Developmental Psychology

First and 2nd graders (N = 28?) receiving Title I services received 1 of 3 kinds of classroom reading programs: direct instruction in letter-sound correspondences practiced in decodable text (direct code); less direct instruction in systematic sound-spelling patterns embedded in connected text (embedded code); and implicit instruction in the alphabetic code while reading connected text (implicit code). Children receiving direct code instruction improved in word reading at a faster rate and had higher word-recognition skills than those receiving implicit code instruction. Effects of instructional group on word recognition were moderated by initial levels of phonological processing and were most apparent in children with poorer initial phonological processing skills. Group differences in reading comprehension paralleled those for word recognition but were less robust. Groups did not differ in spelling achievement or in vocabulary growth. Results show advantages for reading instructional programs that emphasize explicit instruction in the alphabetic principle for at-risk children. Learning to speak one's native language is a natural process in that explicit teaching is not required. Reading, in contrast, has been called an "unnatural act" (Gough & Hillinger, 1980) to emphasize the fact that one's writing system relates to speech in an arbitrary way and, therefore, has to be taught . What needs to be taught is the alphabetic principle: that letters in a word relate to speech in a conventional and intentional way. For many children, insight into this principle will develop through informal instruction at home and nondirective activities at school. However, as many as one in five children have difficulty learning to read Shaywitz, Fletcher, & Shaywitz, 1994). There may always be a small

Sexual behaviour in adolescence is a sensitive issue and has possible immediate and long term medical and psychical consequences. The aim of the study was to examine whether early sexual intercourse varies by gender and how is associated with unhealthy behaviour and factors of psycho-social well-being. 773 boys and 857 girls of 15.5 years old, included in a representative national school-based survey, conducted in Croatia in 2006, were invited to fill in anonymous questionnaires. Sexual experience before the age of 16 years was reported by 28.6% of the boys and 16.5% of the girls. Early sexual experience in boys was associated with smoking, drinking of alcohol, marijuana taking, physical fighting, and bullying other The odds ratio was highest for smoking. (OR:8. 1; CI:5.4-12. 1). For girls the same variables were associated with the early sexual intercourse, marijuana use being the strongest independent predictor (OR:8.0; CI:5.0-12.6). While controlled for other behaviours, daily sm...

Theories of delinquency posit two opposing views on the social interactions of deviant individuals. Social control theory assumes that deviants have poor relationships with others. Cultural deviance theory assumes that deviant individuals are similar to nondeviants and have strong ties with members of their friendship networks. These theories have not been empirically tested for male and female users of illicit drugs. Descriptive and multivariate analyses are reported here for young adult men and women aged 28 to 29, who were asked about their same-sex and oppositesex friends in general and three speci3c close friends. Few diferences were found in the characteristics of friendship networks of illicit drug users and nonusers. Where differences were observed. the frequent users tended to have more intimate friendships than other young adults, which supports the cultural deviance perspective. Structural equation models predicting two latent components of intimacy, confiding and interacting, with the three closest friends and same-sex and opposite-sex friends indicate that, controlling for other determinants of intimacy with friends, illicit drug use retains a unique effect and predicts substantially higher levels of intimacy among males. The strong social ties of adult drug-using males will make it more diflcult to develop effective intervention strategies targeted toward individual users.

Background-Peer mediated intervention (PMI) is a promising practice used to increase social skills in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). PMIs engage typically developing peers as social models to improve social initiations, responses, and interactions. Method-The current study is a systematic review examining PMIs for children and adolescents with ASD conducted using group designs. Five studies met the pre-specified review inclusion criteria: four randomized controlled trials and one pre-and post-test design. Results-Four of the studies were conducted in school settings, whereas one study was conducted in a camp setting. The studies all reported that participants improved in social skills (e.g., social initiations, social responses, social communication) post intervention. Additionally, sustainment, generalization, and fidelity of implementation were examined. Conclusion-PMI is a promising approach to address social skills in children with ASD, and this approach can be conducted in meaningful real-word contexts, such as schools. Limitations of the studies as well as future directions are discussed.

This study examined whether physical activity improves spatial perception and attention in early childhood. A pre-post intervention trials design with intervention and control groups was implemented. Participants were 123 kindergarten children, divided into three groups: experimental-orienteering, experimental-dance, and control-no intervention. Instrumentations: attention measured by the MOXO-CPT, a computerized test, and The Cognitive Modifiability Battery Reproduction of Patterns measured spatial abilities. Measurements were conducted pre-and post-interventions. Results showed fast improvement from pre-to post-intervention, achieved simultaneously in both EFs for the experimental groups only. No differences were found between boys and girls. It was concluded that in order to successfully achieve the required tasks, an integration of physical and cognitive skills is needed.

The reason of this researchto: 1) analyze the impact of child rearing fashion on adolescent wrongdoing in rural-urban ranges of Malang City, 2) analyze the impact of the social environment on adolescent wrongdoing in rural-urban zones of Malang City, 3)analyze the impact of child rearing fashion and social environment through the wonder of contraption compulsion to adolescent wrongdoing in rural-urban ranges of Malang City. The inquire about strategy utilized is quantitative way examination. The populace in this ponder were guardians who had adolescent children in ruralurban ranges of Malang City, totaling 9157 individuals, particularly the guardians chosen were moms. Assurance of the number of tests utilizing the slovin edge of mistake equation of 10% with a add up to test adjusted up to 99 individuals. Inspecting method by implies of Basic Irregular Testing. The child rearing and social environment factors somewhat impact the adolescent wrongdoing variable, since it features a critical esteem less than 0.05 and tcount>ttable. At that point at the same time and impacted by interceding factors, to be specific the phenomenon of contraption habit to adolescent misconduct features a positive impact, since the esteem of Fcount>Ftable and a critical esteem is less than 0.05

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of the intervention based on the increasing awareness of psychosocial pathologies due to premature marriages on the mothers and daughters’ attitude in Roshtkhar. The study was conducted in the framework of a Quasi-experimental design of two-group type with pretest-posttest and a one-month follow-up. The population of the study consists of all mothers and daughters of Roshtkhar; and the sampling was done through a cluster-random method. The subjects were divided into two groups of experimental and control. The subjects in the experimental group received the educational interventions for mothers and daughters, but the control group did not receive any intervention. The instrument for the study was a researcher-made questionnaire named “attitude towards premature marriage”. This questionnaire consisted of 3 components of social, mental-emotional injuries and family harms, and 8 scales of attitudes towards addiction, sexual issue...

The INCAP longitudinal study (1969INCAP longitudinal study ( -1977) ) was designed to test the hypothesis that nutrition supplementation improves the cognitive test performance of infant and preschool children. The hypothesis was based on a series of arguments about effects of supplementation on brain development that have not been supported by subsequent research. Both early reports of these studies and current re-examination of the data suggest effects during the preschool years, but of modest magnitude.

A juventude é um período do ciclo vital construído pelo meio social e influenciado por múltiplos fatores, transformando-se conforme as mudanças contemporâneas. Este estudo, de caráter qualitativo busca conhecer as possibilidades de ser jovem(ns) identificadas por mulheres entre 15 e 29 anos de idade, a partir da experiência da maternidade. Foram realizadas sete entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestantes que estavam em acompanhamento pré-natal em uma Unidade de Saúde (US) de um Município do Vale do Taquari/RS. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo de Bardin (2012) e categorizados em quatro unidades de análise. A maternidade neste período da vida, caracteriza-se como uma experiência singular e subjetiva, assim como os sentidos atribuídos ao tornar-se mãe. Evidenciou-se a valia de espaços de cuidado designados à jovens gestantes, que além de dúvidas, carregam inúmeras fantasias, medos e expectativas relacionadas à maternidade.

Empathy shapes the landscape of our social lives. It motivates prosocial and caregiving behaviors, plays a role in inhibiting aggression, and facilitates cooperation between members of a similar social group. Thus, empathy is often conceived as a driving motivation of moral behavior and justice, and as such, everyone would think that it should be cultivated. However, the relationships between empathy, morality, and justice are complex. We begin by explaining what the notion of empathy encompasses and then argue how sensitivity to others' needs has evolved in the context of parental care and group living. Next, we examine the multiple physiological, hormonal, and neural systems supporting empathy and its functions. One troubling but important corollary of this neuro-evolutionary model is that empathy produces social preferences that can conflict with fairness and justice. An understanding of the factors that mold our emotional response and caring motivation for others helps provide organizational principles and ultimately guides decisionmaking in medical ethics.

Empathy and sympathy play crucial roles in much of human social interaction and are necessary components for healthy coexistence. Sympathy is thought to be a proxy for motivating prosocial behavior and providing the affective and motivational base for moral development. The purpose of the present study was to use functional MRI to characterize developmental changes in brain activation in the neural circuits underpinning empathy and sympathy. Fifty‐seven individuals, whose age ranged from 7 to 40 years old, were presented with short animated visual stimuli depicting painful and non‐painful situations. These situations involved either a person whose pain was accidentally caused or a person whose pain was intentionally inflicted by another individual to elicit empathic (feeling as the other) or sympathetic (feeling concern for the other) emotions, respectively. Results demonstrate monotonic age‐related changes in the amygdala, supplementary motor area, and posterior insula when partici...

The purpose of this study is to describe the influence of: the role of parents with independence, the role of parents with social behavior, parenting styles of parents with independence, parenting patterns with children's social behavior, social behavior with independence, the role of parents with independence through social behavior., and parenting style with independence through social behavior. The research sample consisted of 186 children aged 5-6 years in TK Gugus Kemuning, Central Banjarmasin District. The results showed: (1) that the role of the parents, the role of the parents and the independence, was in the high category, the parenting style of the parents tended to use democratic parenting and social behavior was in the medium category; there is influence; There is an influence of the role of parents on social behavior by; (2) There is an effect of parenting style on social behavior of 0.336; (3) There is an effect of the role of parents on independence of 0.288; (4) ...

Individuals experiencing superstitions respond with varied emotions. Do individuals experiencing negative superstitions respond with negative emotions, while individuals experiencing positive superstitions will respond with positive emotions? How is emotional arousal depicted when people experiencing superstitions? This study aimed to determine the emotional responses associated with negative and positive superstitions and the description of emotional arousal. The research design used was descriptive quantitative research. The population for this study consisted of Javanese individuals with a sample size of 192 subjects. The research respondents were selected using incidental sampling techniques and were given questionnaires to collect the data. The instruments used in this study were treatment and data collection instruments. The results of descriptive analysis revealed that individuals experiencing negative superstitions had emotions of fear, calm, non-specific emotions and guilt. Furthermore, individual experiencing positive superstitions had the emotions of calmness, hope, gratitude and joy. The level of emotional arousal when experiencing negative superstitions was categorized as medium, whereas the level of emotional arousal when experiencing positive superstitions was categorized as high.

Intersubjectivity refers to one person’s awareness in relation to another person’s awareness. It is key to well-being and human development. From infancy to adulthood, human interactions ceaselessly contribute to the flourishing or impairment of intersubjectivity. In this work, we first describe intersubjectivity as a hallmark of quality dyadic processes. Then, using parent-child relationship as an example, we propose a dyadic active inference model to elucidate an inverse relation between stress and intersubjectivity. We postulate that impaired intersubjectivity is a manifestation of underlying problems of deficient relational benevolence, misattributing another person’s intentions (over-mentalizing), and neglecting the effects of one’s own actions on the other person (under-coupling). These problems can exacerbate stress due to excessive variational free energy in a person’s active inference engine when that person feels threatened and holds on to his/her invalid (mis)beliefs. In ...

Science Education in the Philippines raises many concerns, the inadequate science laboratory in public schools is one of these problems. The researcher conducted a study about virtual simulation, one of the newly created virtual simulations of the Department of Science and Technology is the Virtual Science Laboratory Application in Science (VLAS) with the integration of Guided Inquiry Activities (GIA). This study explored the synergistic effects of VLAS and (GIA) on enhancing the basic science process skills (BSPS) of Grade 7 students. This study focuses on the significant difference between the level of BSPS (observation, communication, classification, measurement, inference, and prediction) of students before and after using the VLAS. This study utilized explanatory sequential mixed methods. This design was suitable for answering the research questions of the study, as it incorporated elements of both quantitative and qualitative research. The respondents of the study were divided into 2 groups, 36 learners for the experimental group who were subjected to the use of Virtual Laboratory Application (VLA) and Guided Inquiry Activities (GIA). Meanwhile 36 students were the control group, they were only subjected to the use of Laboratory Application (VLA). Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, Thematic Analysis, and triangulation of data were utilized to ensure that the accuracy of the results is obtained. Findings from the study revealed that there is a statistically significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores of students in the basic science process skills before and after using VLAS. These findings imply that the VLAS and GIA make the learners understand complex concepts into simple concepts by showing procedural activity so that the students can easily learn it. It indicates that integrating VLAS into science education can effectively improve learners' BSPS which is essential in the development of scientific literacy. The study concludes that VLAS helps improve the BSPS of the learners. And VLAS combined with GIA offers a more intense approach to enhancing BSPS. This present study thereby recommends; Development of Guided Inquiry Activity modules specifically designed to complement VLAS activities, Provide professional development for science teachers, Future researchers should investigate the long-term effects of VLAS and GIA on BSPS, and Developers of VLAS should consider adding more interactive and gamified activities.

This study investigates the comfort levels and preferences of students regarding print and electronic texts within the context of their academic pursuits. The chief objective is to assess how these formats influence students' reading experiences and academic performance. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, quantitative data were collected through surveys administered to students in School Business Management and Accountancy, complemented by qualitative interviews to gain deeper insights. Results indicate that while students reported higher comfort level with electronic texts, they still exhibit a strong preference for print materials for tasks requiring deep concentration. Statistical analysis reveals significant differences in comfort levels, with electronic texts providing greater ease of use. The findings suggest that although digital formats are increasingly accepted, print texts remain essential for fostering focus and comprehension. In conclusion, this study highlights the need for educational institutions to adopt a hybrid approach that integrates both formats, catering to diverse student preferences while enhancing overall learning outcomes. Recommendations include enhancing digital literacy programs and providing resources that support both reading formats effectively.

In this paper we analyse behaviour problems (especially aggressive and criminal behaviour) of male and female children and teenagers. Behaviour problems are analysed both in family and school contexts considering parents’ and teachers’ perceptions. The study is conducted with the parents and teachers of 200 students (male and female) aged 5 to 18. We use the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) instrument for parents and the CBCL one for teachers. The results indicate the importance of gender in behaviour problems: boys have more behaviour problems than girls in both contexts. Boys have more attention problems than girls within the school context. We have not appreciated meaningful perception differences between parents and teachers when valuing boys’ and girls’ behaviour, but for attention problems and anxiety-depression. Teachers perceive attention problems to a greater extent than parents, while parents perceive anxietydepression and somatic disorders more than teachers.Se investigan...

The study investigated the extent to which students' entry grades and scores from their school-based assessment grades (i.e., end of term and mock examination grades) can predict their senior school leaving certificate examination grades in core mathematics. The study employed the exploratory research design to investigate the predictive validity of students' high school entry grades and their school-based assessment grades in determining their West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) grades. The study involved 989 students in a high school in the Eastern Region of Ghana who took the WASSCE in 2017, 2018 and 2019. A correlation analysis of the data revealed a significant positive and moderate relationship between the core mathematics school-based assessment grades of the students and their senior school leaving certificate examination grades. Also, a multiple regression analysis of the validity of the school-based assessment scores in predicting the students' senior school certificate examination (SSCE) grades revealed that 44.1% of the total variance in students' performance in the SSCE are accounted for by three school-based assessment variables (entry grade, end of term scores and mock examination scores) when combined.

This research highlighted the application of gallery walk to enhance  students’ achievement in writing a recount text. The goal of this research are to assess  whether or not  the use of gallery walk  could foster the students’ writing score  and to find the significant difference in students’ recount text writing achievement between those who were taught by using gallery walk and  that of those who were not. This research used a quasi-experimental research design with no random sampling. The samples were taken by using purposive sampling, consisting of 37 students for the experimental and control groups. The data were collected by using a written test and administered before and after the treatment. To verify the hypotheses, the data were analyzed using paired sample t-test and independent sample-test and the calculation was done using  SPSS program. The result showed that the promotion of gallery walk could foster students’ achievement in writing a recount text and there was a sig...

The background that drives this research is to children's emotional social development is not optimal in accordance with early childhood development, so that will impact on, diversity of parenting styles and Islamic Parenting. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the parenting styles and Islamic Parenting from Keluarga Sejahtera I at Desa Raharja Tanjungsari suggest a link with the development social emotional of childrens 4 -6 years. Variable in this research is parenting styles and Islamic Parenting is X variable, development social emotional of childrens 4 -6 years is Y variable. This research uses kuantitatif research. Research method uses correlation method, data collection were taken using a questionnaire with a sample of 128 respondens. Questionnaire data processing, parenting styles that uses by parents from Keluarga Sejahtera I who have children 4 -6 years at Desa Raharja Tanjungsari, almost a half respondens uses autoritative. A half respondences with childrens 4 -5 years and almost a half respondences with childrens 5 -6 years uses Islamic Parenting. Almost all of respondences with childrens 4 -6 years, their childrens has high category of social emotional development in self awareness aspect, a sense of responsibility for self and others, and prosocial act.Based on the analysis of data, it was inferred that correlation coefficient between Islamic Parenting with childrens social emotional development 4 -5 years, have not a significant relationship. However it has significant relationship to childrens 5 -6 years. Correlation coefficient between parenting styles with childrens social emotional development of 4 -6 years, have significant relationship. Thus it can be interpreted on Islamic Parenting has no influences to childrens 4 -5 years social emotional development. However it has influences to childrens 5 -6 years and there is positively correlation between the parenting styles from Keluarga Sejahtera I at Desa Raharja Tanjungsari suggest a link with the social emotional development of childrens 4 -6 years in 2019. Therefore, more often parents uses good parenting, it can be good influences for childrens social emotional development. Keyword : parenting styles, Islamic Parenting, social emotional development, childrens 4 -6 years. Abstrak. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya anak yang belum optimal dalam melakukan tugas perkembangan sosial emosional yang sesuai dengan usianya, keragaman pola asuh dan Islamic Parenting yang dilakukan orang tua. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pola asuh dan Islamic Parenting orang tua dari Keluarga Sejahtera I dengan perkembangan sosial emosional anak usia 4 -6 tahun di Desa Raharja Tanjungsari. Variabel dalam penelitian ini yaitu pola asuh orang tua dan Islamic Parenting yang menjadi variabel X, perkembangan sosial emosional anak usia 4 -6 tahun yang menjadi variabel Y. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif, metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian korelasional, teknik pengumpulan data melalui kuesioner dengan 128 responden. Adapun hasil pengolahan data kuesioner, pola asuh yang dimiliki oleh orang tua dari Keluarga Sejahtera I anak usia 4 -6 tahun di Desa Raharja Tanjungsari, hampir setengahnya memiliki pola asuh otoritatif. Setengahnya responden orang tua anak usia 4 -5 tahun dan hampir setengahnya orang tua anak usia 5 -6 tahun melakukan Islamic Parenting. Hampir semua responden anak usia 4 -6 tahun yang memiliki perkembangan sosial emosional tinggi pada aspek kesadaran diri, aspek rasa tanggung jawab untuk diri dan orang lain, dan aspek perilaku prososial. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, menunjukkan koefesien korelasi antara Islamic Parenting dengan perkembangan sosial emosional anak usia 4 -5 tahun, tidak memiliki tingkat hubungan yang berarti. Namun memiliki tingkat hubungan yang cukup pada anak usia 5 -6 tahun. Koefesien korelasi antara pola asuh dengan perkembangan sosial emosional anak usia 4 -6 memiliki tingkat hubungan yang cukup berarti. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa Islamic Parenting tidak berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan sosial emosional anak usia 4 -5 tahun. Namun memiliki berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan sosial emosional anak usia 5 -6 tahun dan terdapat hubungan positif antara pola asuh orang tua dari Keluarga Sejahtera I

The background that drives this research is to children's emotional social development is not optimal in accordance with early childhood development, so that will impact on, diversity of parenting styles and Islamic Parenting. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the parenting styles and Islamic Parenting from Keluarga Sejahtera I at Desa Raharja Tanjungsari suggest a link with the development social emotional of childrens 4 -6 years. Variable in this research is parenting styles and Islamic Parenting is X variable, development social emotional of childrens 4 -6 years is Y variable. This research uses kuantitatif research. Research method uses correlation method, data collection were taken using a questionnaire with a sample of 128 respondens. Questionnaire data processing, parenting styles that uses by parents from Keluarga Sejahtera I who have children 4 -6 years at Desa Raharja Tanjungsari, almost a half respondens uses autoritative. A half respondences with childrens 4 -5 years and almost a half respondences with childrens 5 -6 years uses Islamic Parenting. Almost all of respondences with childrens 4 -6 years, their childrens has high category of social emotional development in self awareness aspect, a sense of responsibility for self and others, and prosocial act.Based on the analysis of data, it was inferred that correlation coefficient between Islamic Parenting with childrens social emotional development 4 -5 years, have not a significant relationship. However it has significant relationship to childrens 5 -6 years. Correlation coefficient between parenting styles with childrens social emotional development of 4 -6 years, have significant relationship. Thus it can be interpreted on Islamic Parenting has no influences to childrens 4 -5 years social emotional development. However it has influences to childrens 5 -6 years and there is positively correlation between the parenting styles from Keluarga Sejahtera I at Desa Raharja Tanjungsari suggest a link with the social emotional development of childrens 4 -6 years in 2019. Therefore, more often parents uses good parenting, it can be good influences for childrens social emotional development. Keyword : parenting styles, Islamic Parenting, social emotional development, childrens 4 -6 years. Abstrak. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya anak yang belum optimal dalam melakukan tugas perkembangan sosial emosional yang sesuai dengan usianya, keragaman pola asuh dan Islamic Parenting yang dilakukan orang tua. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pola asuh dan Islamic Parenting orang tua dari Keluarga Sejahtera I dengan perkembangan sosial emosional anak usia 4 -6 tahun di Desa Raharja Tanjungsari. Variabel dalam penelitian ini yaitu pola asuh orang tua dan Islamic Parenting yang menjadi variabel X, perkembangan sosial emosional anak usia 4 -6 tahun yang menjadi variabel Y. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif, metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian korelasional, teknik pengumpulan data melalui kuesioner dengan 128 responden. Adapun hasil pengolahan data kuesioner, pola asuh yang dimiliki oleh orang tua dari Keluarga Sejahtera I anak usia 4 -6 tahun di Desa Raharja Tanjungsari, hampir setengahnya memiliki pola asuh otoritatif. Setengahnya responden orang tua anak usia 4 -5 tahun dan hampir setengahnya orang tua anak usia 5 -6 tahun melakukan Islamic Parenting. Hampir semua responden anak usia 4 -6 tahun yang memiliki perkembangan sosial emosional tinggi pada aspek kesadaran diri, aspek rasa tanggung jawab untuk diri dan orang lain, dan aspek perilaku prososial. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, menunjukkan koefesien korelasi antara Islamic Parenting dengan perkembangan sosial emosional anak usia 4 -5 tahun, tidak memiliki tingkat hubungan yang berarti. Namun memiliki tingkat hubungan yang cukup pada anak usia 5 -6 tahun. Koefesien korelasi antara pola asuh dengan perkembangan sosial emosional anak usia 4 -6 memiliki tingkat hubungan yang cukup berarti. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa Islamic Parenting tidak berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan sosial emosional anak usia 4 -5 tahun. Namun memiliki berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan sosial emosional anak usia 5 -6 tahun dan terdapat hubungan positif antara pola asuh orang tua dari Keluarga Sejahtera I

Child and adolescence are crucial periods to promote emotional well-being as the greater part of psychological issues start at these stages, and a large number of these continue for the rest of the life. Right now, this has become a need as overall information shows an increase in the pervasiveness of emotional well-being issues in childhood and adolescence and the level of those coming to almost 20%. Factors affecting mental health are familial factors, social and environment, media, physical activity, chronic illness in child, abuse, and bereavement. These factors affect the child’s mental health from their early stages of life. Thus remembering the effect from these factors the child’s mental health to be improved. Large numbers of the psychological wellness programs carried out in schools advance the improvement of social abilities, socio-enthusiastic capabilities, and learning results while simultaneously diminishing problematic behaviour.

Although it has been well documented that overweight and obese children and adolescents frequently experience difficulties in their peer relationships, significant gaps remain in the understanding of the long-term contributions of these peer difficulties to elevated weight status. Of interest in the current study was whether the three middle childhood peer domains of acceptance, victimization, and friendships make unique and/or overlapping contributions to body mass index (BMI) across young adulthood and if these associations hold while controlling for childhood weight status and sociodemographic factors frequently associated with elevated BMI. A second goal was to examine the potential mediating links of the relationship between childhood peer difficulties and adult BMI. Data were drawn from the prospective longitudinal Child Development Project (N = 585). Results revealed concurrent bivariate associations between childhood weight status and peer difficulties in all three domains. Furthermore, each peer domain significantly predicted BMI across young adulthood. Peer acceptance, however, emerged as a unique predictor of adult BMI while controlling for childhood weight status and sociodemographic factors with poor peer acceptance predicting elevated BMI across adulthood. Moreover, gender differences in the association between childhood peer difficulties and adult BMI were identified. Additionally, negative affect in early adolescence mediated the relationship between childhood victimization and adult BMI. Possible explanations for the current findings are discussed and recommendations for future research are provided.

ii Acknowledgments iii List of Tables vi Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Early Peer Relationship Experiences 2 Mediators of Links Between Early Peer Social Experiences and Subsequent BMI ....... 5 The Current Study 8 Chapter 2: Review of Literature 9 The Prevalence of Obesity and Concerns About Associated Health Problems 10 Importance of Understanding Factors Contributing to Obesity and Weight-Related Problems References 17 Interpersonal Relationship Factors as Contributors to Obesity Development 17 Childhood Peer Relationships as a Contributor to Developmental Outcomes 18 Unique Contributions of Peer Relationship Domains 23 Potential Mediating Links between Childhood Peer Problems and Young Adult BMI 31 Potential Direct Links between Childhood Peer Problems and Young Adult BMI 42 Goals of the Present Study 44 Chapter 3: Method 45 Participants and Overview 45

The aim of this qualitative case study was to explore and describe the experience of an only-child adolescent's lived experience of parental divorce. Gestalt field and phenomenological theory in conjunction with current literature provided an overview of the theoretical underpinnings pertaining to the study. Data was obtained and thematically analysed by means of two one-on-one, in depth interviews. Findings showed that the participant experienced feelings associated with grief, bereavement and pressure due to being an only-child. These feelings included anger towards a loss of childhood, fear of losing loved ones and repeated patterns of loss in the adolescent's life, which all added to a loss of identity and control. Loneliness and a longing for a sibling to share this experience with were significantly present. The participant suffered from stress due to the unrealistic expectations from the parents as divorce seemed to have been their main focus. To cope with this pressu...

Many young people are beginning to feel isolated because of their mental and emotional decline. Perceptions of mental health can encapsulate a person’s ability to enjoy life and find a balance between health activities and efforts to achieve mental resilience. Mental health is a symptom of emotions and shows effective adaptation to a host of needs. From this perspective, this study was conducted to find ways and means of maintaining mental health among urban youth. The major objectives to conduct this study were to identify the means through which urban adolescents achieve their good mental health and to identify the impact of adolescent’s mental health on quality of life and school performance. Students of 11, 12 and first year bachelors’ were taken as sample. Descriptive method was conducted to find out the results and SPSS technique was used to analyze data. It was seen that many adolescents show common traits os stress and apply common means and strategies to cope their anxiety.

Abstrak Persepsi pola asuh ialah pandangan atau kesan individu terhadap pola perilaku yang dilakukan orangtua dari waktu ke waktu dan perilaku tersebut meliputi aktivitas memelihara, melindungi, dan membimbing anak didik. Pola asuh asuh yang diterapkan orangtua memiliki tiga tipe yaitu pola asuh autoritatif, pola asuh authoritarian, dan pola asuh permisif.Penerimaan diri ialah pemahaman dan penerimaanindividu terhadap kelebihan dan kekurangan yang ada dalam dirinya,serta potensi yang dimiliki.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan persepsi terhadap pola asuh autoritatif, authoritarian, dan permisif dengan penerimaan diri siswa/i SMK Strada III. Hasil analisis korelasi persepsi pola asuh autoritatif dengan penerimaan diri menunjukkanhubungan yang positif dan signifikan (r = 0.355). Selanjutnya, variabel persepsi terhadap pola asuh autoritarian dengan penerimaan diri menunjukkan hubungan yang negatif dan signifikan (r = -0.386). Hal ini berarti semakin banyak perlakuan pola a...

It was aimed to evaluate the relationship between the narcissism of mothers and the temperament of children which is an important age for personality development. Sample consisted of mothers who wanted to participate in the study and could be reached by using social media (n =470). Young adult mothers with less education living in nuclear families appear to Pathological Narcissism Inventory score higher. The Temperament Scale for Childeren scores of mothers aged 26-35 years were found to be statistically significantly higher than other mothers. The relationship between mothers' narcissism and their children's temperament was found to be significant. It has been observed that there is a relationship between narcissism of mothers and temperaments of children.

The banking sectors are optimistic that electronic banking (E-banking) will help them provide better customer service and strengthen customer relationships. Despite this, a relatively low priority has been given to the level of satisfaction that E-banking users in Bangladesh have regarding the quality of the services they receive and their overall experiences. Consequently, this study aims to determine the effect of service quality and customer experiences on the level of satisfaction perceived by E-banking customers in Bangladesh. Using a convenience sampling technique and a self-administered questionnaire, we gathered data from 315 E-banking customers. The independent variable (service quality and customer experience) and dependent variable (customer satisfaction) on a five-point "Likert-Type Scale" explain the degree to which participants agree or disagree with the questionnaire's statements. Covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) was utilised to analyse the gathered data. The findings of this study indicate that service quality and customer experience significantly positively affect E-banking customer satisfaction in Bangladesh. The outcomes of this study will urge the banking authorities to prioritize service quality to boost customer satisfaction by suggesting several steps to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and security of the E-banking system.

This study examines the beliefs and practices, specific to writing, of six preschool teachers using observations, interviews, photographs, and surveys. Gerde, Bingham, and Pendergast's (2015) WRITE protocol was used during observations, allowing researchers to focus on each classroom's writing environment and teachers' use of environmental print, modeling, scaffolding, and independent writing. Findings reveal that although the preschool teachers expressed strong beliefs about the importance of writing in their classrooms, their implementation of practices to support young writers varied. Implications for supporting the writing instruction of young children are discussed as well as the potential use of the WRITE protocol with pre-service and in-service teachers.

This study tested the utility of three different models of personality, namely the social and personality model, the pathological personality traits model, and the psychological dysregulation model, in predicting overt aggression, relational aggression, and delinquency in a sample of detained boys (ages 12 to 18; M age = 15.31; SD = 1.16). Results indicated that the three personality approaches demonstrated different unique associations with aggression and delinquency. The psychological dysregulation approach, composed of behavioral dysregulation, emotional dysregulation, and cognitive dysregulation, emerged as the overall best predictor of overt aggression, relational aggression, and delinquency. After controlling for the Big Five personality traits, psychological dysregulation accounted for significant variance in overt aggression and delinquency, but not relational aggression. After controlling for callousunemotional traits and narcissistic traits, psychological dysregulation also accounted for significant variance in overt aggression, relational aggression, and delinquency. The pathological personality traits approach, comprised of callous-unemotional traits, narcissistic traits, and borderline traits performed second best. In particular, within this approach borderline traits accounted for the most unique variance, followed by narcissistic traits, then callous-unemotional traits. Borderline traits accounted for significant variance in overt aggression, relational aggression, and delinquency when controlling for the Big Five traits, but not after controlling for psychological dysregulation. Narcissistic traits only accounted for significant variance in overt aggression and relational aggression after controlling for the Big Five personality traits, but not after controlling for psychological dysregulation. CU traits only accounted for significant variance in overt aggression after controlling for the Big Five personality traits, but not after controlling for psychological dysregulation. The social and personality model, represented by the vii Big Five personality traits accounted for the least amount of variance in the prediction of aggression and delinquency, on its own, and when pitted against the other two personality approaches. The exception was that the Big Five personality traits accounted for significant variance in relational aggression beyond narcissistic traits. These findings have implications for assessment and intervention with aggressive and antisocial youth.

Objective: Translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire (ECQ) a specific tool to assess intermittent claudication. Methods: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the ECQ was developed after authorization by the University of Edinburgh. It was applied to 217 individuals: São Paulo Capital District residents with complaints of leg pain. Individuals under research were invited through mass communication media to participate in the I Campaign to Fight Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD). In stage 1, participants filled out the ECQ and another questionnaire on risk factors and cardiovascular history. In stage 2, participants had anthropometric measures and ankle-brachial index (ABI) at rest measured by and/or positive VTT and/or documented PAD. Statistical analysis -which included performance assessment and the comparison between proportions and means -was performed using SAS software, version 8.2. Results: > Conclusion: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the Edinburgh claudication questionnaire maintained good sensitivity and specificity and can be recommended for screening of PAD in clinical practice and epidemiological research in Brazil.

Purpose: The aim of this systematic review was to identify published evidence on the association between common mental disorders (CMDs), changes in socioeconomic outcomes, and social mobility. Methods: Systematic literature searches were conducted across seven databases up to May 2022. Quantitative studies were included based on the following criteria: 1) cohort study design, 2) the population had a common mental disorder, 3) Outcomes reported related to social mobility and social class (due to the limited direct measures of social mobility and social class, changes in socioeconomic outcomes were included as proxies of social mobility). The identi ed studies were analysed using narrative synthesis. Results: There was more evidence for the negative intragenerational than intergenerational association of CMDs on educational attainment, income, and occupational status. Considering the intergenerational association on educational attainment, there was an association between parental mental health disorders on parent-child interactions which subsequently affects their child's mental health. This in turn may negatively impact their child's educational progression. Only one study investigated the direct association of CMDs with changes in social class and subsequent social mobility. Conclusion: Given the evidence of the negative intragenerational association between CMDs and socioeconomic outcomes, it is important to promote mental health interventions adapted to the work and educational environment that adequately equip individuals to maintain their own mental health. Additionally, within the home environment, there is a need to further understand how negative parent-child interactions impact a child's mental health and develop strategies to mitigate how this may impact subsequent social mobility.

This paper explores the connection between various forms of anxiety and panic attacks and deficits in the development of core emotional competencies: neutralization, mentalization, object wholeness and object constancy, tolerance of ambivalence and frustration, will, and initiative. These competencies represent fundamental emotional processing and regulation capacities that enable individuals to cope with life's challenges and the emotions they evoke. When underdeveloped, each of these competencies gives rise to a specific form of anxiety: a deficit in neutralization leads to anxiety related to emotional overload and loss of control; impaired mentalization is associated with social anxiety and misinterpretation of one's own and others' actions; a lack of object wholeness results in persecutory anxiety and fear of disillusionment or guilt when love and aggression are directed toward the same object; compromised object constancy underlies separation anxiety; low frustration tolerance manifests as anxiety in the face of unmet needs; insufficient ambivalence tolerance produces decisionmaking anxiety; a weakened will leads to anxiety around self-support and persistence; and deficits in initiative evoke fears of visibility, rivalry, and symbolic "castration anxiety." These distinct anxieties are frequently observed in clients suffering from one of the eight identified types of panic attacks. Identifying the specific fears associated with each underdeveloped emotional competency allows clinicians to detect areas of deficit and focus therapeutic work on unlocking and strengthening the relevant capacity, using targeted techniques outlined in the taxonomy of therapeutic goals within OLI Integrative Psychodynamic Psychotherapy.

Background Proper parent-child interaction is crucial for child development, but an assessment tool in Chinese is currently lacking. This study aimed to develop and validate a parent-reported parent-child interaction scale for Chinese preschool children. Methods The Chinese parent-child interaction scale (CPCIS) was designed by an expert panel based on the literature and clinical observations in the Chinese context. The initial CPCIS had 14 parent-child interactive activity items. Psychometric properties of the CPCIS were examined using the Rasch model and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent validity was investigated by the associations between CPCIS and family income, maternal education level, and children's school readiness. The study recruited 567 Chinese parent-child pairs from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds, who completed the CPCIS. Six out of the 14 items in the initial CPCIS were dropped due to suboptimal fit values. The refined 8-item CPCIS was shown to be valid and reliable by Rasch models and CFA. The person separation reliability and Cronbach's α of the CPCIS were 0.81 and 0.82, respectively. The CPCIS scores were positively associated with family's socioeconomic status (η 2 = 0.05, P < 0.001), maternal education level (η 2 = 0.08, P < 0.001), and children's school readiness (η 2 = 0.01, P < 0.01). Conclusion CPCIS is an easily administered, valid, and reliable tool for the assessment of parent-child interactions in Chinese families.

Anxiety represents the behavioral, emotional and cognitive response of the person on experience if potential or future danger. Pathological anxiety occurs when this reaction is unreasonable, that is it is not proportionate to the stress or challenge, and it leads to intense fear, nervousness and impaired functioning. Anxiety can occur in any period of life. Adolescence is a turbulent developmental period that increases the risk of young people to develop numerous mental disorders. Numerous predictors determinate the development of anxiety in adolescents. Prevention of anxiety disorders in adolescents is a public health priority, therefore it is necessary to identify risk factors and implement activities to suppress these factors.

This research explored the occurrence of aha-experiences in young children during participatory creative processes within STEAM learning. The study aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the specific conditions that contribute to the emergence of these aha-experiences. A series of activities were designed and implemented as part of a participatory observation study at the Municipal Center for Early Childhood Education and Care in Tokyo, Japan. The STEAM sessions involved the use of a Wind Tunnel and colorful scarves, engaging infants and toddlers in exploratory interactions with the device and materials alongside their classmates, teachers, and the first author, referred to as researcher T. Through video recordings, the researchers conducted microanalysis of the collected data. The findings confirmed that children's aesthetic sensitivity was activated during aha-experiences. Furthermore, this heightened sensitivity encouraged active participation from their teachers in the creative process. The study employed a socio-cultural approach to creativity theory to interpret these aha-experiences in the context of STEAM learning. It highlighted the participatory nature of creativity and the role of aesthetic sensitivity in young children's learning. Additionally, the study provided insights for educators and caregivers on how to support the development of creativity in infants and toddlers within STEAM learning environments.