Ancient History

Consistent with the pan-Himalayan tendency to see the landscape as lively and animated, protector deities and local spirits are perceived to inhabit various features of the landscape in Bhutan, causing these places to be treated with reverence and respect. Local spiritual beliefs are prized as central to the cultural identity of the Kingdom, making their way into government planning documents, town planning negotiations, and the 2008 Constitution. This elevation of local spiritual belief has been central to the maintenance and preservation of Bhutanese culture in its encounter with globally hegemonic social, economic, and political norms. Spirits and deities are believed to be the original owners of the land predating the introduction of Buddhism from Tibet. According to terma texts-spiritual treasures hidden by great Buddhist teachers to be discovered later-the initial introduction of Buddhism into Bhutan occurred in the seventh century. At that time, the Tibetan king Songtsen Gampo, the 32nd king of the Yarlung dynasty, built two temples in western and central parts of Bhutan as part of a strategy to pin down a demoness who was ravaging the Himalaya. About a century after the construction of the temples, Padmasambhava, known throughout the Himalayas as Guru Rimpoche, or "Precious Teacher," arrived in Bhutan, subjugated eight classes of local spirits and made them sworn protectors of the Dharma. In this way, local deities and spirits became incorporated into Bhutan's Vajrayana Buddhism to the extent that images of them are found at Buddhist temples and monasteries. Vajrayana Buddhism and local deities and spirits twine together in Bhutan to shape a cosmology that recognizes a spectrum of sentient beings, only some of whom are visible. The presence of deities and spirits informs local land use. Deity abodes or "citadels" (Dz.: pho brang) are restricted from human use. The presence of a deity citadel is sufficient in some locales to cause the diversion or reconsideration of human construction and resource use. By grounding spiritual beliefs in specific sites of the landscape, the citadels of deities sanctify the landscape, becoming nodes of resistance and resilience that support the Bhutanese in inhabiting their own internally-consistent cosmology, even as the pressures of global integration seek to impose hegemonic Western norms.

Tytuł: Autobiografia Anioła. Księga Rajskiego Syna – Testament Wieczysty

Charakterystyka Dzieła:

"Autobiografia Anioła" to dzieło wyjątkowe i wielowymiarowe, wymykające się prostym klasyfikacjom gatunkowym. Stanowi ono głęboko osobiste świadectwo duchowej transformacji, zapis podróży autora przez niezwykłe doświadczenia mistyczne – od inicjacyjnego "przeistoczenia" w istotę anielską, poprzez liczne wizje teofaniczne, doznania energetyczne, aż po stany graniczne i bezpośrednią komunikację z Bogiem.

Jednocześnie jest to ambitny traktat metafizyczno-teologiczny, prezentujący oryginalną, synkretyczną wizję rzeczywistości. Autor, czerpiąc z objawienia, ale i wchodząc w dialog z tradycją filozoficzną, teologiczną (zwłaszcza chrześcijańską i gnostycką) oraz psychologią głębi, postuluje istnienie wielowymiarowego wszechświata spajanego "niewidzialną nicią" boskiej obecności. Wprowadza unikatowe koncepcje prowadzące do syntezy Sacrum i Profanum jako klucz do ostatecznego poznania.

Książka ma również wyraźny wymiar manifestu proroczego. Autor, identyfikując się z rolą nowożytnego profety, wizjonera i boskiego posłańca, ogłasza nadejście "nowych czasów", wzywa do globalnego przebudzenia świadomości, krytykuje materializm i powierzchowność współczesnej cywilizacji, a nawet interpretuje własne doświadczenia jako realizację wydarzeń eschatologicznych (Paruzja, Apokalipsa).

Całość ubrana jest w bogatą, artystyczną formę literacką. Autor posługuje się gęstym, poetyckim językiem, pełnym oryginalnych metafor, symboli i nawiązań intertekstualnych, często stosując technikę strumienia świadomości, aby oddać niewyrażalność doświadczenia mistycznego.

Presented in the paper is a new exemplar of the Elamite version of A 2 Sd, a known Achaemenid trilingual inscription made in the name of Artaxerxes II in Susa. Special attention is given to the occurrence of the word tacara and its possible interpretations. In connection with this, editions of three Elamite texts from the Persepolis Fortification archive are presented that provide new attestations of the term and a possible cognate, * tacarana-.

Dziennik wojny trojańskiej" Diktysa z Krety Recenzenci prof. dr hab. Stanisław Stabryła prof. dr hab. Roman M. Zawadzki Projekt okładki Jadwiga Burek Książka dofi nansowana przez Uniwersytet Jagielloński ze środków Wydziału Filologicznego oraz Instytutu Filologii Klasycznej

Th is piece provides an account of the fertile exchanges that took place among Arab-Muslim and Hindu populations, as well as Jews, Parsis, and Christians, since the early decades of the first millennium CE and during the medieval period of Muslim rule in India. Tracing the remarkable story of inter-religious experiments in this vital area of the globe, and the intense socio-political, intellectual, and cultural intercourse between Hindus and Muslims that pervaded all sectors of existence, the author makes a strong case against zealous historical interpretations that portray Islam and Hinduism as warring factions and ideologies. Of particular interest in this rich cross-fertilization process is the creative leadership of figures like Mughal Emperor Akbar, Sultan Nasir Shah, Shikism's Guru Nanak, and poets such as Kabir Das.

Citation Ragab, Ahmed. "Bīmāristān Al-Manūrī: State and Medical Practice in Mamluk Egypt (1285-1390)." In the twenty-third Congress of History of Science and Technology. Budapest, 2009. ... Citable Link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4726203

The paper treats the Arabic love poetry and its main features in the pre-Islamic and Umayyad period. The formation, development and characteristics of this poetry are closely related to the nature of the poet, as well as the place of its origin. Based on this, we distinguish between urban and desert ghazals. From the point of stylistic peculiarities, as well as the poet‘s commitment to the aim of his poetry, urban ghazals are equalled with hedonistic and desert ghazals with uzrit or Platonic ghazals. The origins date back to the early periods and the beginning of the Arabic literary tradition. And the oldest poems that we have today begin with an introductory love prologue, which had a significant place at the very beginning of the pre-Islamic kasidah and was a prelude to further poet’s singing. The love poem was transferred to the Umayyad period, but in a new form and with new linguistic-stylistic peculiarities, and also, the Umayyad epoch was the period of independence of ghazals ...

In this paper, we present an approach for developing a tool for the restitution of built heritage and we take as a case study the Roman imperial baths of North Africa. This type of building responds as far as their architectural design is concerned to a universal model widely distributed throughout the Roman Empire with significant variations. We suppose here that this tool allows us to generate automatically the hypotheses of restitution (2D and 3D) facilitating the work of restitution for specialists in the field of archaeology and built heritage. The generated models can be refined and completed in order to obtain the most plausible simulation. This tool is obtained following architectural, theoretical, and historical analyses. Our study will focus on the elaboration of data model according to an architectural approach of Architectural Modelling Information (AIM).

Located on the coast of Propontis, Kyzikos was colonized by Miletus. The most important factor in the colonization of the city was tuna fishing, which is understood to have been an important source of livelihood in the city. However, it is noteworthy that ancient sources have been silent on this issue.

Este artículo se enmarca dentro de un proyecto de investigación más amplio que pretende estudiar la «cortesía» de Antiguo régimen en tanto que reflejo de las teorías acerca de la naturaleza y el funcionamiento de la sociedad. En concreto, se centra en dos obras poco estudiadas pero vinculadas entre sí: el Proxeneta (1570) del humanista italiano Gerolamo Cardano y el Traicté de la Court (1616) del noble y político francés Eustache de Refuge. Ambos formulan ya algunas de las ideas de los grandes moralistas del siglo XVII (Gracián, La Rochefoucauld, La Bruyère, etc.) y trazan una imagen de las sociedad que anticipa las teorías filosóficas de Hobbes. Tales ideas influyen en la concepción que Cardano y de Refuge tienen de la cortesía, que se convierte en una peligrosa habilidad necesaria para sobrevivir tanto en la sociedad como en la corte.

This study presents the findings of the 2024 geophysical prospection campaign conducted within the southwestern Lower City of the Hellenistic capital Artaxata, situated in the Ararat plain, Armenia. Using advanced magnetic survey techniques, we sought to investigate the urban layout and expansion of the ancient city. The campaign aimed to test hypotheses derived from aerial imagery regarding the existence of city walls in this area, a previously undocumented feature for the Lower City. Spanning approximately 20 ha, the survey revealed an array of archaeological features, including wall structures, ditches, and pits, alongside evidence of domestic and craft activities such as fireplaces. Notably, the findings confirmed the presence of the southwestern city walls, delineating a settlement area larger than previously known. Additional discoveries include monumental architectural remains, such as an octagonal structure potentially associated with an early Christian church. However, the interpretation of these structures, including their chronology and function, remains tentative pending further excavation. These results not only extend our understanding of the city's urban development but also highlight the efficacy of integrating geophysical surveys with archaeological methods in reconstructing historical urban landscapes. Future investigations will focus on resolving ambiguities through targeted excavation and refining interpretations of the magnetic anomalies observed.

RESUMO: Corinto, talvez seja um dos lugares mais interessantes do mundo romano. Nosso artigo visa investigar as fronteiras e identidades na Epístola aos Coríntios no governo de Nero (54d.C.-68 d.C.). Tendo em vista que em uma melhor compreensão dos judaísmos, cristianismos e helenismos, investigamos como esta ekklēsía foi compreendida ao leste do Mediterrâneo.

Although the earliest Turkisms that entered Arabic go back to the 9th century -when the Arabs began establishing regular contact with speakers of Turkic languages -a significant number of Turkish loans in both written and spoken Arabic only dates from the time of the Ottoman Empire, which in the course of its expansion conquered and for centuries ruled a large part of the Arab world. This paper aims to examine the words of Turkish origin found in the dialects spoken in Egypt and part of the Middle East (Syria, Lebanon, Palestine), i.e. the Arabophone regions that have been most exposed to Turkish influence for historical and cultural reasons. Attempts have also been made to provide information about the etymology of the Ottoman-Turkish words (interestingly, as some of these come from Arabic, the Egyptian, Syrian, etc. words borrowed actually prove to be backborrowings). kaba 'rough, coarse; vulgar, rude; puffy' (NR 571). E qabâ (also kabâ Sp.¹) 'obsolete, old-fashioned, clumsy' (Sp.¹ 508); 'coarse, rough' (Sp.² 346). S qabâ 'volumineux; grossier' (Barth. 632). • Turkic (KEWT 195). kabadayı 'rough fellow, swashbuckler, bully' (NR 571f.), 'bravache, fanfaron' (Barb. 2, 486). S qabaḍây 'strongarm (esp[ecially] one serving as bodyguard for politicians and prominent personalities); tough, bully' (Syr., Leb[anese]: Wehr 866); 'fanfaron, bravache' (S. 119); (also qabaḍâhi) 'un gaillard, un homme déterminé' (Barth. 634). • Formed by → kaba and dayı 'maternal uncle; (slang) bully' (Turkic) (TETTL² 4, 26). kabran '(prov[incial]) without energy, slow, lazy' (NR 374); (dial.) 'old (person)' (DS 2584). S qabrân 'usé par l'âge ou la maladie' (Barth. 633). •? kaçak tütün 'tabacco di contrabbando' (AngelicoSm. 402). S qačaq 'tabac de contreband' (Barth. 638). Shortening of the T. phrase. • Formed by kaçak 'fugitive, runaway; contraband, smuggled' (Turkic) and → tütün. kaçakçı 'smuggler' (NR 575). S qačaqği 'contrebandier pour le tabac'(Barth. 638). • Der. of kaçak (→ kaçak tütün). kadın ~ (Osm.) kadun 'matrona, domina, materfamilias' (Men. 3577), 'woman; lady' (NR 577). S qâḍûn in the phrase bəsbəss qâḍûn 'dame Chatte'; qâḍûne 'dame' (Barth. 631). • Developed from → hatun. kaftan 'outer gown or robe with long skirts and sleeves; robe of honour, caftan' (NR 580). E qufṭân 'long robe worn by men' (Sp.¹ 496), 'cassock' (added in Sp.² 359), 'kaftan, long loose robe (usually made of striped cotton-silk material) worn under outer garments by men in traditional Egyptian society' (B. -H. 711). S qafṭân 'manteau riche' (Barth. 672). • Turkic (TMEN 3, 185ff.; KEWT 197). kahveci 'keeper of a coffee shop' (NR 582). E qahwagî 'coffee-house keeper' (Sp.¹ 503), 'coffee-shop keeper' (Sp.² 364), 'coffeehouse proprietor; coffee-house employee' (B. -H. 721). S qahwağî 'cafetier' (S. 119). • Der. of kahve 'coffee' (< Ar.) (Stachowski HWb. 89). kâhya 'steward, majordomo' (NR 582). E kiḫya 'steward, stewardess in a Turkish family' (Sp.¹ 513, Sp.² 372). "In the Citadel of the Metropolis [= Cairo] is a court of judicature, called ed-Deewán el-Khideewee, where, in the Báshà's absence, presides his Kikhyà or deputy" (Lane 110f.).

Although the earliest Turkisms that entered Arabic go back to the 9th century -when the Arabs began establishing regular contact with speakers of Turkic languages -a significant number of Turkish loans in both written and spoken Arabic only date from the time of the Ottoman Empire, which in the course of its expansion conquered and for centuries ruled a large part of the Arab world. This paper aims to examine the words of Turkish origin found in the dialects spoken in Egypt and parts of the Middle East (Syria, Lebanon, Palestine), i.e. the Arabophone regions that have been most exposed to Turkish influence for historical and cultural reasons. It has also been endeavoured to provide information about the etymology of the Ottoman-Turkish words (interestingly, as some of these come from Arabic, the Egyptian, Syrian, etc. words borrowed actually prove to be backborrowings). pabuç ~ (Osm., dial.) babuç / babuc 'shoe, slipper' (NR 913; Stachowski Pab. 181; DS 454). E bâbûg 'slipper' (Sp.¹ 27, Sp.² 44); '[pantofole] indigene di pelle gialla, con punta acuminata e rialzata, aventi per tacco un piccolo ferro di cavallo, usate dalle donne in casa (quando non camminano sui tappeti) e fuori' (Nallino 237). ‹babougui› 'mes bottes (mes soulliers)' (Bérézine 55f.). S bâbûǧ 'pantoufles, babouches' (Barth. 25); 'babouche' (S. 98). • < NPers. pāpūš 'a shoe, slipper' (Stachowski Pab. 181).

Petridou, G. (2024) ‘Communicating with Gods, Offering Bodies, and the Antonine Plague’, in Clelia Martínez Maza, Antón Alvar Nuño, and Jaime Alvar Ezquerra (eds.), Calling Upon Gods, Offering Bodies Strategies of Human-Divine Communication in the Roman Empire. From Individual Experience to Social Reproduction, Peter Lang, 239-264.

Petridou, G. (2024) ‘Between Pergamum, Athens, and Eleusis: Illness and Initiation in Aelius Aristides’, in G. Woolf, I. Bultrighini, and C. Norman (Eds.), Sanctuaries and Experience: Knowledge, Practice and Space in the Ancient World, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 369-394.

Pain is a strange beast. The assessment and understanding of pain presents the greatest of challenges for students of pain and patient history (ancient and modern alike). The lived experience of pain evades the historian of disability, the ancient historian, and the archaeologist. It often eludes even the palaeopathologist, who might be able to recognise the physical markers of an ancient ailment on human remains but misses altogether the pervasiveness of chronic suffering in the individual’s lived experience and relationships. Even modern pain specialists, who rely exclusively on quantitative neuroscientific tools, such as fMRI results, for the exploration of pain cannot quite fully comprehend nor qualify its impact on the everyday life of the individual sufferer(s). This study targets narrative strategies and the individual experience of pain in the ancient world, with an extra focus on gout-induced pain in the first and second centuries CE. To that end, this chapter surveys key literary and epigraphic
evidence from this period. The main aim is to showcase the high impact
that gout-related pain has on the ‘lived bodies’ of sufferers.

This paper looks afresh at the socio-religious practice of gift-giving to the divine in the critical context of illness. In terms of methodology, this study draws inspiration from Rosa’s sociological theory of resonant self–world relations and its strong emphasis on bodily relationships,  as well as on recent studies on embodiment and visual culture,  lived religion,  and monumentality.  It also brings together my earlier research interest in the concept of the ‘lived body’,  as well as current research work on bodily fragmentation, fusion, and trans-formation, pursued in the context of the ‘De/Constructing the Body: Ancient and Modern Dynamics’ project.
More specifically, this paper offers a comparative study between modern Greek anatomical tamata (‘dedications’ in Modern Greek) and ancient Greek anathemata (‘dedications’ in ancient Greek) in terms of their magnitude, materiality, and the meanings ascribed to them by their dedicants. The comparison reveals a paradoxical coexistence of processes of miniaturization and magnification in both Antiquity and modernity, which is central to the meaning-making mechanisms of these objects. Despite both types of objects being effectively miniaturized versions of human bodies or body parts (internal and external alike), they exercise monumental power in the eyes of both the dedicants and the deities to whom they are offered. This last premise is fleshed out further by a close comparison between modern and ancient eye-shaped tamata dedicated to St Paraskevi and the analogously shaped ancient Greek anathemata dedicated to Demeter and Kore.

« Ophtalmologie divine : de Sainte Paraskevi à Déméter et Korè» : Cet article compare les objets votifs grecs modernes et antiques liés aux maladies ophtalmologiques. il examine le rôle et la typologie des tamata (« objets votifs » en grec moderne) dans le culte de guérison chrétien de sainte Paraskevi en Grèce moderne, et donne un bref aperçu d'autres saintes chrétiennes qui président à la vue et sont en lien étroit avec la lumière. en outre, cette étude examine les offrandes en forme d'oeil (anathemata en grec ancien) trouvées dans les temples dédiés à déméter et à Coré. « Comparer l'incomparable » permet une analyse ad fontes de la perception de la maladie ophtalmologique et de la pluralité régionale des cultes de guérison. en outre, cela autorise une discussion fructueuse sur le contexte culturel propre à la santé et à la maladie ophtalmologique. abstract : this chapter compares modern and ancient Greek votives related to ophthalmological illness. it discusses the role and typology of tamata ('votives' in modern Greek) in the Christian healing cult of st Paraskevi in modern Greece, along with a brief survey of other Christian female saints who preside over eyesight and their close connection to light. Moreover, this study examines ancient Greek eye-shaped votives (anathemata in ancient Greek), which were found in temples dedicated to demeter and Kore. 'Comparing the incomparables' , this paper argues, allows for an ad fontes analysis of the lived experience of ophthalmological illness and of the regional diversity of healing cults. Moreover, it allows for a fruitful discussion of the culture-specific framing of ophthalmological health and illness.

Petridou, G. and Rüpke, J. (2021) ‘The Impact of Textual Production on the Organisation and Proliferation of Religious Knowledge in the Roman Empire’ , in J. Rüpke and G. Woolf (eds.), Religion in the Roman Empire, Kohlhammer Verlag, Die Religionen der Menschkeit Bd 16.2, 234-261.

This study calls for a reconsideration of the infused with mystery
imagery and terminology narratives in the Hieroi Logoi (henceforth
HL), and argues that a close and careful re-examination of this
rich material may yield valuable information not only regarding Aristides’
conception of the Pergamene cult in the Imperial Era, but also
of the way medical art (technē iatrikē) was conceptualised by other
members of the socio-political elite in the second century AD. If
placed in its proper socio-cultural context, I maintain, Aristides’ propensity
to recast Asclepius’ healing cult in terms of a mystery cult of
the highest order can reveal deeper more meaningful conceptual links
between Imperial mystery cults and healing cults.

En su De viris illustribus, Isidoro de Sevilla incluye al obispo hispano Itacio de Ossonoba, conocido adversario de Prisciliano, y uno de los principales responsables de su decapitación en Tréveris en el año 385. El testimonio del obispo hispalense es de sumo interés, puesto que es la única noticia disponible acerca de una obra no conservada atribuida a Itacio, conocida como Apologeticum. Isidoro de Sevilla ofrece también un pequeño resumen
sobre el contenido de dicha obra, en la que Itacio exponía los principales errores de Prisciliano. El presente trabajo analizará en qué medida el Apologeticum pudo influenciar a la historiografía antipriscilianista posterior a los juicios de Tréveris.

Pubblicazione sistematica dei risultati dello scavo condotto nel 1983 sulla duna di Casa Brancazzi, lungo le sponde della laguna di Orbetello. Lo scavo mise in luce i resti di due strutture abitative frequentate nel corso del I secolo a.C., interpretate come capanne di pescatori in base alle restituzioni di attrezzatura da pesca, in piombo e in ceramica.

This paper examines the cemeteries of Caere between the late fourth century B.C.E. and the first century B.C.E., especially focusing on Bufolareccia, an area contiguous to the monumental necropolis of La Banditaccia. The analysis of this cemetery reveals changes in tomb assemblages and burial customs that coincide with the construction of new tombs and the re-occupation of old ones. The study particularly focusses on the decades preceding and following the incorporation of Caere into the Roman state. A comparison between Bufolareccia and the necropolis of La Banditaccia, reveals both similarities and notable differences.

This paper examines the cemeteries of Caere between the late fourth century B.C.E. and the first century B.C.E., especially focusing on Bufolareccia, an area contiguous to the monumental necropolis of La Banditaccia. The analysis of this cemetery reveals changes in tomb assemblages and burial customs that coincide with the construction of new tombs and the re-occupation of old ones. The study particularly focusses on the decades preceding and following the incorporation of Caere into the Roman state. A comparison between Bufolareccia and the necropolis of La Banditaccia, reveals both similarities and notable differences.

In a society in which the importance of military experience was beyond doubt for the Roman elite, military service was of utmost importance – an obligatory prerequisite, according to Polybius – for anyone wanting to pursue a political career.

IX Vorwort Dieser Band enthält die Editionen von 42 Papyrusdokumenten, die verschiedene Aspekte des Übergangs von der byzantinischen zur arabischen Herrschaft in Ägypten beleuchten. Die hier edierten Texte sind auf Griechisch, Koptisch, bzw. manchmal einer Mischung dieser zwei Sprachen geschrieben, ferner handelt es sich bei einem Dokument um ein arabisch-griechisches Protokoll (459). In der Überzeugung, dass für das Verständnis des byzantinischen und arabischen Ägypten Quellen in allen für die jeweilige Epoche relevanten Sprachen berücksichtigt werden sollen, wurden die Papyri in diesem Band nach Gattung bzw. Inhalt und nicht ihrer Sprache nach gruppiert. Zwar handelt es sich bei diesem Buch um den neusten Band der Veröffentlichungen aus der Heidelberger Papyrussammlung, doch enthält er ebenfalls Editionen mehrerer Papyri aus Beständen anderer Sammlungen: habet suum fatum et hic libellus. Die hier vorgelegten Doku-

An edition of two Heidelberg papyri from Late Antique Oxyrhynchus. P.Heid. inv. G 5157 is a receipt for meat supplied to a bucellarius from the Apion archive. P.Heid. inv. G 1651 is a fragment of an acknowledgement of a loan that exhibits Coptic influence in its formulation.

Within the scope of the surveys carried out at Gerçin Höyük in 2022 and 2023, information from official institutions related to the center was gathered. These studies revealed that some sculptural artifacts dating to the Iron Age were discovered at Gerçin Höyük in the past years. This study analyzes the artistic, stylistic and iconographic characteristics of a chariot-shaped base found at Gerçin Höyük. The chariot-shaped base is an important artifact that shows the richness of the sculpture tradition and cultural interaction in the region. The study evaluates its relationship with its cultural and artistic context within the framework of Late Hittite and Neo-Assyrian arts and offers a suggestion as to the time to which it belongs. The statements in the inscription of Panamuwa I, which was discovered in previous years, indicate that a settlement with a religious aspect was established in Gerçin Höyük by the Sam’al kingdom in the 8th century BC. The artifact subject to the study sheds light on the artistic and religious practices of the Sam’al Kingdom at Zincirli Höyük. It also provides important information about the formation process of the sacred geography in the region and the nature of the Iron Age settlement.

Eratosthenes of Cyrene's king list, preserved through Syncellus, contains enigmatic names like Phruoro and Amuthartaeus-long dismissed as fictional. This paper argues these are corrupted transmissions of genuine Late New Kingdom rulers: Ramesses VI (Nebmaatre-Meryamun)of the 20 th Dynasty and Psammuthis (Manetho, Afr. the 23 rd Dynasty). By cross-referencing Demotic-Greek phonetic shifts, monumental evidence, and Manethonian fragments, we restore these "phantom pharaohs" to history and demonstrate how Hellenistic chronographers preserved kernels of Egyptian tradition.

RITUAL AND POLITICS: THE “BOOK OF GODPARENTHOOD” OF KING ALEXANDER I KARAĐORĐEVIĆ (1921–1934)

This paper examines the godparenthoods of King Alexander I Karađorđević as an instrument of dynastic and state propaganda in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes/Yugoslavia. Based on the Book of Godparenthood, which is preserved in the treasury of the Church of the Ascension of Christ in Čačak, the study analyzes the distribution of godparenthoods by regions, religious denominations, fathers’ occupations, gender of the children, and the symbolism of gifts. The research shows that godparenthoods were selectively used, with a particular emphasis on the Catholic population in the regions of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, while Serbia, Montenegro, and "Old Serbia" were less represented. Godparenthoods were most frequently granted to children from large families, and the gifts carried both symbolic and material significance. The king’s envoys were primarily high-ranking officers, reinforcing the authority of the state. A chronological analysis indicates an increase in godparenthoods after 1929, coinciding with the introduction of the royal dictatorship and the policy of integral Yugoslavism. The most common names given to newborns were associated with members of the royal family, underscoring the clear symbolic function of this ritual. The paper concludes that godparenthoods served as an attempt to construct a unified state identity, but their selective application raises questions about the long-term effectiveness of this strategy in light of the political crises that followed.

Recently built in the new downtown area of Ras al-Ayn in Amman, the Jordan Museum houses a selection of Greek inscriptions discovered on different sites, from Gadara in the north to Petra in the south. Some of these texts are well known to specialists. Others are unpublished. The aim of this article is to provide the researchers and the visitors of the museum with the edition of a collection that reflects the wealth of the Jordanian epigraphical heritage. Our work is also a contribution to the programme of the Greek and Latin Inscriptions in Jordan (&#39;Inscriptions de la Jordanie&#39;), which has received the renewed accreditation of the DoA and which is a part of the IGLS project (&#39;Inscriptions grecques et latines de la Syrie&#39;, &#39;Syrie&#39; being understood here in its ancient meaning of &#39;Near East&#39;).

Alexander the Great was firmly entrenched in imaginaries of Roman ruling elites, from Scipio Africanus to the Roman emperor Caracalla and beyond.  This paper considers Polybius’ representations of the Macedonian conqueror and their impact on Roman elites, who were just beginning to formulate their ideas about Alexander and his significance to the history of the imperium Romanum and of the world, as Polybius was writing his work.  The historian’s generally positive assessment of Alexander, not without its ambiguities, is aligned with the generally positive Roman reconstruction of him, though again not without reservations.  A proper understanding of Polybius’ treatment of Alexander, however, turns on a more parochial perspective, highlighting Polybius’ own political position vis-à-vis Macedonia, Polybian didacticism, and a large narrative trajectory of the Histories.

The port of Callao is important for its varied historical and archaeological heritage, which includes several military buildings that were the main actors and witnesses of the colonial era of Peru (from the 16th century to the country’s independence from Spain early in the 19th century). Despite the studies that have been carried out on the basis of documents and some eventual archaeological excavations, the port’s main monument, namely, the Real Felipe Fortress, continues to hide very important information that could be used to understand the role that the fortress played in numerous historical events throughout the centuries. The main contribution of this study is the use of photogrammetry software and a Geographic Information System (GIS) to examine the Real Felipe Fortress. In this way, the nature of the atypical construction within the fortress is determined. As a result, it is possible to accurately establish the location of the defensive wall that surrounded the ancient city ...

A histidinemia é um erro inato do metabolismo causado pela deficiência na atividade da histidase que catalisa a conversão da histidina em ácido urocânico. Caracteriza-se pelo acúmulo de histidina e outros metabólitos (ácidos imidazolacético, imidazolático e imidazolpirúvico).Muitos pacientes histidinêmicos não apresentam sintoms, mas distúrbios na fala são associados à histidinemia, além de retardo mental ou inteligência abaixo do normal. Neste estudo investigou-se os efeitos in vitro da histidina e seus metabólitos sobre parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em cérebro de ratos jovens, na expectativa de melhor compreender a fisiopatologia dos sintomas neurológicos da histidinemia. Utilizou-se como parâmetros a medida das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBA-RS) e a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes: superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e glutationa peroxidase (GSH-Px). Córtex cerebral de ratos Wistar de 30 dias de vida foram centrifugados e o sobrenadante foi incubado a 37ºC por uma hora com histidina ou metabólito nas concentrações de 1, 0; 2, 5; 5, 0 e 10, 0 mM. Verificou-se um aumento significativo em relação ao controle das TBA-RS na concentração de 10, 0 mM (p<0, 01, n=8) na presença do ácido imidazolático, enquanto que a histidina e o ácido imidazolacético não alteraram este parâmetro. A atividade da SOD aumentou na presença de 10 mM do ácido imidazolático (n=6, p<0, 05). Verificou-se também que a atividade da CAT diminuiu significativamente em relação ao controle na presença de 5, 0 e 10, 0 mM do ácido imidazolacético (n=8, p<0, 05). Esses resultados sugerem que o estresse oxidativo não está envolvido na fisiopatologia cerebral de histidinemia, já que os efeitos encontrados foram em concentrações muito acima das descritas na literatura para estes pacientes. (PIBIC/CNPq-UFRGS).

Alexander the Great is motly remembered in history for two reasons. 1. His military invincibility and 2. His deification. The greatest hindrance for present day historians is described by Edward M Anson as the follows: "Part of the difficulty in assessing Alexander has always been the nature of the surviving sources.18 Given that he was even in his lifetime almost a mythic figure, it is both peculiar and frustrating that no contemporary narratives of his life have survived. These had been written by his generals and confidants, by his admiral, court supervisor, etc. Nor is this deficiency corrected by an abundance of surviving documents. The inscriptional evidence is hardly substantial. All of our earliest surviving narrative sources date from the Roman period, centuries after the conqueror's death.

A comprehensive edition with transliterations, translations of and extensive commentaries on the chronicles, the historical sections of the astronomical diaries, the Uruk King List, The Babylonian King List and the Antiochus cylinder dating to the Hellenistic period (including the Late Achaemenid period and the Parthian period to 22 BCE). An Appendix with a glossary of topics is added. The introductory pages are uploaded here.

While in Classical and Early Hellenistic times the sculptors working in Knidos came in general from Athens, the artists of the later periods, as we learn from their signatures, came from very different regions. Some of them, like the Chiotian family of Zenodotos and his son Menippos settled in the city and the grandson finally got the citizenship of Knidos. In this time, the sculptors worked sometimes in cooperation on the same project as on the altar of Apollon Karneios where at least three signatures remained (Zenodotos the Jounger, Theon and Boulis). The figures of the frieze show clear affinities to Rhodian sculptures. This is of a certain importance because all the statues of the signed bases are missing and we have no idea about the style of the sculptors. However, one of the sculptors of the altar (Theon) worked also in Rhodes and received even the citizenship of the island. Once again, the close relationship of these two states can be documented and beside this, the global connections between the workshops in Hellenistic times can be recorded.