as well as poor education as major factors for ...

Evaluating the risk of exposure of farmers as well as consumers of agricultural products is an important step in maintaining sound environmental and human health. Rice, one of the staple foods in most Nigerian homes has been implicated to contain some quantities of heavy metals; hence the aim of this research was to assess the heavy metal concentrations in soil and Oryza sativa samples from a farmland in Wukari, Taraba State. Soil and Oryza sativa samples were collected from the Road side (RD) and the farm site (FS) and analysed for heavy metals, minerals and inorganic salt contents. The result showed that samples from RD locations show higher concentrations of Ca and Zn (1.55 and 2.56 ppm respectively) than the FS location which had 1.44 and 1.88 ppm for Ca and Zn respectively. Mg, K, P, Mn and Fe had lower concentrations in soil samples from RD than the FS locations. Heavy metal contents in soil shows that Cu, Pb and Cd concentrations were not significantly higher in the samples f...

Seasonal rainfall forecasts can effectively be used for resources planning and management -e.g., reservoir operations, agricultural practices, and flood emergency responses. Effective planning and management of water resources in the short term requires a general view of the upcoming season. In the long term, this needs realistic projections of scenarios for future variability and changes. In this paper, 33 years of rainfall data in the Khorasan region, northeastern Iran was analyzed. The study area is situated at 31°-38°N, 74°-80°E. This synoptical data was trained by the Mamdani fuzzy Inference system and the artificial neural network. For performance evaluation, predicted outputs were compared with the actual rainfall data. First, synoptical relationships were investigated i.e. Sea Level Pressure (SLP), Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Sea Surface Pressure Difference (∆SLP), Sea Surface Temperature (∆SST) and Air Temperature at 850 hpa, Geopotential Height at 500 hpa, and Relative Humidity at 300 hpa. Models were then calibrated for the period of 1970 to 1992. Finally, the rainfall is predicted. Simulation results revealed that the Mamdani fuzzy Inference system and artificial neural networks are both promising and efficient. The root mean square for Mamdani fuzzy Inference system and the artificial neural network were 52 and 41 millimeters, respectively.

The purpose of the exploratory research is to ascertain the possibility of improving the quality and quantity of biogas yield from anaerobic digestion of elephant grass (pennisetum purpureum), which has been considered a potential alternative to cow dung, using Liquid extract from plantain (Musa paradisiacal normalis) pseudo stem. The concept of comparative advantage and productive effect of synergy was adopted in trying to obtain biogas production of better yield and quality from the two feedstocks. Liquid extract from plantain pseudo stem; which previously was considered as waste, but recently have been found to have low biogas yield with high methane content; was considered useful as the mixing fluid instead of water. Six digesters were developed using 500ml conical flasks for the experiment with 3 duplicates runs. The first set contained elephant grass and water, the second contained elephant grass and liquid extract from plantain pseudo stem, while the third is loaded with liquid extract from plantain pseudo stem only. The pH of the substrates was improved through partial decomposition prior to digestion. The digesters were then monitored for 36 days, measuring the biogas yield and the ambient temperature. All the trials produced biogas after 3 to 4 days of inoculation as observed and confirmed using flame test. The digesters containing combination of elephant grass and liquid extract from plantain pseudo stem gave the highest yield, as well as the best qualityin terms of methane content. The results from the experiment shows a 45.95% and 33.95% improvement in biogas yield and methane content respectively when the liquid extract from plantain pseudo stem was used to mix the elephant grass instead of water. Although, biogas generation from elephant grass has been widely reported in literature, but at relatively low methane content (43.4 to 64.3%). Hence, it requires more post-production upgrading effort to bring the methane content to the value admissible into internal combustion engine. The findings of this research provides efficient means of improving the methane content of the produced gas to 72.97 ± 3.8 %, using liquid extract from plantain pseudo stem. The research thus found productive use for the liquid extract from plantain pseudo stem, as well as possibility of having better yield from anaerobic digestion of elephant grass. This research is purely original.

Abstrak: Perkembangan sektor industri selalu membawa peningkatan timbulan limbah, khususnya limbah cair sebagai output dari kegiatan. Di sisi lain, peraturan baku mutu limbah yang ketat, serta berkurangnya sumber air bersih untuk masyarakat karena pertambahan penduduk, menuntut perhatian yang lebih besar pada efektifitas dan efisiensi pengolahan. Salah satu industri yang berpotensi untuk pencemaran air adalah industri tekstil. Limbah industri tekstil tersebut dapat menyebabkan penurunan kualitas badan air penerima apabila tidak diolah secara benar. Beberapa pengolahan konvensional antara lain pengolahan kimia seperti koagulasi, dan pengolahan biologis dengan memanfaatkan mikroorganisme. Beberapa kelemahan dari pengolahan konvensional seperti pengolahan kimia , biaya operasional tinggi dan menghasilkan lumpur yang harus diolah sedangkan pengolahan secara biologi kelemahannya yaitu waktu yang digunakan lama, lahan yang dibutuhkan besar. Kondisi ini membuka arah baru pengembangan metod...

Pressure on the estuary waters due to waste from household activities (organic and non-organic wastes), industrial activities (organic, non-organic, hot water waste, hazardous and toxic materials), agricultural and aquaculture activities (pesticides and sediment) and various domestic activities others, will put pressure directly on the estuary waters and resources. This study aims to (1) know the pollution level or waters quality, (2) measurment of pollution load, and (3) measurment of assimilative capacity. The results showed that waters condition of Tallo river estuary classified as contaminated was the pollutant index (7.94 to 9.60). Differences season showed no significant changes, average of PIj value on the rainy season (8.64) and on the dry season (8.37). The highest pollution load is TSS (33216.79 mg/sec) on the rainy season, and TSS (22436.00 mg/sec) on the dry season. While the assimilative capacity of TSS is 24157.66 mg/sec on the rainy season, and TSS is 22436.00 mg/sec ...

Indonesia’s Fishery Industries has been developed very rapidly. This can cause negative effect such as increase in wastewater that involved highly organic substrates that will danger the environment. This effluent must be treated before flow it to environment and usually treated by biological wastewater treatment through nitrification and denitrification process simultaneously using activated sludge. This study doing denitrification process using activated sludge with KNO3 added, the treatment using different COD/NO3 ratios which are 3,04, 4,24 and 6,8, and monitoring do in HydraulicRetention Time (HRT) 4,5; 3,5; 2,5; 2,0; 1,5; 1,0; 0,75; 0,5 and 0,25 day. Results shows for increasingly MLVSS, Efficiency decreasingly COD, Efficiency decreasingly NO3 and denitrification rate for ratio COD/NO3 3,04 are 52,02%, 32,25%, 16,25% and 0,000759 mgNO3/mgVSS.day and for ratio COD/NO3 4,24 are 30,6%, 24,46%, 41,80% and 0,001 mgNO3/mgVSS.day also for ratio COD/NO3 6,8 are 44,7%, 23,88%, 15,95% d...

This study attempts to determine the effectivity of Moringa oleifera (MO) leaves as a natural coagulant. Specifically, the study aims to determine the turbidity level of the water that is treated by Moringa oleifera leaves and determine the quantity of MO leaves that will be used to remove turbidity. The researchers predicted that MO leaves are effective coagulant in reducing the turbidity level of the water. In addition, MO leaves can completely absorb turbidity in water. Sythetic turbid water was prepared from solid Kaolin powder. MO leaves were oven-dried until excess water was removed afterwards; it was activated by soaking in NaCl solution. Coagulation efficiency test was performed in two batches: (1) using activated MO leaves; and (2) using non-activated MO leaves. The Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) was identified using Merck SQ Method 113.Based on the result of the testing of Turbidity levels of the samples sent to SGS, the MO leaves were not able to absorb the turbidity ...

A simple, automated manometric method is here discussed and applied to perform batch experiments for the stoichiometric and kinetic characterization of biological denitrification. The main strength of the proposed methodology is that it requires simple instrumentation, which is usually available in wastewater treatment plant laboratories, being it used in BOD and in BMP tests. The experimental setup consists of a glass bottle, a mixing and termostated system and a manometric bottle-head which can measure and log the overpressure that is caused by denitrified N 2 . At first, tests were conducted to determine the repeatability of the method; they were performed under low Food-to-Biomass ratio and with both endogenous and externally dosed carbon sources. Later, experimental procedures were performed to assess (1) the anoxic growth yield, (2) the endogenous anoxic decay rate; (3) the anoxic growth rate on acetate; (4) the fraction of anoxic active biomass in the sludge sample. Sludge samples for all these tests were taken from two WWTPs and 6 to 10 replicates were performed each time. Results indicated that the testing procedures is well repeatable and reliable and resulting estimates were within reported literature values.

2 ABSTRACT: In this study, a methodology to evaluate natural and social pressure, environment sensitivity, and ecological stability in a GIS-based approach was developed for the Basrah Province, Iraq. The information used in this study was obtained from two different sources: (i) a soil survey with more than 500 soil samples positioned by GPS to quantitatively assessment land map quality with the method of integrated environmental vulnerability index (EVI) within the study area, and (ii) the environmental information implemented in the Geo-scientific map of the Basrah Province digitized on an Arc/Info GIS with remote sensed imagery (Landsat TM 1990 and ETM 2003). From the characteristics and the causes of ecological vulnerability, we established multi-objective ecological vulnerability evaluation index system framework, and a Pressure-State-Respond model is built to evaluate the environmental vulnerability. The results showed that more than 56.3% of the area has reached high vulnera...

Silica coated Iron-oxide composites of different ratios (iron oxide / SiO 2 = 3:7, 1:1 and 7:3) have been synthesized. Iron oxyhydroxide, as the precursor of iron oxide, has been prepared by electrochemical method .The Iron oxide and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), as precursor of silica, have been used at different ratios to synthesize silica coated Iron-oxide composite of different ratio. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential thermal analysis (DTA) , Thermogravometric analysis (TG), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy dispersed X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) technique have been employed to characterize the precursors as well as the prepared composite materials. The results reveal that well dispersed silica coated iron-oxide composites of different ratios were formed. The prepared silica coated iron-oxide composite material can be used for treatment of wastewater to remove heavy metal.

Innovations in teaching and learning through interactive video in laboratory modules have revolutionized the educational landscape, offering dynamic and engaging approach to practical skill development. Interactive videos provide a visual representation of laboratory experiments, equipment handling, and procedures. This visualization enhances comprehension by allowing students to see real-time demonstrations and stimulations, bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application. The integration of interactive videos in laboratory modules enhances accessibility, allowing students to engage remotely or at their convenience. This flexibility accommodates different learning environments and schedules, promoting a more inclusive educational experience. The use of technology in laboratory modules enhances key skills and essential knowledge, contributing to improve learning outcomes. Scenario-based virtual laboratory simulations have been found to stimulate both cognitive and non-cognitive skills. By engaging students in practical, hands-on activities through interactive videos, these simulations promote critical thinking and problem-solving abilities.
In summary, the incorporation of interactive videos in laboratory modules not only enhances student engagement and skill development, but also improves memory retention, self-assessment, and cognitive skill stimulation.

Ce projet vise à optimiser l'utilisation de l'eau dans une brasserie en réutilisant les eaux usées. Le procédé étudié étant discontinu, la méthode graphique décrite par Majozi et al. (2006), qui considère le temps comme contrainte principale, a été utilisée. L'étude démontre qu'il est possible d'optimiser la consommation d'eau dans la brasserie en intégrant des systèmes de réutilisation des eaux usées, ce qui entraînerait des économies significatives et une réduction des coûts liés à la gestion des eaux. Les résultats indiquent une amélioration notable de l'efficacité des ressources, avec un retour sur investissement rapide. Cette approche durable non seulement repondérait aux exigences environnementales, mais renforcerait également la viabilité économique de l'entreprise.

To study the application of phytoremediation for the treatment of sewage, the Floating Constructed Wetland Reactor (FCBRs) of macrophyte Beds were designed and fabricated with plastic crates and locally available materials including macrophyte. The potential of Cyperus esculentus L was studied to serve as a phytoremediation plant in the cleaning up of contamination from polluted municipal sewage. The macrophyte Cyperus esculentus L were planted on the floating bed composed of thermocol sheets, stone crushed aggregates and river sand in turn and were floated in shallow basin sludge containers to study the

Rural tourism from Western Carpathian Mountain was characterized in the last years by a low occupancy rate and
a decline in tourist arrivals, due, beside of the direct effects of economic crises, to the remote location of mountain
villages and to the low quality of infrastructure. For this reason we consider that the implementation of complex and
integrated products based on tour thematic circuits represents a real opportunity to develop local rural tourism
industry. The aim of this paper is to identify which is the best networking solution, based on clustering analysis. The
Multidimensional Scaling Method and Hierarchical Cluster Method permitted us to demonstrate and identify the
best way of clustering, and, in this way, the best route for a potential tour touristic circuit. Reported to the counties
from which the villages take part, the identified cluster concentrate 57.7% of rural touristic accommodations and
65.0% of tourist arrivals, but it has an occupancy rate of only 5.9%. By implementing new complex touristic
products we consider that can be assured a rise of this touristic dimension of the cluster and we propose more in
depth studies regarding the profile of the potential customers.

This work describes the adsorption process of one of the most dominant pharmaceuticals detected in water sources, carbamazepine (CBZ), from aqueous solutions with commercially available activated carbon (AC). Adsorption studies were performed on powdered activated carbon Norit SA2, in ambient temperature, on pH value between 2 – 10, with different masses of adsorbent (6 – 20 mg), time intervals (5 – 60 min). The CBZ adsorption is explained by chemisorption which involves chemical reaction between surface and adsorbate. The results show that commercial activated carbon Norit SA2 can be applied in the process of adsorption for the purpose of removing carbamazepine from aqueous solution.