Economic Development

O presente trabalho constitui-se num estudo comparativo de casos que procura analisar o processo de constituição e desenvolvimento de cooperativas de produção coletiva de trabalhadores rurais vinculadas ao Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST). Objetivou-se identificar as contradições que estabelecem limites e possibilidades de desenvolvimento de quatro cooperativas situadas na Região Sul do Brasil. Os dados foram obtidos através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e pela aplicação de 46 questionários, além da coleta de informações nos registros e documentos das cooperativas. A análise dos dados utilizou-se de procedimentos quantitativos (estatística descritiva e análise de correlação) e qualitativos (análise de conteúdos e documental). A pesquisa constatou que as cooperativas coletivas apresentam um desenvolvimento social significativo, tendo seus associados alcançado conquistas importantes como: melhoria das condições de moradia, saneamento básico, saúde, nível de escolarização, incremento gradativo na renda monetária, descanso anual (em alguns casos remunerado), auxíliogestação, e auxílio-doença. Esses dados adquirem um significado maior porque, no mesmo período, pioraram as condições de vida no meio urbano e rural no Brasil, para a ampla maioria da população. A pesquisa evidenciou que a evolução dos indicadores sociais se dá na medida em que os coletivos recebem financiamentos subsidiados do governo federal e investem em atividades geradoras de renda e ocupação da força de trabalho disponível nos coletivos, o que denota a importância dessa forma de apoio a fim de assegurar o desenvolvimento sócioeconômico dos assentamentos da Reforma Agrária. A análise dos dados empíricos evidenciou ainda que as cooperativas de produção coletiva utilizam-se de mecanismos democráticos de gestão, os quais asseguram ampla participação dos associados na definição das normas de funcionamento, das metas de desempenho e das suas políticas internas, configurando a forma de gestão adotada como autogestão ao nível da unidade de produção. A análise econômica mostrou, no entanto, que essas organizações enfrentam sérias deficiências em termos de: capacidade de geração de receitas, aproveitamento eficiente da força de trabalho disponível, remuneração dos fatores de produção, e geração de excedentes que possibilitem sua reprodução enquanto unidade produtiva capaz de competir com empreendimentos capitalistas congêneres. Constatou-se também, a existência de contradição entre os ideais autogestionários e socialistas que inspiram essas experiências e a prática do assalariamento de trabalhadores não associados por parte de duas das cooperativas estudadas. Devido a fatores históricos e conjunturais essas organizações passaram a empregar o assalariamento como condição para sua reprodução. Também foram identificados certos paradoxos organizacionais que, no momento, não representariam riscos para o desenvolvimento dessas experiências autogestionárias, mas que futuramente poderão se converter em contradições principais. O estudo mostra que, sem enfrentar e superar as contradições principais, os coletivos não terão como assegurar a sua continuidade enquanto experiências autogestionárias de inspiração socialista.

Traditionally, the decision criteria when analyzing hydropower plants projects, has been based mostly on technical and economical analyses focused on the electric production aspects. Nowadays a broader approach is necessary, which takes into consideration multiple impacts such as:

Maramureº County is quite endowed with natural resources. Together with quantity, the quality of resources must also be considered. The SWOT analysis helps identify other resources that, together with the natural ones, can support development in the county.

In the second section we discuss in general terms how the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) project differs from extant indices and how the novel approach taken by V-Dem might assist the work of activists, professionals, and scholars. Appendix A addresses the possible uses of V-Dem for program evaluation, Appendix B offers a glossary of key terms used in this document, and Appendix C clarifies search terms used for several analyses in Table . Many attempts have been made to measure democracy. It is somewhat complicated to identify these indices because they do not always refer explicitly to democracy. Nonetheless, we include an index in our survey if it is commonly viewed as representing democracy or some aspect of democracy, and if it features fairly broad country coverage. This includes the BNR index developed by Bernhard, Nordstrom & Reenock (2001); the Bertelsmann Transformation Index ("BTI") directed by the Bertelsmann Stiftung (various years); the Democracy Barometer developed by Wolfgang Merkel & associates (Bühlmann, Merkel, Müller & Weßels 2012); the BMR index developed by Boix, Miller & Rosato (2013), the Contestation and Inclusiveness indices developed by Coppedge, Alvarez, & Maldonado (2008); the Political Rights, Civil Liberty, Nations in Transit, and Countries at the Crossroads indices, all sponsored by Freedom House (freedomhouse.org); the Economist Intelligence Unit (2010) index ("EIU"); the Unified Democracy Scores ("UDS") developed by Pemstein, Meserve & Melton (2010); the Polity2 index from the Polity IV database (Marshall, Gurr & Jaggers 2014); the democracy-dictatorship ("DD") index developed by Adam Przeworski & colleagues (Alvarez, Cheibub, Limongi & Przeworski 1996; Cheibub, Gandhi & Vreeland 2010); the Lexical index of electoral democracy developed by Skaaning, Gerring & Bartusevičius (2015); the Competition and Participation indices developed by Tatu Vanhanen (2000); and the Voice and Accountability index developed as part of the Worldwide Governance Indicators ("WGI") (Kaufmann, Kraay & Mastruzzi 2010). 2 In order to make comparisons in a systematic fashion we summarize key features of 2 Other indices, not included in Table , may be briefly listed: the Political Regime Change [PRC] dataset

Rural-urban migration has long been associated with economic development and growth in the economic literature. In particular, Todaro and Harris-Todaro-type probabilistic models that examine migration have concentrated on the expected wage disparities between rural and urban (formal) labor markets as a driving force behind migration decision. These models, which are static and partial equilibrium in nature, have virtually ignored the

This paper lays out a simple Ramsey three sector growth model. Each sector employs two economy-wide factors of production, while the primary sector also employs a sector specific factor. Two sec- tors are tradable. The motivation arises from a number of appli- cations in which this basic framework can serve as a point of de- parture. These include the effect of a primary sector on the path of economic development and, more recently, contributions that sug- gest resource-abundant countries tend to be high-price economies that, consequently, miss-out on export-led growth. Since the model has a "market based" specification, it can also be used to capture numerous other policy interventions and modified to depict incomplete markets.

This paper, following up the white paper released on April 3, 2020, continues to highlight trends in mobility and sociability in New York City (NYC), and supplements them with similar data from Seattle, WA, two of the cities most affected by COVID-19 in the U.S. Seattle may be further along in its recovery from the pandemic and ensuing lockdown than NYC, and may offer some insights into how travel patterns change. Finally, some preliminary findings from cities in China are discussed, two months following the lifting of their lockdowns, to offer a glimpse further into the future of recovery. • NYC continues to see a consistent low volume in transit ridership and motor vehicle trips. Subway ridership remains down 91% and vehicular traffic via MTA bridges and tunnels was down 68% in April 2020 vs. 2019. • An increase in traffic speed was observed with some city streets operating at or near free-flow speed. A 108% average increase in speeds on Midtown Avenues between 8AM-6PM was observed in April as compared with February. Concurrently, a 72% average daily increase in the number of school zone speeding tickets was observed during before and after stay-at-home orders. • Crashes remain low as a result of the low vehicular volumes, but the severity of crashes measured by fatalities is up. This may possibly be due to higher vehicular speeds, but more data is needed. • Weigh-in-motion (WIM) from the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (BQE) showed reduced volumes and higher speeds as well as that the number of very heavy trucks (GVW > 100 kips) was reduced 30% for Queens bound and 44% for Staten Island bound traffic. • Bikeshare ridership remains down with the exception of the first 12 days of March. Ridership patterns did change, with 15% fewer Friday and Saturday trips. Average trip duration in March 2020 also increased to 13.9 minutes, a 20% increase compared to the same month last year. • An increase in social distancing complaints has made the Non-emergency police matter category the 2 nd most common complaint among NYC311 reports.

When will least developed countries be most vulnerable to climate change, given the influence of projected socio-economic development? The question is important, not least because current levels of international assistance to support adaptation lag more than an order of magnitude below what analysts estimate to be needed, and scaling up support could take many years. In this paper, we examine this question using an empirically derived model of human losses to climate-related extreme events, as an indicator of vulnerability and the need for adaptation assistance. We develop a set of 50-year scenarios for these losses in one country, Mozambique, using high-resolution climate projections, and then extend the results to a sample of 23 least-developed countries. Our approach takes into account both potential changes in countries’ exposure to climatic extreme events, and socio-economic development trends that influence countries’ own adaptive capacities. Our results suggest that the effec...

The report describes the current developments of the German market for Non Performing Loans/Distressed Debt as it is influenced by the financial crisis/credit crunch. Furthermore the sale of (small and medium sized) real estate portfolios since summer 2007 is analysed in more detail. --

Climate change is severely affecting livelihoods, especially in developing countries, where adaptation strategies are becoming crucial. While the body of empirical research on adaptation is steadily growing, the status of such research in Bangladesh has received little attention. This paper reviews 106 articles on adaptation research in Bangladesh between 2007 and 2024, applying the social-ecological systems (SESs) approach. We see a significant annual increase in publications since 2014. Priority research topics and themes, such as community-based adaptation, ecosystem-based adaptation, gender, livelihood, adaptive capacity, governance, and mainstreaming, are gaining prominence in the literature. Only 5% of the studies we reviewed framed climate change adaptation as a system or applied any systematic approach. Most considered it a standalone process without identifying the bidirectional relationships between adaptation strategies and the encompassing SESs. There are only a few comprehensive studies on the outcomes or effectiveness of livelihood adaptation strategies implemented at the household level. Only a few studies mentioned the importance of the SESs approach without providing the system’s structural components or conceptualizing adaptation as a social-ecological system. Therefore, introducing SESs specific variables and conceptual relationships could bring a much-needed holistic analytical perspective to climate adaptation research.

The international remittance is one of the important sources of foreign exchange earning in the country. Recently, Pakistan received over $4 billion as foreign remittances in 2006. The flows of funds through foreign remittances serve as a cushion balance of payment and foreign reserves. The paper investigated the determinants of international workers' remittances in Pakistan. The time series data was used to identify determinants of the international remittances in Pakistan. The stationary properties of each time series were investigated and each were found to be integrated of order one. Therefore, Cointegration and vector error correction models were used to establish the long run and short run relationship among the included variables in the research. The real remittances in Pakistan were found positively related with real GDP, real growth rate and unemployment rate and were negatively related with real wage rate, literacy rate and spread rate of banks in Pakistan. Based on re...

Vietnam is now one of the leading producers and exporters of important agricultural commodities, which has helped the country to have more influence in food security and trade of the region. In addition to its success in production and export, Vietnam also attracts investors and business around the world by its legal framework reform. In addition to a review on corporate performance of agri-food companies in Vietnam, an analysis of legal framework and policies affecting corporate performance of agri-food companies in Vietnam will provide a panorama on the business environment in the process of economic integration and trade liberalization.. However in the coming times, more policies adjustment and measures should be taken in order to encourage the sustainable development of agri-food companies. Along with the economic integration and trade liberalization, Vietnam is opening its market with 100 million consumers and also business opportunities to international business and investors. Is the stock market a transparent and efficient channel for their choice? That depends not only on the legal framework, but also on the performance of Vietnamese companies that may become their partners or rivals.

This paper examines the structure of the labour market and unemployment in Sudan. One advantage of our analysis is that we explain several stylized facts on the labour market using new secondary data on population, employment and unemployment based on Sudan Central Bureau of Statistics 2010 the Fifth Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008. We explain several stylized facts on the relation between the structure of the labour market and demographic structure, labour force, participation rates, economic activities, low skill level and high unemployment rate defined by gender and mode of living in Sudan. Different from the findings in the empirical literature in support of the Phillips curve on the negative correlation between inflation and unemployment rates, we find a positive and significant correlation between unemployment and inflation rates in Sudan during the period 2000-2008. Moreover, different from the analysis in Sudanese literature, we present a more comprehensive analysis...

Stima Loan is a National Revolving Fund which was recommended for KPLC following a socioeconomic survey carried out in the year 2006 by a consortium of consultants targeting the low income segment of the market. The success of Stima Loan in expansion of power supply will improve access by new consumers and thus facilitate investments hitherto constrained by lack of electricity. This strategy has been extensively explored on the effects of stima loan strategy to the general public and on the company. Different scholars have described in their literature the need for marketing as a management function, marketing gathers information, makes plans, implements action and evaluates results. Marketing department which is mandated to spearhead stima loan programme require advising the company on how to serve the new customer creations in the shortest time possible. A lot of research has been done on electricity generation and distribution but very little has been done on how to increase conn...

Over the past three decades, tourism-based economic development has transformed social and economic conditions in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Mayan communities have become directly involved in the changing economy as the main source of inexpensive labor for construction and service jobs at tourism centers, and as sites of ecotourism and archeotourism. In this paper, we address how these macro-processes of change intersect locally with the commoditization of food systems, diets and nutrition in four Yucatec Mayan communities with differing relationships to the tourist economy. Yucatec Mayan diets have become increasingly dependent on purchased foods, and reflect a greater consumption of commercialized processed foods. Coca-Cola, an international icon of US culture, along with other local and internationally owned calorie-dense but nutrient-poor snack foods, is now a common element of Mayan diets, leading to what we call ''coca-colonization.'' The consequences of this diet, likely exacerbated by the increased consumption of snack foods, include an apparent increase in overweight and obese adults as well as signs of growth stunting in children. The Maya we talked with recognize both the potential disruption that tourism brings to all aspects of their lives and the necessity of jobs that tourism creates to meet their families' basic needs.

Lately sociology of education has had to deal with complex challenges and the rise of new social phenomenon: the impact of migration processes and global fluxes in the different contexts of instruction, the strategies for social inclusion, the demand of citizenship expressed by the "new generations". Citizenship is in the current context multiform meaning on the social and individual and is tied both to the matter of the formation of the citizen in the rights and duties, and on the matter of the right to education and of recognizing the full dignity of everyone, the right of difference and diversity. The essential knot of citizenship is given by "equal opportunities". The contribution suggest the results of a research carried out -with the administration of a questionnaire -to Italian preadolescents and foreigners attending secondary schools of first degree in the Abruzzo Region (Italy). Different aspects concerning scholastic success, creation of social relations and building of citizenship and living together were taken into consideration. The data obtained from the answers to the questionnaire are analyzed with the tools of the multivariate statistics in order to have information on the latent sociological trends of the multi-cultural society in Italy.

This study investigates the impact of international remittances on poverty reduction and infrastructural development in Egor Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria. With a focus on understanding how remittances contribute to both household well-being and community growth, the research explores the regularity, amount, and use of remittances in the study area. Data was collected using a questionnaire administered to 175 respondents, selected through the snowball sampling technique. The findings revealed that a significant proportion of households received remittances regularly, with a considerable increase in their earnings after remittance receipt. These funds are primarily allocated towards food, shelter, education, and healthcare, with some invested in business ventures and savings. Additionally, remittances play a crucial role in supporting infrastructural development, particularly in housing, schools, and agricultural estates. The study highlights the positive socioeconomic impact of remittances, aligning with the New Economics of Labour Migration (NELM) theory, which suggests that remittances are not only a source of household income but also contribute to broader community development. The research concludes with recommendations for policy development, financial literacy programs, and strengthened remittance channels to further optimise the benefits of remittances for both poverty reduction and sustainable infrastructural development in the area.

Durante el período de la posconvertibilidad, Argentina experimentó un proceso de crecimiento económico cuyo motor principal fue el sector industrial. Sin embargo, dada la heterogeneidad estructural histórica de la economía argentina, se ha cuestionado el grado de transformación productiva generado durante esos años. Diferentes teorías plantean que un cambio estructural requiere: (a) una reasignación de recursos y mano de obra hacia actividades intensivas en conocimiento; y (b) un proceso de diversificación productiva hacia sectores de rápido crecimiento de la demanda, para evitar presiones sobre la balanza de pagos. En consecuencia, se analizan los principales sectores industriales (clasificados por contenido tecnológico y valor agregado) en materia de producción, productividad y empleo, a los efectos de comprobar si hubo signos de un cambio estructural. Entre los resultados, se verifica una consolidación de los sectores de menor sofisticación tecnológica dentro de la estructura pro...

The main aim of this article is to examine empirically the impact of urbanization on carbon dioxide emissions in Singapore from 1970 to 2015. The autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) approach is applied within the analysis. The main finding reveals a negative and significant impact of urbanization on carbon emissions in Singapore, which means that urban development in Singapore is not a barrier to the improvement of environmental quality. Thus, urbanization enhances environmental quality by reducing carbon emissions in the sample country. The result also highlighted that economic growth has a positive and significant impact on carbon emissions, which suggests that economic growth reduces environmental quality through its direct effect of increasing carbon emissions in the country. Despite the high level of urbanization in Singapore, which shows that 100 % of the populace is living in the urban center, it does not lead to more environmental degradation. Hence, urbanization will not...

Within the broad spectrum of infrastructure and sustainable development, NDB’s operation focus on a range of key areas: clean energy and energy efficiency, transport infrastructure, water and sanitation, digital infrastructure, environmental protection and social infrastructure
Hence Ethiopia could benefit greatly from these facilities to promote its transition into an African industrial hub in addition to the support it receives from other multilateral and bilateral sources,

Resumen: En este artículo se exponen las principales conclusiones de dos investigaciones que se propusieron como objetivo describir el impacto de los medios comunitarios en el proceso de construcción de identidad y comunidad de los habitantes de dos poblaciones ...

Now in these days’ green house gases is the main cause of global warming and affects the climate in the world. Environmental arguments centre on the need to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions for the sake of both the global and local climate, particularly in large cities. Excessive exploitation of natural resources for development has been resulted into many environmental problems like environmental pollution and degradation, more emissions of greenhouse gases, extinction of many rare species, global warming and many more The consequences of global warming are multidimensional and can leave unpredictable deviation resulting in various weather conditions and calamities, including erratic monsoon behavior, water scarity and higher evapotranspiration, resulting frequent floods and

According to the efficient market hypothesis, it is impossible for the investors to achieve abnormally high returns. Because the price of an asset includes all available information which may affect the price of the product. Although until 1970's the efficient market hypothesis were deemed valid, it has been insufficient to explain specific price anomalies experienced within the recent years. One of these particular anomalies is experienced during the election periods. Within the scope of this study, two conclusions were achieved. The first one is that a price anomaly is experienced during the election period and the informed investors are aware of that. Secondly, it goes without saying that it is not possible to explain the financial market volatilities solely by employing the efficient market hypothesis.

He is also coordinator of the Mediterranean School of e-Business Management (Italian-Moroccan Partnership), and a visiting fellow at the Centre for Business Performance (Cranfield School of Management, UK). After completing his Master's and Ph.D. degrees, he worked as a post-doctoral researcher at the Scuola Superiore ISUFI -Università del Salento, Italy. Currently, his research is focused on the topics of knowledge assets, dynamic capabilities, performance management, entrepreneurial learning and management in education. He has published several international papers and articles. He also serves on editorial boards of distinguished international journals, and is a member of several professional associations in Morocco and abroad. Prior to his academic career, he held management positions in banking and management consulting.

A lack of public sector employment opportunities in Benin is pushing youth into self-employment. About 35% of youth are self-employed in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and 26% are in non-paid family work, whereas only around 19% are in wage employment1. However, youth entrepreneurs face important limitations to the growth and sustainability of their businesses. Lack of credit to start or grow a business is one of the main obstacles for Benin’s young entrepreneurs, over 60% of whom rely on personal funds or money from friends and family1,2.

The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership was initiated with the aim to build a space of shared prosperity and security among all the countries in the region. The achievement of this objective, however, continues to be challenged by several geopolitical, economic and social factors. In such a context, there is now a greater urgency to adapt the approach and the instruments, thus allowing Euro-Mediterranean partners to seize opportunities towards an effective area of shared stability and prosperity.

Due to the aggravating effect of the financial and economic crisis, many SMEs have difficulty in accessing finance. Consequently, Members encourage the European Commission to continue its efforts in promoting national-level implementation of the 'Think Small First' principle, which implies a further simplification of the regulatory and administrative environment for SMEs. The European Parliament recalls that banking institutions which have benefited during the crisis from state aid should be subject to targets for their financing amounts and conditions for SMEs. Because of the fragmentation of the banking sector and the subsequent great divergence in lending rates and credit offer among countries, it calls for a differentiated approach to improving SMEs' access to funding is necessary, taking into account the country-specific circumstances.

Due to the aggravating effect of the financial and economic crisis, many SMEs have difficulty in accessing finance. Consequently, Members encourage the European Commission to continue its efforts in promoting national-level implementation of the 'Think Small First' principle, which implies a further simplification of the regulatory and administrative environment for SMEs. The European Parliament recalls that banking institutions which have benefited during the crisis from state aid should be subject to targets for their financing amounts and conditions for SMEs. Because of the fragmentation of the banking sector and the subsequent great divergence in lending rates and credit offer among countries, it calls for a differentiated approach to improving SMEs' access to funding is necessary, taking into account the country-specific circumstances.

Due to the aggravating effect of the financial and economic crisis, many SMEs have difficulty in accessing finance. Consequently, Members encourage the European Commission to continue its efforts in promoting national-level implementation of the 'Think Small First' principle, which implies a further simplification of the regulatory and administrative environment for SMEs. The European Parliament recalls that banking institutions which have benefited during the crisis from state aid should be subject to targets for their financing amounts and conditions for SMEs. Because of the fragmentation of the banking sector and the subsequent great divergence in lending rates and credit offer among countries, it calls for a differentiated approach to improving SMEs' access to funding is necessary, taking into account the country-specific circumstances.

The way in which the state manages the public debt has always represented and it will continue to represent a subject of real importance, and the discussions regarding the level of budget deficit, the dregree of indebtedness and its implications on the social wellness are very present at national level as also at the European Union level. In this paper it is presented the share of public debt in the Gross Domestic Product in the member countries of European Union, and, respectively, the degree of indeptedness of each member country of the European Union, at the level year of 2013.

Since 1990 successive waves of foreign experts have introduced legal transplants into Cambodia dealing with the possession, use, and ownership of land. The Land Law of 2001, sponsored by the World Bank, first created a registration system that made land ownership dependent exclusively on a central cadastral registry. The 2007 Civil Code, sponsored by the Japanese International Cooperation Agency, subsequently cast doubt on the exclusivity of the registry by declaring it only presumptive evidence of ownership. Both laws are based on foreign models that presume economic, technical, and professional resources that Cambodia as a very poor, post-conflict country lacks. Despite recent efforts to reconcile the laws, implementation remains uneven and legal ambiguity persists. While it is too early to make conclusive judgments, the Cambodian experience brings into question not only the wisdom of top-down foreign intervention but also the desirability of any form of centralized formal legal construction in a society without the necessary social, political, and institutional prerequisites.

The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development promises to achieve change in almost every aspect of life on Earth. Encompassing 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets, the Agenda marks the first time in history when all nations have agreed on how to chart their future. The SDGs are not just a global reporting exercise, however, but rather involve a global program that embraces country-led efforts. Guided by the ideas contained in the 2030 Agenda, each nation must seek to become more prosperous and sustainable, while contributing to the global effort at the same time. If all the countries achieve this, we will have a sustainable planet and a secure future for all. This document offers guidance on how developing countries can adapt the SDGs to their own contexts and priorities. It indicates important areas for developing countries to consider when creating their own program to achieve the SDGs, and provides examples of success to demonstrate concrete possibilities for progress.

Large, suburban employment centres are a major feature of contemporary metropolitan growth. While these employment agglomerations have attracted a great deal of attention through the ‘edge city’ phenomenon that they imply and their impacts on land values (Bingham and Kimble 1995, McMillen and McDonald 1998), rather less attention has been paid to the land consumption implications that arise from this growth. Large employment concentrations do not just engage in the primary consumption of land through absorbing large areas for industrial, commercial or service activity, but they also exert a secondary impact as the result of land absorption through the residential choice of the labour that is employed in these concentrations. Thus a link needs to be made between primary land consumption, which is grounded in place of work, and secondary land consumption that is related to place of residence. This chapter attempts to forge this link. It offers a methodology for achieving this translat...

Over the Years, as Africans, we have Witnessed the Saddening Repulsion between Africa and Development. This Undesirable Reality has been Groomed by a Plethora of Deep-Rooted Challenges Faced by the Entire Continent. From the Years 1922 to 1990 African States had Gained their Independence from the European Powers, but nevertheless, a Century Later these States have not Developed into the ‘Wakanda’ they had Set themselves on a Path to. As a result  millions of Africans live Below the Poverty Line. The Whole GDP of Africa does not even Match the GDP of Japan, an Asian Country with a very small Geographical Area as Compared to any Country in Africa. Rather, Embarrassing Traits like Corruption, Greed and Nepotism run Rampant in African Affairs. Namibia, a Country Located in Southern Africa, has made Significant progress since Attaining Independence but, having Clarified all that, the Country seems to be running Divergently to Development.

Investigations into socioeconomic inequalities in mortality have been common in Great Britain, 1,2 the US, and several European countries. With the exception of two recent reports, 7,8 studies on socioeconomic mortality inequalities generally remain undeveloped in Korea and other parts of Asia. For example, death rates stratified by education and occupation have not been reported by the government, although the information required to calculate those rates is available in Korean Census and Death Certificate data. This paucity of studies may be attributed in part to the ideological climate. Public discussion of the existence of health and other inequalities has been difficult because South Korea's regimes have viewed such discussion as an attack upon their political legitimacy. Korea has experienced dramatic socioeconomic change during the past half century. Following Japanese colonial occupation and World War II (1910-1945), the country was further devastated by the Korean War (1950-1953). After 1962, however, a series of economic development plans were implemented and Korea's rapid economic progress, often termed an 'economic miracle', 9 transformed the country from an agricultural to an industrialized society. With a growth rate approaching 10% a year, the gross national income per capita reached about USD 10 000 in 2000, 10

There is ongoing debate among scholars concerning the relation between Islam and development. The focus of the debate is particularly about the compatibility issue. Western and Muslim scholars have their own stance and argumentation. While the former have accused Islam as an obstacle to development, the latter have assured that Islam is essentially compatible to development. Based on the Qur’anic point of view, it is obvious that religion and development are essentially related in a positive, direct and causal manner.

The recent worldwide economic crisis requires a new focus on the theoretical framework of analysis of local development. Particular attention has been devoted to the study of the role of territories, no longer conceived as pure geographic spaces, but rather an important ...

This paper examines the effects of the imposition of an interest rate ceiling in the microfinance sector in Cambodia in 2017, based on a household survey undertaken in 2019. Evidence indicates that the average interest rate was reduced after the imposition of the ceiling. Although this reduction is partially offset by the increase of the average loan assessment and processing fee, the average effective interest rate (i.e., credit cost) declined. The results also show the increase in the average loan size from formal sources at a relatively small level and the increase in the percentage of loans from informal sources by a few percentage points. Moreover, we find that relatively low-income households face a higher probability of being rejected for loans and a higher debt service ratio is positively associated with a larger loan amount. This implies the possibility of the increase of the debt burden occurring among relatively small borrowers, given that an increase of the average loan size at relatively small loan levels is observed. The evidence supporting the important role of financial literacy in reducing household debt burden is also confirmed.

This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. This article investigates how financial development helps to reduce poverty directly through the McKinnon conduit effect and indirectly through economic growth. The results obtained with data for a sample of developing countries from 1966 through 2000 suggest that the poor benefit from the ability of the banking system to facilitate transactions and provide savings opportunities but to some extent fail to reap the benefit from greater availability of credit. Moreover, financial development is accompanied by financial instability, which is detrimental to the poor. Nevertheless, the benefits of financial development for the poor outweigh the cost.

This paper is devoted to the problems of evaluation of institutional system's develop- ment in transition economies and studying the impact it has on economic performance. The au- thors developed and used a methodology of estimating an operational indicator of institutional system dynamics for observing the "institutional reforms-economic growth" interdependence in transition economies. The observations revealed certain dependence between institutional deve- lopment and growth. In the remaining part of the paper the problems of international economic integration of transition economies were discussed in context of EU accession. The case of Mexico is used as a benchmark for successful integration of economies with different level of

Author(s): Velasquez, Mauricio | Advisor(s): Geddes, Barbara | Abstract: The dissertation has a methodological and a substantive contribution. First, it develops a method of measurement that serves to directly test specific hypothesis about the simultaneous interaction of classes in a multivariate regression environment. I show how compositional analysis can be applied to the same data that are used to construct the Gini coefficient serving to further investigate and adjudicate the class effects that are only suggested in the Gin results. I show that because identical Gini calculations result from drastically different land distributions it is wrong to narrow its interpretation to theories relating only the very rich and the very poor while ignoring the middle class. Second, it shows that municipalities in Colombia with relatively large numbers of middle-sized farmers versus large landowners provide larger proportions of their citizens with piped water, electricity, and other public...

The entire process of Korean economic development in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s demonstrated the possibility of economic development in the third world. The 1997 financial crisis led many to affirm that the Korean state had lost its ability to deal with domestic economic and welfare policies. Using Cerny's three "shifts" in the character and nature of the welfare state,