Agricultural Economics

The livestock sector is emerging as one of the fastest growing agricultural sub-sectors in India and the expectations are that this growth could further accelerate due to growing incomes and the high income elasticity of demand for livestock products. Given the size and relatively equitable distribution of livestock in India, this presents an excellent opportunity for the country to boost rural incomes and accelerate the pace of poverty reduction. But, successful capitalisation of such opportunities requires a policy regime that facilitates growth in productivity at the farm level as well as in the processing sector. The productive potential of animals depends crucially on the quality of nutrition, genetic material and the animal health system, and on all these counts, India has a poor record. The public sector continues to be the primary provider of veterinary services, and the deteriorating fiscal situation of most state governments is making it extremely difficult to either expand the reach of these services or improve the quality of service delivery. Although, on efficiency grounds, there is good rationale for commercialised delivery of these services, serious concerns prevail in India about the equity implications of private sector delivery or full cost recovery within the government system. Evaluation of the desirability of user fees or private delivery of livestock services requires an understanding of the factors influencing the demand for these services. This paper examines the nature of demand for veterinary services in three states of India and presents first estimates of demand elasticities for veterinary services. The results indicate that price is not an important determinant of the decision to use these services. Also, practically no variation is found in price elasticities across income groups. These results suggest that the fears of sharp declines in the use of these services as a result of full cost recovery and/or private sector delivery are unfounded.

The livestock sector is emerging as one of the fastest growing agricultural sub-sectors in India and the expectations are that this growth could further accelerate due to growing incomes and the high income elasticity of demand for livestock products. Given the size and relatively equitable distribution of livestock in India, this presents an excellent opportunity for the country to boost rural incomes and accelerate the pace of poverty reduction. But, successful capitalisation of such opportunities requires a policy regime that facilitates growth in productivity at the farm level as well as in the processing sector. The productive potential of animals depends crucially on the quality of nutrition, genetic material and the animal health system, and on all these counts, India has a poor record. The public sector continues to be the primary provider of veterinary services, and the deteriorating fiscal situation of most state governments is making it extremely difficult to either expand the reach of these services or improve the quality of service delivery. Although, on efficiency grounds, there is good rationale for commercialised delivery of these services, serious concerns prevail in India about the equity implications of private sector delivery or full cost recovery within the government system. Evaluation of the desirability of user fees or private delivery of livestock services requires an understanding of the factors influencing the demand for these services. This paper examines the nature of demand for veterinary services in three states of India and presents first estimates of demand elasticities for veterinary services. The results indicate that price is not an important determinant of the decision to use these services. Also, practically no variation is found in price elasticities across income groups. These results suggest that the fears of sharp declines in the use of these services as a result of full cost recovery and/or private sector delivery are unfounded.

In this study, the differences between the socio economic characteristics and agricultural applications of the producers who had soil analysis and those who did not were determined in Edirne and Tekirdağ provinces, and a comparative analysis was done in terms of fertilization and soil analysis applications. In each province, 3 laboratories which had the most sample acceptance number for soil analysis were selected. In 2015, a total of 200 producers were interviewed, including 60 producers from 20 producers who applied to the laboratories and benefited from soil analysis subsidies, and 40 producers with similar characteristics who did not benefit from soil analysis subsidies in the same regions. The differences between the socio-economic characteristics of the producers were determined by non-linear canonical correlation analysis. It was seen that the education level of the producers, the total size of the land they cultivated, having non-agricultural income and having agricultural insurance were the most important variables in the differences between the producers who had soil analysis and those who did not.

Objective: This study analyzed the stages of the material storage process in an industry that operates in the industrial hub of Manaus. Theoretical Framework: The research was based on the theories of processes and storage to build a theoretical architecture that summarizes the state of the art. Method: The method used was a survey, with data collected using a semistructured interview script and another observation script, analyzed using the client-supplier technique and organized using tables summarizing the stages and their contents and objectives. Results and Discussion: The results showed that a) there are eight stages in the storage process used, including a previous stage of weighing the material; b) the more complex stages are performed with a greater number of sub-stages, which allows for fewer failures in the operations as the labor force and technological instruments are specialized in their execution; and c) the specific objectives of each stage are aligned with the intended objective of the storage process. Implications of the Research: The findings show that the empirically observed stages are in line with the theoretical architecture of the study, with the first and last stages being, respectively, reception and dispatch, and the intermediate stages varying according to the type of material and specificities of the production process. Originality/Value: The main contributions of the study to science were the proposition of a conceptual definition for the materials storage process and the confirmation that this process begins with reception and ends with dispatch, differing in the intermediate stages.

This paper explores how agricultural technology has interacted with recent land use in the UK and how it might do so in the next 50 years. From 1960 to 1985, farmers successfully used technology to increase the output of crop and animal products per unit of land and particularly of labour. This reduced the number of people employed in agriculture, and promoted larger and more specialised farm enterprises. Between 1985 and 2006, food prices were relatively low, and although labour productivity continued to increase, land productivity remained relatively static. However during this period, farmers started to address the effects of agriculture on reduced water quality and habitat loss. For established agricultural products, technological innovation tends to have an incremental effect, working through genetic improvement, the removal of abiotic and biotic stress (e.g. crop nutrition and protection, irrigation and drainage, and animal nutrition, health and housing) and the substitution of labour. Whereas the first two processes tend to be scale-neutral, the substitution of labour is usually best achieved on larger farms. Other key areas for technological innovation include addressing air, soil and water quality, biodiversity, waste reduction, and information management. Over the next 50 years, large step changes in land use arising from agricultural technology are predicted to arise from the development of new markets for agricultural products. A strong bioenergy sector will strengthen the links between crop commodity and energy prices and will have a major effect on future land use. Climate change and the regulation of greenhouse gas emissions will alter the relative profitability of crop and animal production systems. Lastly, increased public awareness of the links between food, health and the environment could substantially shift the demand for specific agricultural products Continual improvements in agricultural technology are pivotal to providing society with the flexibility to balance the challenges of improving human well-being with the management of the planet"s ecosystem. Increased technological innovation increases the probability that agricultural land can be used for other purposes, but their exact relationship is dependent on trade and environmental policies. The large external effects of agriculture mean that decisions regarding the adoption of future technologies should be taken by farmers working with other stakeholders.

This study identified the determinants of ICT and smart farming (ICT&SF) technology adoption intensity by Japanese agricultural corporations. Primary data were collected from a Japan nationwide questionnaire survey on "Business Development and Innovation in Agricultural Corporation Management" in 2019. Data of 183 agricultural corporations in Japan were analyzed through descriptive analysis and negative binomial modeling. The results showed that 175 out of 183 corporations had adopted at least one ICT&SF technology until 2019, indicating an overall adoption rate of 95.6%. Majority (84.7%) of corporations were limited companies and stock companies, and 86.9% of the corporations were qualified to own farmlands. Regarding the profile of corporate representatives, over one third of the representatives graduated from universities. Based on the empirical results, corporate forms, eligibility to own farmland, sales targets, profit targets, main product and self-evaluation of ICT utilization and information management significantly affected the adoption of ICT&SF technologies adoption. In terms of the characteristics of corporate representatives, those who graduated from specialized schools and vocational colleges tended to adopt more ICT&SF technologies.

En 2001, la consommation annuelle de fruits du Vietnam etait estimee a 4 millions de tonnes. Cette consommation connait, en moyenne sur les quinze dernieres annees, une progression de l'ordre de 2.3% par an en volume. Cette consommation locale de fruits est couverte a 97 % par la production nationale et le marche interieur permet d'ecouler 93 % de la production. On peut estimer en 2004 le marche potentiel des fruits (valeur des achats et de l'auto-consommation) a 307 millions de dollars. Avec moins d'un quart de la population, les centres urbains representent cependant pres de la moitie du marche domestique des fruits. Pour l'annee 2000, la consommation individuelle de fruits de l'ordre de 23 kg par personne et par an. Cette consommation est plus elevee chez les urbains et augmente avec le revenu des foyers. On assiste a une diversification des especes consommees. Les fruits importes de Chine inspirent la mefiance des consommateurs qui redoutent la presence d...

En 2001, la consommation annuelle de fruits du Vietnam etait estimee a 4 millions de tonnes. Cette consommation connait, en moyenne sur les quinze dernieres annees, une progression de l'ordre de 2.3% par an en volume. Cette consommation locale de fruits est couverte a 97% par la production nationale et le marche interieur permet d'ecouler 93% de la production. On peut estimer en 2004 le marche potentiel des fruits (valeur des achats et de l'auto-consommation) a 307 millions de dollars. Avec moins d'un quart de la population, les centres urbains representent cependant pres de la moitie du marche domestique des fruits. Pour l'annee 2000, la consommation individuelle de fruits de l'ordre de 23 kg par personne et par an. Cette consommation est plus elevee chez les urbains et augmente avec le revenu des foyers. On assiste a une diversification des especes consommees. Les fruits importes de Chine inspirent la mefiance des consommateurs qui redoutent la presence de ...

Improving technical efficiency of smallholder farmers is one of the options to increase wheat yield in developing countries. This paper assesses technical efficiency, factors for inefficiency and the yield gap due to technical inefficiency in major wheat producing regions of Ethiopia, where the support to agricultural research for development of strategic crops (SARD-SC) wheat project has been implemented using primary data collected from 946 sample households operating 1616 wheat plots. One-step stochastic frontier approach with a Translog production form was used for econometric analysis. The results show that the mean technical efficiency of the overall sample is 0.769 meaning about 23% technical inefficiency in the system implying that the sample wheat producers are producing at a yield gap of 659 kg/ha. Different input variables contribute for wheat yield. It also reveals that education, oxen ownership, credit, soil fertility, using tractor, and using improved seed (in Tigray) were found to improve technical efficiency of wheat producers either for the overall or for some regions. On the contrary, family labor negatively affects efficiency in Oromia and in overall sample, while using improved seed (in Amhara and SNNP), plot distance and crop rotation (in Oromia) had a negative effect on technical efficiency.

This paper lays out a simple Ramsey three sector growth model. Each sector employs two economy-wide factors of production, while the primary sector also employs a sector specific factor. Two sec- tors are tradable. The motivation arises from a number of appli- cations in which this basic framework can serve as a point of de- parture. These include the effect of a primary sector on the path of economic development and, more recently, contributions that sug- gest resource-abundant countries tend to be high-price economies that, consequently, miss-out on export-led growth. Since the model has a "market based" specification, it can also be used to capture numerous other policy interventions and modified to depict incomplete markets.

We test for the presence of low-dimensional chaotic structure in the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) Index. While we find strong evidence of nonlinear dependencies, the evidence is not consistent with chaos. Our test results indicate that ARCH-type processes generally explain the nonlinearities in the data. We also show that employing seasonally adjusted index series contributes to obtaining robust results via some of the existing tests for chaotic structure.

We test for the presence of low-dimensional chaotic structure in the Stock Exchanges of Indonesia and Malaysia. While we find strong evidence of nonlinear dependencies, the evidence is not consistent with chaos. Our test results indicate that ARCH-type processes generally explain the nonlinearities in the data. We also show that employing seasonally adjusted index series contributes to obtaining robust results via some of the existing tests for chaotic structures.

Energy represents an important share of production costs for many agricultural commodities. Previous studies have found mixed evidence of a pass-through relationship between oil prices and agricultural commodity prices, a relationship that has the potential to disrupt farm-level decision making. We propose that these mixed findings are in part due to heterogeneity in the pass-through relationship across time horizons. We use a new wavelet-based regression approach to explore horizon-based heterogeneity in the relationship between oil and agricultural commodity prices. We find strong evidence of heterogeneity across time horizons and commodities. We develop a stylized model of agricultural production and show that agricultural contracts can generate price stickiness that leads to heterogeneity in input price pass through over different horizons. We also find evidence that recent technological shifts have led to a structural change in this horizon-based heterogeneity.

This paper investigates the daily volatility spillovers between crude oil prices and a select group of agricultural staples. Empirical findings confirm that the price series under study exhibit nonlinear dependencies which are inconsistent with chaotic pattern. The Johansen-Juselius cointegration test rules out long-run equilibrium relationships between the crude oil prices and the commodities under study. The dynamic conditional correlations (DCC) suggest that the association between agricultural commodities and the crude oil varies over time. The spectral and cross spectral analyses confirm that volatilities in crude oil prices are associated with volatilities in the agricultural products in the sample. Bivariate EGARCH model and the Granger causality tests confirm this relationship.

This paper investigates the daily volatility spillovers between crude oil prices and a select group of agricultural staples. Empirical findings confirm that the price series under study exhibit nonlinear dependencies which are inconsistent with chaotic pattern. The Johansen-Juselius cointegration test rules out long-run equilibrium relationships between the crude oil prices and the commodities under study. The dynamic conditional correlations (DCC) suggest that the association between agricultural commodities and the crude oil varies over time. The spectral and cross spectral analyses confirm that volatilities in crude oil prices are associated with volatilities in the agricultural products in the sample. Bivariate EGARCH model and the Granger causality tests confirm this relationship.

Energy represents an important share of production costs for many agricultural commodities. Previous studies have found mixed evidence of a pass‐through relationship between oil prices and agricultural commodity prices, a relationship that has the potential to disrupt farm‐level decision making. We propose that these mixed findings are in part due to heterogeneity in the pass‐through relationship across time horizons. We use a new wavelet‐based regression approach to explore horizon‐based heterogeneity in the relationship between oil and agricultural commodity prices. We find strong evidence of heterogeneity across time horizons and commodities. We develop a stylized model of agricultural production and show that agricultural contracts can generate price stickiness that leads to heterogeneity in input price pass through over different horizons. We also find evidence that recent technological shifts have led to a structural change in this horizon‐based heterogeneity.

We test for the presence of low-dimensional chaotic structure in the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) Index. While we find strong evidence of nonlinear dependencies, the evidence is not consistent with chaos. Our test results indicate that ARCH-type processes generally explain the ...

We conduct tests for the presence of low-dimensional chaotic structure in the futures prices of four important agricultural commodities. Though there is strong evidence of non-linear dependence, the evidence suggests that there is no long-lasting chaotic structure. The dimension estimates for the commodity futures series are generally much higher than would be for low dimension chaotic series. Our test results indicate that autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)-type processes, with controls for seasonality and contract-maturity effects, explain much of the non-linearity in the data. We make a case that employing seasonally adjusted price series is important in obtaining robust results via some of the existing tests for chaotic structure. Finally, maximum likelihood methodologies, that are robust to the non-linear dynamics, lend strong support to the Samuelson hypothesis of maturity effects in futures price changes.

Using cross-sectional data obtained through carrying out a sample survey conducted during 2018, we examined the perception of farmers and millers about the paddy and rice procurement system and its feasibility. A probit model was employed to ascertain the factors influencing the likelihood of participating in the procurement system by farmers from two districts of Bangladesh. The results showed that the government procurement system has significant impacts on both the participant farmers and millers. The farmers and millers' net profit was TK 4,205 and TK 3,930 by selling a ton of paddy and cleaned rice, respectively, to the procurement center rather than in the local market. The probit regression analysis revealed nine different factors that significantly influenced farmers' participation in the paddy procurement programme. Results further implied that educated farmers had procurement cards with sufficient system knowledge, residing near the hub with improved road access, a...

We estimate revealed willingness to pay for animal welfare using a panel mixed logit model. We utilize a unique household level panel, combining real purchases with survey data on perceived public and private good attributes of different types of eggs. We estimate willingness to pay for organic eggs controlling for trust in a positive connection between the public good animal welfare and the organic label and the private good food safety also connected to the label. Our results suggest that in the real world, animal welfare plays a minor role in the demand for agricultural products.

Cowpea covers the largest area of any grain legume in Africa and is especially important in West Africa where Nigeria and Niger alone account for over 75% of the total cowpea production in the world. Despite successes of international and national cowpea improvement research in the development and release of several improved varieties, there is limited empirical evidence of adoption and ex‐post impacts of improved cowpea. Using a nationally representative survey data from a sample of 1,525 cowpea‐growing households in northern Nigeria cultivating over 2,500 cowpea plots, we assess the adoption and impacts of improved cowpea varieties on cowpea yields, net returns and production costs. We apply a control function approach and propensity score matching models to estimate the causal effects of adoption of improved cowpea varieties. Our results show that 38% of the cowpea plots were planted with improved varieties, and cowpea yields, net returns and production costs increase significant...

Regional economic development has the primary objective to increase the number and types of job opportunities for local communities. To achieve this goal, local governments and communities must take the initiative of local development. Gross Regional Domestic Product (GDP) from year to year is one indicator of the success of regional development, in which the role of each economic sector is crucial. The size of the revenue contribution of each economic sector is the result of planning and sectoral development undertaken in the area. Barito Kuala District contributed by 9 (nine) sectors of the economy namely agriculture, mining and quarrying, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water supply, building, trade, hotels and restaurants, transport and communications, finance, leasing and business services, and services. To know the economic sectors with the potential to be developed as supporting economic growth in Barito Kuala District researcher tried to do research with the title Analys...

Burning of rice straw after rice harvest in the Rice Wheat System of North west India can be overcome by sowing wheat into rice straw with the help of a machine called the ‘Happy Seeder’. The adoption of zero tillage and retaining rice straw on the soil surface alters the nitrogen demand of the wheat crop due to changes in soil temperature and soil moisture under rice straw mulch, which in turn affects microbial growth. The microbes can either immobilise nitrogen or mineralise it and thus affects the plant growth. A field experiment was conducted to optimise the management of N fertilizer for wheat production under rice straw mulch so as to ensure high grain yield, high N use efficiency. Whilst band placement of nitrogen fertiliser at 180 kg/ha resulted in higher grain yield when rice straw was burnt, banding was not effective in increasing yield when straw was retained. The retention of rice straw as a mulch also resulted in higher mineral N concentrations remaining in the soil aft...

RESUMO Objetivamos com este estudo avaliar a composição bromatológica da silagem de milho semeado em diferentes densidades de plantas com diferentes espaçamentos entre linhas. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por três populações de plantas de milho, 45, 60 e 75 mil plantas/ha, combinadas em dois espaçamentos entre linhas, 0,45m e 0,90m, em delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (3 populações x 2 espaçamentos). Os teores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fi bra bruta (FB), fi bra em detergente neutro (FDN), fi bra em detergente ácido (FDA), extrato etéreo (EE), extrativo não nitrogenado (ENN), matéria mineral (MM) e nutrientes digeríveis totais (NDT), não apresentaram diferença (P>0,05) tanto para as densidades (45.000, 60.000 e 75.000 plantas/ha) quanto para o espaçamento entre linhas (0,45m e 0,90m). O fator espaçamento interagiu com fator densidade de plantas na concentração de fi bra em detergente ácido (FDA) pres...

Background: Cassava is a major staple root crop in Ghana, which serves as a food security and an income generating crop for farming families. In spite of its importance, the crop is plagued with biotic factors such as pests and diseases, resulting in yield and income reductions. Methods: Farmers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards cassava pest and disease management were investigated. A mixed method research questionnaire was used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data from 94 cassava farm households across two major cassava growing agro-ecologies. Results: Using descriptive statistics, parametric and non-parametric analysis, our study revealed that farmers’ knowledge on cassava pests was high but low for diseases. Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius), grasshoppers (Zonocerus variegatus), aphids (Aphis gossypii Glover), mealybugs (Phenacoccus manihoti), termites (Isoptera), and grasscutters (Thryonomys swinderianus) were perceived as the most common damaging pest...

This paper challenges widely accepted assumptions regarding gendered patterns of labour: firstly, that capitalist development pulls women into non-agricultural employment and secondly, that women's unpaid labour largely comprises the production of non-market goods and services within the home. Conventional demand and supply arguments on gender gaps in non-agricultural employment overlook the significance of patriarchal labour relations and the influence of women's unpaid farm work on their participation in paid employment. Here we use crosscountry panel data analysis and a case study from India with a difference-indifferences model to demonstrate that legal discrimination against women in land inheritance curtails female participation in nonagricultural paid employment. This occurs through several mechanisms, by: (1) keeping women in agriculture as unpaid family workers, (2) restricting women's access to education, and (3) exacerbating the trend of rural women's marriage migration. The paper thereby contributes an explanation for the apparent paradox observed in developing countries where persistent gender gaps in non-agricultural paid employment coexist with economic growth. It also suggests that tackling barriers to female labour participation by using policies which focus solely on the provision of childcare in urban areas is insufficient; rather, an exit package offering occupational training, guaranteed employment and housing is required to support women's transition out of unpaid agricultural labour.

Postharvest losses assessment of horticultural crops in south wollo, at two districts were investigated using data from220 farmers and 80 traders. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and focus group discussion. The results revealed that the performance of using irrigation water is very interesting (96.4% of respondents) but there is shortage of irrigation water (21.8%). The problem of pest and disease is one of the major productionlimiting factors as replied by most of respondents (44.8%) and the problem is severe during winter. The major causes of postharvest losses as replied by the respondents are preharvest infection (46.4%) and others (25%) replied both infection and injury. The general postharvest losses of commodities as replied by the producers is estimated as <5% (50% of respondents) 5-10% (34.1% of respondents) and 10-20% (13.2% of respondents). The losses of individual crops at different stages of handling (farmers level, transportation and storage) is s...

The planned research into Leyte tree farms, including the tree farm timber assessment and attitude and intentions survey, will provide valuable information for modelling timber supply. Development of 'yield tables' will allow prediction of timber turnoff from these tree farms for perhaps a ...

The economic concepts of imperfect markets and incomplete information are examined, in the context of the market for smallholder timber in Leyte Province in the Philippines. A strategy is advanced to carry out timber market research, which involves identification of the supply chain and stakeholder groups in the Leyte timber market, snowball sampling to identify initial market agents, making contact with market agents to obtain initial information and identify those willing to be interviewed, and an interview survey with an unstructured ...

Presenta algunos antecedentes sobre las condiciones de la economia campesina y la produccion de alimentos y de los fundamentos de la agropiscicultura y de los sistemas integrados, dando ejemplos prehispanicos y asiaticos. Analiza la experiencia de chinampas y granjas integradas en Mexico, especialmente en sus aspectos tecnicos y sociales. Discute criterios tecnicos y metodos educativos a ser considerados en los proyectos de desarrollo rural y agropiscicultura.

The National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS) conducted in Indonesia in September 2021 found that the average consumption of red chili per month was 0.15 kilograms (kg) per capita per month. The average consumption of fresh chili per month is 40.90 thousand tons, and the cumulative total reached 490.83 thousand tons in 2021. Uneven chili production across time and region makes prices fluctuate, which affects inflation by 0.01-0.07%. Another problem is the imbalance of supply and demand between time and region, which impacts farmers' welfare. Setting planting time and location and improving distribution can solve these problems. The application of technology that can extend the life of fresh chilies for one month is a solution for chili distribution from farmers to areas with high demand. One-wave roasting and drying technology can extend chilies' freshness for six months. By producing chilies that have a shelf life of more than three months, it is possible to store them in Agricultural Economics and Agri-Food Business 2 warehouses using the warehouse receipt system. The application of the warehouse receipt system to chili commodities is also an alternative to solving postharvest problems. The distribution and application of technology that can extend the life of chili can increase its economic value and make chili not a commodity that contributes to Indonesian inflation.

Objectives : To study the prevalence, types, motivations, and physician’s awareness regarding the usage of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in postmenopausal women at Srinagarind hospital Methods : This was a cross sectional descriptive study.  A survey was conducted between July and October 2013 in 200 postmenopausal women with general gynecologic problems who attended outpatient department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Srinagarind hospital, a tertiary care hospital, in northeastern region of Thailand. The pre-validated questionnaires for determining the prevalence, types, motivations and awareness of the physicians in CAM were used. Results : The mean age of the participants was 56.1 years. The prevalence of current CAM used was 63%. Ya Satree was the most common used (18.6%) followed by Fermented herb juice (16.5%) and Chlorophyll (13.1%). The most important motivation of participants in decision to use CAM was the recommendation of acquaintance people or friends (79....

The seed producer companies are important for achieving the technology to adapt mainly through promoting their equipment for access and transportation the water resources and services. The aims of this study were to develop a better understanding the irrigation system used by the vegetable seed companies' producers, and to identify the main constraints of access to irrigation for vegetable seed production in Mali. The focus discussion was used to collect data from 9 vegetables seeds compagnies producers and descriptive statistics were performed to capture the trend values of the respondents. The results from the preliminary analysis showed that 57% of companies have never heard about gravity irrigation and 64% use this material for irrigation. About 44% have found it too expensive for their use of another method of irrigation for moving water. However, 89% of companies already know drip irrigation and 11% of them have not used it as they find because it will be too expensive for...

Now in these days’ green house gases is the main cause of global warming and affects the climate in the world. Environmental arguments centre on the need to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions for the sake of both the global and local climate, particularly in large cities. Excessive exploitation of natural resources for development has been resulted into many environmental problems like environmental pollution and degradation, more emissions of greenhouse gases, extinction of many rare species, global warming and many more The consequences of global warming are multidimensional and can leave unpredictable deviation resulting in various weather conditions and calamities, including erratic monsoon behavior, water scarity and higher evapotranspiration, resulting frequent floods and

This study aims to provide empirical evidence and investigations on the development of food security in North Sumatera Province (PSU). This research was conducted in districts/ cities in North Sumatera Province. Data collection techniques in this study were secondary data collection (aspects of food production per year in a cycle of two harvests calculated on an average, annual population growth rate and annual rice field area), observation and interviews. The analysis technique using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The results showed that the trend of food security in the aspect of food production, in the aspect of production value, has generally decreased, so that the fulfillment of food production is only eighty percent and shortages each year are met through imports from other countries. Welfare in the PSU is determined by confirmatory factors with the availability of agricultural land, then population and food security.

A strategic choice, concerning the direction for future rural policies, has to be made by Hungarian policy makers: • to base rural policies on the principles of the present Common Agricultural Policy; • or rather on the Common Agricultural and Rural Development Policies for Europe, widely referenced as a 'way out' from the present rural-agricultural crisis. The former choice would aim a competitive agriculture, built on market logic and comparative agricultural advantages, involving large-scale intensification, using EU aid and private western investments; placing Hungarian agriculture on a development trajectory, similar to advanced EU Member States. This solution could be profitable for the agricultural industry, though, it might bring severe environmental and social problems for Hungarian rurality as a whole. The latter choice would aim rural development, built on a sustainable logic and the comparative advantages of Hungarian rurality as a whole (environmental, social, c...

This research work was conducted to investigate the significance of fishing on food security status of rural households around Lake Ziway and Langano in Ethiopia. The studied districts were selected using purposive sampling, as they are adjacent to the two lakes. Simple random sampling was employed to select 344 rural households for primary data collection. For this particular work, respondents were further classified into food secured fishing households and food insecure non-fishing households by employing food security index method. As a result, 156 households were identified constituting of 51.3% food secure fishing households and 48.7% food insecure non-fishing households. The range of data collected were comprises of household socio-economic characteristics, food production, food consumption, food purchases, fish income, non-fish income, and the like. Data analysis were made using descriptive statistics, food security index and the propensity score matching. Descriptive statistics examines distribution and socioeconomic characteristics of respondents using frequency distribution tables. Considering, the equivalent male adult scale and energy composition of foods commonly consumed by average household, the food security index was computed. Accordingly, the available food energy was 31234kcal and 9283kcal for the food secure fishing household and food insecure non-fishing household, respectively. On the contrary, the required food energy was greater for the food insecure household as compared to the food secure once, indicating 14145kcal and 12523kcal, respectively. The mean difference were significant at 5% level. To examine the impact of fishing on food security status of rural household we employed the propensity score matching method. This has been used to balance the observed distribution of covariate across the food secured fishing and food insecure non-fishing household. Balancing test was made after matching that ascertained absence of significant differences in covariate between fishing and non-fishing households in the matched sample. Thus, the matched comparison groups were considered to be a plausible counterfactual. Accordingly, the result of impact analysis verified the significance of fishing on food energy intake of average household using the matched samples. In this regards, food secured fishing household was able to obtain extra energy from food consumption as compared to the non-fishing food insecure counterpart indicating ATT of 27375 kcal and 27213 kcal using KBM and NNM algorithms, respectively. The results were statistically significant at 5% level. Consequently, the stability of the findings were tested using Rosenbaum bounds approach that confirmed absence of hidden bias due to unobserved confounders, thus supporting the positive treatment effect of fishing activity. In this regard; promotion of income diversification opportunities, awareness promotion on family planning and in-depth investigation of household food security situation were suggested.

The potency and challenges of sorghum development in tidal swamplands in Indonesia have yet to be well studied. Thus, our study is the first to evaluate the land suitability, economic performance, and strategies for developing sorghum in the tidal swamplands in Central Kalimantan. We use the land suitability evaluation method, a gross margin and profit analysis, a break-even analysis, and a competitive analysis as the methods for assessing the potency and utilization of sorghum in this study. As a tool for decision-making, SWOT was also used, followed by a quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM) analysis. The results show that 578,511 ha of arable land is suitable for sorghum development. Economically, sorghum farming can generate IDR 12,894,000 per ha with a revenue-cost ratio of 1.72; the break-even price would be IDR 2447 per kg, around 42% lower than the current market price. Sorghum is also more competitive than cassava (Q = 0.76), sweet potato (Q = 0.58), and soybeans (Q...

The rice yield gap (YG) is a global concern, requiring more detailed studies spatially and temporally. As a staple food in Indonesia, rice was produced from 7.4 Mha paddy fields in 2019. Better insight into the YG helps assess measures to boost rice production. However, the information on YG variation among regions scale is limited. This study aimed to identify the rice YG based on 295 historical trial datasets from 23 provinces in Indonesia. We surveyed published trial results from 2012 to 2022 and analyzed YGs, expressed as the percentage of farmer yield (FY). The potential yield (PY) was estimated from field trial results using introduced rice cultivation technology package, whereas FY from results using existing farmer practices. Our study showed that the average YG was 62% in rainfed, 54% in tidal, and 32% in irrigated paddy fields. The YG was significantly high in the paddy fields of Kalimantan (74%) and Maluku-Papua (49%), while the lowest was in Sulawesi (27%) and Java (31%). The YG varied significantly with geo-regions, rice varieties, and cultivation technology packages. Closing the YG and ensuring sustainable rice production requires the implementation of sustainable intensification through applying site-specific technology packages, reallocation of agricultural interventions to a higher YG region, and rice variety improvement to increase PY.