Economics

The authors would like to thank the management of a large mid-western manufacturer, the management of electronic shelf label manufacturer, and other anonymous participants in our studies, without whom this study wouldn't have been possible. The authors would also like to thank Andy Caplin and Julio Rotemberg for inspiring comments and suggestions in their roles as discussants of our previous papers at the NBER and the American Economic Association meetings, and the seminar participants at the University of Minnesota (CSOM) and the University of Pennsylvania (Wharton) for comments. Finally, we thank Bob

In this paper we argue that pricing is all about price changes, and that the costs of price changes are often simultaneously subtle and substantial. We discuss a framework to deal with the dynamics of changing prices. This framework incorporates customer interpretations of price changes, an awareness of the organizational costs of price changes, investments in future pricing processes, and an understanding of the role that supply chains play in price change strategy. The framework can be used at the tactical level to improve the specific price changes chosen and made, at the managerial level to decide whether or not to make a particular price change at all,

We study the price adjustment practices and provide quantitative measurement of the managerial and customer costs of price adjustment using data from a large U.S. industrial manufacturer and its customers. We nd that price adjustment costs are a much more complex construct than the existing industrial-organization or macroeconomics literature recognizes. In addition to physical costs (menu costs), we identify and measure three types of managerial costs (information gathering, decision-making, and communication costs) and two types of customer costs (communication and negotiation costs). We nd that the managerial costs are more than 6 times, and customer costs are more than 20 times, the menu costs. In total, the price adjustment costs comprise 1.22% of the company's revenue and 20.03% of the company's net margin. We show that many components of the managerial and customer costs are convex, whereas the menu costs are not. We also document the link between price adjustment costs and price rigidity. Finally, we provide evidence of managers' fear of antagonizing customers. I have no answer to the question of how to measure these menu change costs, but these [menu cost] theories will never be taken seriously until an answer is provided. Edward Prescott (1987, p. 113) Given the large number of theoretical papers that evaluate the implications of [price] adjustment costs, obtaining direct evidence that such costs are present seems crucial. Margaret Slade (1998, p. 104)

In this paper we explore the possibility, heretofor unexplored in the marketing literature, that firms "invest funds" in their pricing processes. This builds on some of the recent economic work on the costs of price adjustment. To do this we undertook a two-year, cross-disciplinary, ethnographic study on the nature of investments made by senior managers to enhance the effectiveness of the pricing processes within their firms. We discovered at least three distinct types of investments that managers at these firms made to price more effectively, which we term as the three capitals of pricing -human capital, systems capital and social capital. Our evidence suggests that pricing is really about managing both prices and investments in the pricing capital used to set and adjust those prices. The existence of these three forms of pricing capital provides a new perspective on pricing strategy, suggesting that firms compete on prices simultaneously in three different ways within their organizations. First, they compete on whether to invest in pricing capital versus or other areas of capital investment, such as plant, equipment, etc. Second, they decide what form of pricing capital to invest in -human, systems or social. Third, they set and adjust prices constrained by the existing pricing capital they have in place at the time of their pricing actions. We discuss the implications of these three forms of pricing capital and these new perspectives on pricing for the marketing, economics and strategy literature.

For too long, most people who run companies have made a variety of unwarranted but detrimental assumptions about pricing. Changing prices, for example, has been looked upon as an easy, quick and reversible process, and new technologies have only reinforced this way ...

Pelbagai usaha melibatkan inovasi dan teknologi berkaitan teknik penanaman dan pengeluaran hasil telah diberi penekanan oleh organisasi yang terlibat dalam penanaman kelapa sawit. Usaha ini bertujuan untuk menjamin kesejahteraan pekebun kecil sawit antaranya melalui interaksi dan pendedahan terhadap kaedah penanaman serta aktiviti hiliran. Oleh itu, kajian dilakukan untuk mengenalpasti tindakbalas pekebun kecil sawit terhadap pelbagai inovasi dan teknologi yang diperkenalkan oleh agensi terbabit. Hal ini perlu diberi penekanan kerana maklumat daripada pihak agensi berkaitan menjelaskan bahawa produktiviti per hektar di kawasan kajian tidak mencapai sasaran pengeluaran yang ditetapkan oleh pihak agensi. Seramai 300 orang pekebun kecil sawit di daerah Lahad Datu, Semporna dan Tawau di Sabah telah ditemubual dengan menggunakan soal selidik. Hasil kajian dianalisis secara diskriptif bagi memahami kekangan pekebun kecil sawit terhadap penggunaan inovasi dan teknologi dalam penanaman kelapa sawit di kawasan kajian. Dapatan kajian mendapati majoriti pekebun kecil menjelaskan bahawa kekangan penggunaan inovasi dan teknologi berpunca daripada faktor pemilikan tanah, masalah akses kepada kredit, akses kepada pasaran output dan input serta kekangan terhadap sumber dan bukan sumber. Kekangan tersebut telah mewujudkan jurang interaksi antara organisasi dengan pekebun kecil sawit. Jurang berkenaan telah mendorong mereka untuk terus bergantung kepada orang tengah. Oleh itu, pihak agensi dan pekebun kecil sawit perlu bekerjasama untuk menambahbaik jurang dengan memberi penekanan terhadap program inovasi dan teknologi dalam institusi pekebun kecil.

Perumahan yang sempurna ialah yang dapat memenuhi keperluan penghuni, memberi kesejahteraan kepada isi rumah dan seterusnya memacu kepada peningkatan kualiti hidup. Program Perumahan Rakyat (PPR) merupakan program pembangunan rumah untuk rakyat di kawasan bandar yang tidak mempunyai kediaman sendiri sama ada untuk disewa atau dimiliki mengikut kawasan. Program ini memberi manfaat kepada penghuni bandar untuk menjalani kehidupan yang selesa seterusnya dapat mencapai kesejahteraan hidup. Namun terdapat tiga isu sosioekonomi dalam pelaksanaan skim PPR ini iaitu perpaduan, sosial dan ekonomi. Justeru, tujuan penulisan artikel ini untuk membincangkan impak sosioekonomi dan politik terhadap Program Perumahan Rakyat (PPR) Lembah Subang, Selangor. Kajian ini menggunakan metodologi secara kuantitatif melalui penggunaan instrumen borang soal selidik bagi mengumpul data daripada responden. Seramai 360 orang responden terlibat dan rujukan terhadap data sekunder iaitu artikel jurnal, kertas pers...

While most cultures are a heritage of many nations most are alien and are adopted to achieve certain goals. Malawi is endowed with a rich culture but unfortunately reading is not among them. A reading nation is an informed and knowledgeable society that can contribute positively to economic transformation of its country and efforts being made in adopting the culture of reading are a manifestation. It is not surprising that the now so familiar phrase "developing a reading culture" has found itself a place amongst the media's daily vocabulary. The development of this culture should start at an early stage of childhood and nurture it to adulthood and in the process building a literate nation that can transform itself into an informed and knowledgeable society able to play their rightful role in the global village. Poor delivery of information services in the rural areas is, however, contributing highly to lower levels of educational standards and high levels of illiteracy. Further to this, the digital divide between the developed and developing nations is putting the rural masses at a great disadvantage in as far as access to relevant and timely information is concerned. A reading culture if developed at a tender age will ensure that pupils/students are well equipped to excel in their studies thereby improving the standards of education among the rural masses. In addition, deliberate efforts should be made to empower the rural masses with literacy skills that will improve their livelihoods. Innovative solutions should also be explored to provide low-cost means of accessing Information Communications Technologies which creates economic, political and social empowerment for the rural people in the developing world.

This paper attempts to construct an overview of female, non-agricultural wage labour in India. The task not only involves outlining the broad patterns of such labour in the urban Indian setting in terms of levels of participation, rates of earnings, and kinds of employment during the process of industrialisation, but also entails plotting the broad intersections which connect national and regional country analyses. The overview draws on a range of micro studies (e.g.

No. Alumni Universitas HENDRI WAHYUDI No. Alumni Fakultas BIODATA a)Tempat / tanggal lahir: Bukittinggi / 20 Januari 1987 b) Nama orang tua:H.Hirwandi c) Fakultas : Ekonomi d) Jurusan : Manajemen e) No. Bp :0910525170 f) Tanggal Lulus : 02 Mei 2012 g) Predikat Lulus : Sangat Memuaskan h) IPK : 3,01 i) Lama Studi : 2 Tahun10 Bulan h) Alamat Orang Tua : Jl.Hamka No 30B Bukittinggi. PENGARUH BAURAN PROMOSI PADA KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN KONSUMEN MOBIL TOYOTA AUTO 2000 CABANG PADANG Skripsi S1 oleh : Hendri Wahyudi Pembimbing : Alfitman, SE.M.Sc ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh bauran promosi pada keputusan pembelian konsumen mobil Toyota Auto 2000 Cabang Padang. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah Penjualan perseorangan (X1), Promosi penjualan (X2), Periklanan (X3) dan Hubungan masyarakat (X4) yang mempengaruhi keputusan pembelian konsumen. Dalam penelitian ini populasi yang diambil adalah 100 orang responden yang pernah mengambil keputusan untuk memb...

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The livestock sector is emerging as one of the fastest growing agricultural sub-sectors in India and the expectations are that this growth could further accelerate due to growing incomes and the high income elasticity of demand for livestock products. Given the size and relatively equitable distribution of livestock in India, this presents an excellent opportunity for the country to boost rural incomes and accelerate the pace of poverty reduction. But, successful capitalisation of such opportunities requires a policy regime that facilitates growth in productivity at the farm level as well as in the processing sector. The productive potential of animals depends crucially on the quality of nutrition, genetic material and the animal health system, and on all these counts, India has a poor record. The public sector continues to be the primary provider of veterinary services, and the deteriorating fiscal situation of most state governments is making it extremely difficult to either expand the reach of these services or improve the quality of service delivery. Although, on efficiency grounds, there is good rationale for commercialised delivery of these services, serious concerns prevail in India about the equity implications of private sector delivery or full cost recovery within the government system. Evaluation of the desirability of user fees or private delivery of livestock services requires an understanding of the factors influencing the demand for these services. This paper examines the nature of demand for veterinary services in three states of India and presents first estimates of demand elasticities for veterinary services. The results indicate that price is not an important determinant of the decision to use these services. Also, practically no variation is found in price elasticities across income groups. These results suggest that the fears of sharp declines in the use of these services as a result of full cost recovery and/or private sector delivery are unfounded.

The main objective of the working paper series of the IIMA is to help faculty members, research staff and doctoral students to speedily share their research findings with professional colleagues and test their research findings at the pre-publication stage. IIMA is committed to maintain academic freedom. The opinion(s), view(s) and conclusion(s) expressed in the working paper are those of the authors and not that of IIMA.

The paper reviews nutrition and feeding programmes in Bangladesh with a focus in school milk, then proposes a new school milk programme for pilot testing based on lessons learned from elsewhere specially Thai dairy development and the role of school milk in it.

In the changing market environment of livestock products, the delivery of animal health services is emerging as an important priority area for enhancing the competitiveness of poor livestock producers. At the same time, governments are continuing to face serious budgetary difficulties and are finding it difficult to expand the reach of these services or improve service quality. In this context of a changing environment and dwindling public resources, this paper revisits the economic framework that has thus far guided thinking about public and private sector roles in the provision of animal health services and examines the ongoing debate on livestock service delivery for the poor. The paper highlights the importance of strong institutions and appropriate legislation for regulating behaviour and enforcing contracts and re-emphasises the idea, which is supported by economic theory, that there is a need for task sharing between the public and private sectors. The paper further emphasizes the need for: a) integrating the debate on livestock service delivery with the larger debate on political economy and institutional development, and b) ensuring service access in poor marginal areas by working through membership organisations, self-help groups and civil society organisations, and by promoting the use of paraprofessionals and community-based animal health delivery systems.

This paper presents the results of a field survey on use patterns and demand for clinical veterinary services in one of the poorest states of India, namely, Orissa. A demand function was estimated using Poisson regression and demand elasticities were obtained for various income groups. The survey shows that large numbers of households, including the poor, pay prices that are significantly higher than those prescribed. There is no targeting of cheaper services towards the poor. The analysis also suggests that for a given service and place of service, the poor actually paid more on a per veterinary visit basis. As a result, the rate of service utilisation was significantly lower for poor households. Demand analysis confirmed that the demand for veterinary services is not determined by subsidised service delivery, but by access to output markets and general awareness levels. In the light of these findings, the paper makes a number of recommendations for redefining the role of the Government in veterinary service delivery in Orissa.

This chapter describes the challenges of veterinary service delivery in an environment where most livestock keepers are smallholders. Studies in 4 states of India, representing different economic, social, market and production contexts, have analysed the distributional outcomes of an animal health policy. This chapter summarizes the results of these studies to illustrate the contribution that economic analysis can make to animal health policy.

Ravallion, Gurushri Swamy, and seminar participants at the World Bank, the Economic Planning Unit in the Office of the Prime Minister of Malaysia, and the Philippines Institute for Development Studies. Special thanks are due to Valerie Kozel for her substantial contribution to the conception of this book, as well as for her thoughtful comments on an earlier version. The book was edited by Paul Holtz and laid out by Glenn McGrath, both with American Writing Corporation. vi Economic Growth in East Asia, 1965-95 East Asia is a diverse region, both in terms of where its economies are today and their growth history (table 1.1). The distinction made in the World Bank's East Asian Miracle between a first group of four "tigers" (Hong Kong, China; the Republic of Korea; Singapore; and Taiwan, China), a second group of newly industrialized countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand), and a third group of others is useful (World Bank 1993a). Part of the objective of this study is to refocus attention on the third group, the "other" economies, that may have been neglected in the past because of the emphasis various studies put on economic growth. Though the majority of East Asia's population lives in these countries, they were excluded from consideration, for instance, in the East Asian Miracle (World Bank 1993a). This group can be subdivided into three groups: China, a transition economy with more than 1 billion inhabitants and, currently, the highest rate of economic growth in the world; the transition economies (except China) of Cambodia, Lao PDR, Mongolia, and Vietnam; and the Philippines and Papua New Guinea. 1 Hong Kong (China), Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan (China) have enjoyed high growth rates, with per capita gross domestic product (GDP) rising by more than 6 percent a year during 1965-80. As a result they are now upper-middle-or high-income economies, with per capita incomes above $10,000.2 Korea, which had a GDP per capita lower than that of the Philippines in 1965, has grown by 770 percent in the thirty years since. Hong Kong (China) and Singapore are among the fifteen richest economies in the world, with per capita incomes above $20,000. Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand picked up momentum somewhat later. During 1965-80, with growth rates between 3.5 and 5.0 percent a year, their performance was distinctly less impressive than that of the tigers, yet already superior to that of any other economy in the region for which data are available, and above the developing country average for the period (3.5 percent). Except in Indonesia, their growth rates were even higher during 1980-95. Though their performance was not as stellar as that of the tigers, these economies were still substantially richer in 1995 than they had been thirty years earlier.

The main objective of the working paper series of the IIMA is to help faculty members, research staff and doctoral students to speedily share their research findings with professional colleagues and test their research findings at the pre-publication stage. IIMA is committed to maintain academic freedom. The opinion(s), view(s) and conclusion(s) expressed in the working paper are those of the authors and not that of IIMA.

The main objective of the working paper series of the IIMA is to help faculty members, research staff and doctoral students to speedily share their research findings with professional colleagues and test their research findings at the pre-publication stage. IIMA is committed to maintain academic freedom. The opinion(s), view(s) and conclusion(s) expressed in the working paper are those of the authors and not that of IIMA.

The livestock sector is emerging as one of the fastest growing agricultural sub-sectors in India and the expectations are that this growth could further accelerate due to growing incomes and the high income elasticity of demand for livestock products. Given the size and relatively equitable distribution of livestock in India, this presents an excellent opportunity for the country to boost rural incomes and accelerate the pace of poverty reduction. But, successful capitalisation of such opportunities requires a policy regime that facilitates growth in productivity at the farm level as well as in the processing sector. The productive potential of animals depends crucially on the quality of nutrition, genetic material and the animal health system, and on all these counts, India has a poor record. The public sector continues to be the primary provider of veterinary services, and the deteriorating fiscal situation of most state governments is making it extremely difficult to either expand the reach of these services or improve the quality of service delivery. Although, on efficiency grounds, there is good rationale for commercialised delivery of these services, serious concerns prevail in India about the equity implications of private sector delivery or full cost recovery within the government system. Evaluation of the desirability of user fees or private delivery of livestock services requires an understanding of the factors influencing the demand for these services. This paper examines the nature of demand for veterinary services in three states of India and presents first estimates of demand elasticities for veterinary services. The results indicate that price is not an important determinant of the decision to use these services. Also, practically no variation is found in price elasticities across income groups. These results suggest that the fears of sharp declines in the use of these services as a result of full cost recovery and/or private sector delivery are unfounded.

The historical root of the Anuak-Nuer conflict and interaction can be traced back to the eastward expansion of the eastern Jikany Nuer groups. The findings suggest that conflicts and interactions between two groups aggravated and shaped by the new developments in Ethiopia and Sudan. This study analyzes the context and origins of the conflict between the two groups and explains the key determinants of the conflict. The study of the conflict and interaction between Nuer and the Anuak would partly explain how the security and unity of the Sudan and Ethiopia is being challenged and questioned in the twentieth first century.

Agricultural extension approaches and methods in developing countries have been changing in recent years to reflect a new development paradigm that emphasizes sustainability, institutional change, and a participatory learning process leading to local capacity building and empowerment. The purpose of this paper is to reflect upon how agricultural extension approaches and methods have adapted to these changes in recent years by analyzing the main directions of reform in extension approaches and methods and the potential Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) has for moving the extension profession towards a development paradigm that embraces learning rather than teaching processes.

Agricultural extension approaches and methods in developing countries have been changing in recent years to reflect a new development paradigm that emphasizes sustainability, institutional change, and a participatory learning process leading to local capacity building and empowerment. The purpose of this paper is to reflect upon how agricultural extension approaches and methods have adapted to these changes in recent years by analyzing the main directions of reform in extension approaches and methods and the potential Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) has for moving the extension profession towards a development paradigm that embraces learning rather than teaching processes.

Exchange. The research method uses quantitative methods from secondary data of financial analysis on 16 companies from 30 companies on the IDX Index that have a high level of liquidity and have a large capitalization selected by the IDX (Indonesia Stock Exchange) with several selection criteria, the selection is carried out by the IDX regularly 2 times every year, namely in February and August. from 2014-2018 and data from Bank Indonesia on economic growth and inflation in the same year. The data analysis technique used multiple regression. The results show that the influence of external factors in the form of economic growth and inflation is more dominant than the company's internal factors in the form of DY (Dividend Yield), EPS (Earning Per Share), ROE (Return On Equity), PER (Price Earning Ratio) affect stock returns. Implementation for companies that go public needs to pay attention to the dynamics of environmental changes, especially the inflation rate which can cause investors to sell their shares, while this phenomenon is an opportunity for some investors to get a cheaper share price than many other investors have released.

This study aims to examine the relationship between Bond Ranking and Earnings Management. In this study consists of dependent variables, namely earnings management, independent variables of Bond Rating and control variables of company size and company growth. The research population is non-financial companies in Indonesia. Based on the results of purposive sampling obtained 14 companies with 40 samples that met the criteria. In this study conducted using multiple linear regression analysis. The results show that bond ratings are related to earnings management while company size and company growth are not related to earnings management.

This study aims to determine the comparison of external and internal influences on stock returns on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The research method uses quantitative methods from secondary data of financial analysis on 16 companies from 30 companies on the IDX Index that have a high level of liquidity and have a large capitalization selected by the IDX (Indonesia Stock Exchange) with several selection criteria, the selection is carried out by the IDX regularly 2 times every year, namely in February and August. from 2014-2018 and data from Bank Indonesia on economic growth and inflation in the same year. The data analysis technique used multiple regression. The results show that the influence of external factors in the form of economic growth and inflation is more dominant than the company's internal factors in the form of DY (Dividend Yield), EPS (Earning Per Share), ROE (Return On Equity), PER (Price Earning Ratio) affect stock returns. Implementation for companies that go pu...

The prevailing belief, dating from Adam Smith, that the balance- of-trade was the dominant facet of English economic policy since the time of Thomas Mun, is questioned. It is argued that Samuel Fortrey is a more likely "founder" for this doctrine and that the influence of the balance-of-trade is due almost entirely to politics. THE POLITICAL BALANCE OF TRADE . . . ? ? "Before they learn there Is a God to be worshipped they learn there are Frenchmen to be detested," Fougebert de Montbron, quoted by Roy Porter, English Society in the Eighteenth Century * It is well-known that concern for the Balance-of-Trade is the distinguishing mark of the economic thought of the century prior to Adam Smith. No one would deny that the balance-of-trade is one impor- tant aspect of trade. What is striking is the enormous importance attached to the Balance-of-Trade under the Mercantile System. Was the almost hysterical stress laid upon the Balance-of-Trade a sign of demented economic thought or was the hysteria a cover for some noneconomic objectives of the pamphleteers? Adam Smith attributed the Balance-of-Trade doctrinea phase I shall use throughout to indicate the near exclusive emphasis given to this concept -to a failure to distinguish real from nominal wealth and suggested that the doctrine originated with Thomas Mun In the 1620s. In this paper, I shall try to focus more precisely on the rise of the Balance-of-Trade (interpreted in the extreme sense noted above) in order to suggest that Thomas Mun had very little to do with the rise of this doctrine. Rather, Samuel Fortrey appears to have been the most influential figure in arousing popular concern. This suggests that the doctrine of the Balance-of-Trade may have been a cover for discussing the non- economic dangers of the Anglo-French Trade and, if the conjecture is reasonable, it would require a substantial change in our view about "Mercantilism." A long-established tradition in the history of economic thought credits the East India merchant, Thomas Mun, with being the chief

We consider the bilateral contract satisfaction problem arising from electrical power networks due to the proposed deregulation of the electric utility industry in the USA. Given a network § and a set (or multiset) of pairs of vertices (contracts) with associated demand functions that reflect the amount of flow which needs to be sent between the pairs of vertices, the goal is to find the maximum number of simultaneously satisfiable contracts. Four different algorithms for bilateral contract satisfaction problems are considered: (i) SMALLEST-FIRST HEURISTIC (ii) LARGEST-FIRST HEURISTIC (iii) RANDOM-ORDER HEURISTIC and (iv) ILP-RANDOMIZED ROUNDING: an integer linear programming based approximation algorithm with proven performance guarantee in restricted cases. The main focus of the paper is to study how the heuristics performed in fairly realistic settings. For this purpose we used an approximate electrical power network from Colorado. From our preliminary analysis, it appears that although the first three heuristic algorithms do not have a worst-case guarantee, they outperform the theoretically better ILP-RANDOMIZED ROUNDING algorithm. We also tested the algorithm on four types of scenarios that are likely to occur in a deregulated marketplace. The empirical results show that the networks that are adequate in regulated marketplace might not be adequate for satisfying all the bilateral contracts in a deregulated industry. Our studies indicate that simple clearing mechanisms that are currently in use in many of the power markets are computationally fast and near-optimal in their use of network capacity; also, a linear programming upper bound on the quality of any solution, turns out to be a very good bound in practice. ¨Basic and Applied Simulation Sciences, (D-2), and Computer and Computational Science (CCS-3),

In this article we investigate the statistical properties of wholesale electricity spot and futures prices traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange for delivery at the California–Oregon Border. Using daily data for the years 1998 and 1999, we find that many of the characteristics of the electricity market can be viewed to be broadly consistent with efficient markets. The futures risk premium for 6‐month futures contracts is estimated to be 0.1328% per day or about 4% per month. Using a GARCH specification, we estimate minimum variance hedge ratios for electricity futures. Finally, we study the dynamic relation between spot and futures prices using an Exponential GARCH model and between the spot and futures returns series using a vector autoregression. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 23:931–955, 2003

We build an agent based computational framework to study large commodity markets. A detailed representation of the consumers, producers and the market is used to study the micro level behavior of the market and its participants. The user can control players' preferences, their strategies, assumptions of the model, its initial conditions, market elements and trading mechanisms. The first part of the paper describes the computational framework and its three main modules. The later part describes a case study that examines the decentralized market in detail, specifically the computational options available for matching the buyers and suppliers in a synthetic market. The study illustrates the sensitivity of the outcome of various economic variables, such as clearing price, quantity, profits and social welfare, to different matching schemes in a bilateral computational setting. Based on seven different matching orders for the buyers and suppliers, our study shows that the results can vary dramatically for different pairing orders.

Employees' response to organizational change remains pivotal in determining the success of change initiatives, especially within public sector organizations. This study aims to explore the determinants of change readiness among civil servants. Data was gathered through surveys of 350 civil servants involved in organizational change processes. Various factors influencing change readiness were identified, and their direct impact was assessed. Furthermore, the study delved into the mediating role of adaptability in the relationship between these factors and change readiness. Results indicate that organizational identification exerts a positive yet statistically insignificant influence on employees' change readiness, while managerial climate significantly impacts employees' change readiness. Adaptability emerged as a mediator between these factors and employees' change readiness. This research contributes to understanding the determinants of employees' adaptability and change readiness, offering valuable insights into human resources management and organizational development.

We show that data on subjective expectations, especially on outcomes from counterfactual choices and choice probabilities, are a powerful tool in recovering ex ante treatment effects as well as preferences for different treatments. In this paper we focus on the choice of occupation, and use elicited beliefs from a sample of male undergraduates at Duke University. By asking individuals about potential earnings associated with counterfactual choices of college majors and occupations, we can recover the distribution of the ex ante monetary returns to particular occupations, and how these returns vary across majors. We then propose a model of occupational choice which allows us to link subjective data on earnings and choice probabilities with the non-pecuniary preferences for each occupation. We find large differences in expected earnings across occupations, and substantial heterogeneity across individuals in the corresponding ex ante returns. However, while sorting across occupations is partly driven by the ex ante monetary returns, non-monetary factors play a key role in this decision. Finally, our results point to the existence of sizable complementarities between college major and occupations, both in terms of earnings and non-monetary benefits.

The study sought to assess the moderation effect of interest on the relationship CAMEL rating system and financial stability of commercial banks in Kenya. The paper originates from the Doctoral dissertation of the first author in which the co-authors served as supervisors. Causal research design was utilized and a census of forty-one commercial banks in Kenya was undertaken for the period 2013 to 2019. Information asymmetry theory and liquidity shiftability were utilized. Interest rate insignificant moderated the nexus between CAMEL rating variables and financial stability with the exception of asset quality. Interest rate only moderated asset quality and financial stability nexus significantly. It was recommended that the Central Bank of Kenya set interest rates in view of the prevailing economic situation. The study further puts forward the recommendation that commercial banks should strive towards reducing non-performing loans which can be through the setting up of effective cred...

The study sought to examine the effect of CAMEL rating model on financial stability of commercial banks in Kenya. This paper was extracted from the Doctoral dissertation of the first author where the co-authors served as supervisors. Buffer capital theory and efficiency structure theory were utilized. Causal research design was used and a census of forty-one commercial banks was undertaken focusing on the period 2013 to 2019. The panel regression analysis revealed that out of the CAMEL rating variables, only earnings ability had significant effect on financial stability of commercial banks in Kenya. It was recommended that the Central Bank of Kenya motivates earnings (profitability) targets to be in accordance with the size (category) of banks. This is as the earnings ability of commercial banks vary from bank to bank. This will in turn facilitate the improvements and sustenance of financial stability by commercial banks. The study recommends that bank managers when setting earnings...

referência conceitual 2 2. A expansão recente do agronegócio -questões e contradições derivadas 7 3. Dinâmicas complexas nas regiões de fronteira agrícolaanotações introdutórias 36 4. Conclusão 49 5. Referências 49 Nos últimos anos presenciamos no Brasil, a expansão em dimensões importantes, do modelo produtivo conhecido como agronegócio. Esse crescimento acelerado produziu aumentos expressivos na produção agropecuária, superávits na balança de comércio exterior, e dinamizou a economia de amplas regiões e setores, onde antes imperava a calmaria e o baixo dinamismo socioeconômico. Uma dessas regiões é conhecida hoje como sendo o "arco do desmatamento", região situada ao norte dos estados de Mato Grosso, Rondônia, Tocantins e sul do Pará, Maranhão e Piauí. Uma região que nas décadas anteriores viu brotar do meio da floresta e dos cerrados, fazendas de criação de gado e pequenas cidades, e enfrenta agora a aceleração do processo produtivo com a expansão do plantio das pastagens, da cultura da soja e algodão e a urbanização acelerada de sua população. Ocorre que, ao lado desse dinamismo econômico começam a surgir evidências de que a sustentabilidade desse modelo pode e deve ser questionada em vista da construção de novas estratégias de desenvolvimento, para uma das últimas regiões do mundo a conservar enorme biodiversidade em imensas áreas contínuas, de milhões de Kilômetros de extensão de florestas. Uma luta onde não está em jogo somente a floresta amazônica, mas possivelmente a vida de todo o planeta Terra. O presente artigo busca discutir essa evolução recente do agronegócio, sua expansão nas novas fronteiras agrícolas e seus impactos sobre aspectos ambientais e sociais, a fim de contribuir para a compreensão da dinâmica de sua evolução. Também procura abordar questões que explicitam as forças que estariam por trás dos recentes aumentos na taxa de desmatamento, utilizando para isso da análise das dinâmicas complexas nessas regiões de fronteira agrícola. As questões que procurarei aproximar preliminarmente com o trabalho seriam:  Quais fatores impactam direta e indiretamente sobre a evolução socioeconômica da região do arco do desmatamento?  Qual a relação direta e indireta entre soja, pecuária e desmatamento?  Qual o efeito dos mercados externo e interno sobre a expansão do agronegócio?  Qual o papel das políticas públicas, em especial das políticas ambientais sobre a restrição/evolução ao agronegócio nas regiões de fronteira? Pretendo, portanto, analisar, de forma preliminar, a partir dos elementos coletados, as relações e condicionantes que levaram à expansão do agronegócio nas regiões de fronteira agrícola, e verificar como se materializam e evoluem as interfaces mercado -políticas públicas nessas regiões. O trabalho está organizado em quatro capítulos. No primeiro procuro abordar brevemente os principais conceitos utilizados no texto, sem, contudo fazer uma reflexão teórica exaustiva ou definitiva sobre os mesmos. No segundo capítulo abordo a evolução sofrida pelo agronegócio brasileiro nas últimas décadas em todo o país, focando a partir do início da década de 1950, quando começa a se constituir a agricultura "moderna" que temos atualmente. No terceiro capítulo busco refletir sobre a influência de diversas políticas públicas sobre a região de fronteira agrícola brasileira, ao longo das últimas décadas. É um exercício ainda preliminar, que aponta elementos a serem aprofundados proximamente em vista da tese. No quarto capítulo desenvolvo o que seria a primeira aproximação da análise que procura levar em conta a complexidade de fatores atuando sobre a dinâmica da fronteira agrícola brasileira. Esse capítulo deveria apontar o que poderia ser a riqueza de uma análise que parte do pressuposto que a leitura da realidade deva incorporar as diversas dimensões de modo a dar conta da complexidade real das relações socioeconômicas e ambientais que perpassam a região de fronteira agrícola. Talvez este seja o capítulo em que tenha conseguido menos evoluir, dado que ele representa um capítulo de síntese, onde espero ser possível revisitar os processos, buscando interpretá-los na sua dimensão de complexidade. Contudo, o estágio atual de elaboração e domínio teórico-empírico sobre as dinâmicas regionais não me permite avançar tanto quanto gostaria, assim como o tempo de maturação de minha reflexão ainda não cumpriu seu ciclo. Espero, ainda que com essas limitações, poder contribuir para uma melhor compreensão dos fenômenos inerentes ao processo de constituição e evolução recente das regiões de fronteira, tanto em termos de identificação, ainda que parcial, do estado da arte sobre o tema, como também no levantamento de novas questões e indagações a serem aprofundadas proximamente, nos outros trabalhos. Para fins das análises propostas para o presente estudo utilizarei os seguintes conceitos: fronteira agrícola, territorialidade, agronegócio, e sustentabilidade. Para José de Souza Martins a fronteira se referiria as áreas pouco acessíveis e despovoadas, cuja ocupação se daria mediante a incorporação de áreas à produção para o mercado. Ele a caracteriza como "um espaço social e tempo histórico nos quais os diferentes e os desiguais se encontram e se desencontram em constantes relações de conflitos e tensão, e nos quais o outro é percebido como alguém inferior, selvagem, e que pode e é dominado e explorado (In Sayago, 2004, pág. 142). Para Bertha Becker ( ), a fronteira é um termo genérico que designa um componente do sistema espacial em formação (fronteira agrícola, mineral, de recursos naturais). Como tal, é um espaço não plenamente estruturado e por isso mesmo, potencialmente gerador de realidades novas, que, no entanto, evolui se estabilizando, surgindo novas dinâmicas, contextos diferenciados e gerando identidade cultural. (Sayago, Tourrand e Bursztyn, 2004). Em relação à Amazônia, BECKER afirma que, como resultado de uma configuração complexa a Amazônia não é mais apenas uma fronteira móvel, adquirindo uma dinâmica regional própria. Existem várias fronteiras em coexistência na região. É impossível hoje, mais do que nunca, compreender o que se passa num lugar e, consequentemente, conceber e implantar políticas públicas adequadas, sem considerar os interesses e as ações conflituosas das diferentes escalas geográficas. Para o escopo do presente trabalho estamos adotando esse conceito de BECKER onde a fronteira se caracterizaria como um componente do sistema espacial em formação, um espaço não

referência conceitual 2 2. A expansão recente do agronegócio -questões e contradições derivadas 7 3. Dinâmicas complexas nas regiões de fronteira agrícolaanotações introdutórias 36 4. Conclusão 49 5. Referências 49 Nos últimos anos presenciamos no Brasil, a expansão em dimensões importantes, do modelo produtivo conhecido como agronegócio. Esse crescimento acelerado produziu aumentos expressivos na produção agropecuária, superávits na balança de comércio exterior, e dinamizou a economia de amplas regiões e setores, onde antes imperava a calmaria e o baixo dinamismo socioeconômico. Uma dessas regiões é conhecida hoje como sendo o "arco do desmatamento", região situada ao norte dos estados de Mato Grosso, Rondônia, Tocantins e sul do Pará, Maranhão e Piauí. Uma região que nas décadas anteriores viu brotar do meio da floresta e dos cerrados, fazendas de criação de gado e pequenas cidades, e enfrenta agora a aceleração do processo produtivo com a expansão do plantio das pastagens, da cultura da soja e algodão e a urbanização acelerada de sua população. Ocorre que, ao lado desse dinamismo econômico começam a surgir evidências de que a sustentabilidade desse modelo pode e deve ser questionada em vista da construção de novas estratégias de desenvolvimento, para uma das últimas regiões do mundo a conservar enorme biodiversidade em imensas áreas contínuas, de milhões de Kilômetros de extensão de florestas. Uma luta onde não está em jogo somente a floresta amazônica, mas possivelmente a vida de todo o planeta Terra. O presente artigo busca discutir essa evolução recente do agronegócio, sua expansão nas novas fronteiras agrícolas e seus impactos sobre aspectos ambientais e sociais, a fim de contribuir para a compreensão da dinâmica de sua evolução. Também procura abordar questões que explicitam as forças que estariam por trás dos recentes aumentos na taxa de desmatamento, utilizando para isso da análise das dinâmicas complexas nessas regiões de fronteira agrícola. As questões que procurarei aproximar preliminarmente com o trabalho seriam:  Quais fatores impactam direta e indiretamente sobre a evolução socioeconômica da região do arco do desmatamento?  Qual a relação direta e indireta entre soja, pecuária e desmatamento?  Qual o efeito dos mercados externo e interno sobre a expansão do agronegócio?  Qual o papel das políticas públicas, em especial das políticas ambientais sobre a restrição/evolução ao agronegócio nas regiões de fronteira? Pretendo, portanto, analisar, de forma preliminar, a partir dos elementos coletados, as relações e condicionantes que levaram à expansão do agronegócio nas regiões de fronteira agrícola, e verificar como se materializam e evoluem as interfaces mercado -políticas públicas nessas regiões. O trabalho está organizado em quatro capítulos. No primeiro procuro abordar brevemente os principais conceitos utilizados no texto, sem, contudo fazer uma reflexão teórica exaustiva ou definitiva sobre os mesmos. No segundo capítulo abordo a evolução sofrida pelo agronegócio brasileiro nas últimas décadas em todo o país, focando a partir do início da década de 1950, quando começa a se constituir a agricultura "moderna" que temos atualmente. No terceiro capítulo busco refletir sobre a influência de diversas políticas públicas sobre a região de fronteira agrícola brasileira, ao longo das últimas décadas. É um exercício ainda preliminar, que aponta elementos a serem aprofundados proximamente em vista da tese. No quarto capítulo desenvolvo o que seria a primeira aproximação da análise que procura levar em conta a complexidade de fatores atuando sobre a dinâmica da fronteira agrícola brasileira. Esse capítulo deveria apontar o que poderia ser a riqueza de uma análise que parte do pressuposto que a leitura da realidade deva incorporar as diversas dimensões de modo a dar conta da complexidade real das relações socioeconômicas e ambientais que perpassam a região de fronteira agrícola. Talvez este seja o capítulo em que tenha conseguido menos evoluir, dado que ele representa um capítulo de síntese, onde espero ser possível revisitar os processos, buscando interpretá-los na sua dimensão de complexidade. Contudo, o estágio atual de elaboração e domínio teórico-empírico sobre as dinâmicas regionais não me permite avançar tanto quanto gostaria, assim como o tempo de maturação de minha reflexão ainda não cumpriu seu ciclo. Espero, ainda que com essas limitações, poder contribuir para uma melhor compreensão dos fenômenos inerentes ao processo de constituição e evolução recente das regiões de fronteira, tanto em termos de identificação, ainda que parcial, do estado da arte sobre o tema, como também no levantamento de novas questões e indagações a serem aprofundadas proximamente, nos outros trabalhos. Para fins das análises propostas para o presente estudo utilizarei os seguintes conceitos: fronteira agrícola, territorialidade, agronegócio, e sustentabilidade. Para José de Souza Martins a fronteira se referiria as áreas pouco acessíveis e despovoadas, cuja ocupação se daria mediante a incorporação de áreas à produção para o mercado. Ele a caracteriza como "um espaço social e tempo histórico nos quais os diferentes e os desiguais se encontram e se desencontram em constantes relações de conflitos e tensão, e nos quais o outro é percebido como alguém inferior, selvagem, e que pode e é dominado e explorado (In Sayago, 2004, pág. 142). Para Bertha Becker ( ), a fronteira é um termo genérico que designa um componente do sistema espacial em formação (fronteira agrícola, mineral, de recursos naturais). Como tal, é um espaço não plenamente estruturado e por isso mesmo, potencialmente gerador de realidades novas, que, no entanto, evolui se estabilizando, surgindo novas dinâmicas, contextos diferenciados e gerando identidade cultural. (Sayago, Tourrand e Bursztyn, 2004). Em relação à Amazônia, BECKER afirma que, como resultado de uma configuração complexa a Amazônia não é mais apenas uma fronteira móvel, adquirindo uma dinâmica regional própria. Existem várias fronteiras em coexistência na região. É impossível hoje, mais do que nunca, compreender o que se passa num lugar e, consequentemente, conceber e implantar políticas públicas adequadas, sem considerar os interesses e as ações conflituosas das diferentes escalas geográficas. Para o escopo do presente trabalho estamos adotando esse conceito de BECKER onde a fronteira se caracterizaria como um componente do sistema espacial em formação, um espaço não

La cooperación internacional al desarrollo ha sido divulgada como una operación<br />que se realiza con el objetivo de promover el desarrollo y crecimiento económico<br />de los países. Sin embargo, la cooperación no solamente se basa en la idea del<br />mejoramiento económico de los países sino también en las relaciones políticoeconómicas<br />que los países tienen y en la forma en que éstos administran los recursos.<br />Esto sugiere que el estudio de la cooperación debe abordar contextos, políticas e<br />ideales tanto de los cooperantes como de los beneficiarios. En el presente artículo<br />se desarrollaron dos modelos econométricos, estimados a través de datos panel.<br />Primero, un modelo de selectividad que hace referencia a la cantidad de dinero<br />desembolsado a sectores estratégicos de la economía por parte de los donantes y,<br />segundo, un modelo de eficacia de la cooperación para valorar la incidencia de l...

This paper focuses on the growth and convergence of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern European EU countries (CESEE). We argue that the factors behind the pre-crisis growth model of the region -skilled yet affordable labour force, foreign direct investment, imports of productivity-enhancing technology -are petering out, and are yet to be substituted. We propose a new growth model centred around a shift towards more home-grown innovation, digitalisation, climate change mitigation and a strong focus on skills, labour and social inclusion to leave the middle income trap behind for good and to boost economies' growth prospects in a post-COVID world. Based on analysis of firm-level data, we highlight the prerequisites of making this transition happen.

The on-going debate about income and wealth inequality has recently hit the sphere of monetary policymaking: some analysts argued that the quantitative easing would benefit the rich at the expense of the poor, whereas some argued the contrary. This briefing paper reviews the arguments on both sides, while going back to the relationship between conventional monetary policy and income inequality. An empirical test on the Euro area shows that monetary policy has an impact on the unemployment rate, hours worked and the inflation rate. We interpret it as a positive, though relatively minor, effect of conventional and unconventional monetary policies on equality in the Euro area.

The present work has by definition the study of reverse logistics applied to solid waste disposal and the importance of disclosure of voluntary delivery points (PEV's) in São José dos Campos. Its purpose is to study the PEV's by zoning, seeking to show how the disclosure or lack of it influences the incorrect disposal of urban solid waste that can generate environmental imbalance if not properly treated. The methodology of this work is based on a research with exploratory purpose, has a qualitative approach and the chosen procedure was the data collection. The questioning consists of the question, how does disclosure influence the correct disposal of solid waste by residents? The results were obtained through interviews, a questionnaire and documentary analysis via the internet, where it was obtained information that the creation of PEV's aims to reduce discarded materials on urban roads and there are also expansion projects for neighborhoods such as Urbanova and Aquarius (West Zone) that are not yet met. After performing this work it can be verified that the objectives were achieved through the research method. It was realized that the disclosure is an essential factor for the correct disposal of the population. The achievement of the objectives allowed the answer that the disclosure directly interferes with the way in which solid waste is disposed of in São José dos Campos, considering that in most cases the knowledge about PEV's occurs through the communication between the residents themselves. Which consequently causes many officials to complain that the citizen does not always know the materials that the PEV's actually receives.

In this study, the differences between the socio economic characteristics and agricultural applications of the producers who had soil analysis and those who did not were determined in Edirne and Tekirdağ provinces, and a comparative analysis was done in terms of fertilization and soil analysis applications. In each province, 3 laboratories which had the most sample acceptance number for soil analysis were selected. In 2015, a total of 200 producers were interviewed, including 60 producers from 20 producers who applied to the laboratories and benefited from soil analysis subsidies, and 40 producers with similar characteristics who did not benefit from soil analysis subsidies in the same regions. The differences between the socio-economic characteristics of the producers were determined by non-linear canonical correlation analysis. It was seen that the education level of the producers, the total size of the land they cultivated, having non-agricultural income and having agricultural insurance were the most important variables in the differences between the producers who had soil analysis and those who did not.

Vanadium redox flow batteries have, in previous studies, shown to have great potential for large-scale energy storage applications. Due to their beneficial characteristics, such as long lifetime, safety and flexible sizing the technology could be used for several different applications. In this study, the economic and technological feasibility of integrating a vanadium redox flow battery with a 100 MW wind farm is assessed. Different applications and operating schedules were tested. Simulating models have been built using conditional statements or linear optimisation and solved in MATLAB. Results suggested that a model which stacked power levelling with frequency regulation had the highest profitability. For this model the payback time was shown to be 10 years and the net present value was around 1.2 M€ for a 5 MW/10 MWh battery. However, the battery had around 820 annual charge/discharge cycles, which could be a limiting factor of the battery's lifetime. A sustainability assessment was carried out which concluded that the battery can be seen as sustainable, given that the battery is manufactured and operated under safe conditions. iv Vanadin redox-flödesbatterier har visat stor potential för storskaliga energilagringsapplikationer i tidigare studier. På grund av deras fördelaktiga egenskaper, såsom lång livstid, säkerhet och skalningsflexibilitet har teknologin många användningsområden. I denna studie utreds den ekonomiska och teknologiska möjligheten att integrera ett vanadium redox-flödesbatteri med en 100 MW vindpark. Olika applikationer och driftsstrategier testades. Simuleringsmodeller har byggts där linjäroptimering eller villkorssatser har tillämpats och dessa har lösts i MATLAB. Den mest ekonomiskt gynnsamma modellen var en modell där kraftbalansering och primär frekvensreglering kombinerades. Denna modell visade en återbetalningstid på 10 år och ett nuvärde på 1.2 M€ för en batteristorlek på 5 MW/10 MWh. Däremot hade batteriet 820 laddning/urladdnings cykler på år, vilket kan vara en begränsade faktorn för batteriets livstid. En hållbarhetsbedömning gjordes där slutsatsen kunde dras att batteriet kan anses hållbart, förutsatt att batteritillverkningen och driften görs under säkra förutsättningar. This M.Sc. thesis has been carried out during the spring of 2018 at KTH Royal Institute of Technology and is the final examination part in the M.Sc. program "Sustainable Energy Engineering". The thesis was commissioned by ÅF -Renewables and Energy Strategy, which have provided support and information throughout the study. The supervision of this thesis was partly funded by the STandUP for Energy project. First, we would like to express special thanks to Janine af Klintberg and Jakob Dotevall, for helping us throughout the project and supporting us when necessary. Thank you for giving us the chance to work together with ÅF. We would also like to thank our supervisor, Anders Malmqvist for providing excellent support and reviews of the report. Lastly, we would like to thank Erik Bergström at Statkraft and Maria Eriksson at Svenska kraftnät. Thanks for your patience with our questions about the power market. Without your help this thesis would not have been possible.