Economic History

The introduction of the Map Title Deed during the reign of King Rama V of the Rattanakosin era is one of the indicators that showed that Siam was in the process of Modernization. It was an important mechanism for the Thai Elite to use as tool to centralize their power under the bureaucratic administration, because the Government could check on who owned any land, and who was residing there, especially with regard to the Chinese. As the complexities of land use increased, especially in the area of the lower Chaophraya-Basin, there was increased conflict between the State and the commoners based on "what kind of persons" could own land, with arguments between those who could afford the high land prices and those who wanted to exploit the land by themselves. The Government resolved these problems by an edict on the Map title Deed, so that anyone who had registered land was considered the owner. Moreover, the Deed could also be used to clear up any conflict by differentiating between the State's property and private ownership.

physical geography. Cassanello's close readings of these events help to reframe familiar debates over race, segregation, and political access in the post-Civil War South. The book's larger change-over-time argument is somewhat less satisfying. Cassanello recapitulates a familiar declension narrative in which the racial democracy of Reconstruction gives way to the political and social "invisibility" of Jim Crow. The tumult of the Civil War and the arrival of new populations (notably northern migrants) allowed emancipated African Americans to renegotiate their place in the social and political life of Reconstruction-era Jacksonville. Elite whites insisted that black involvement in the public sphere was by definition illegitimate, and relied on a campaign of violence and fraud to reassert control over physical space and popular discourse in the last two decades of the nineteenth century. Cassanello argues, however, that resistance was constant. To this end, his final chapters detail the development of a number of distinct counterpublicsmade up of African Americans, workers, and womenthat worked to contest the dominance of elite white men. None of this is particularly surprising or controversial. The book's larger narrative arc, in fact, is quite similar to the one put forward in Paul Ortiz's Emancipation Betrayed: The Hidden History of Black Organizing and White Violence in Florida from Reconstruction to the Bloody Election of  (). Though Cassanello offers a new theoretical perspective and a closer engagement with the city of Jacksonville, readers interested in race relations in postwar Florida are likely to continue to reach for Ortiz first. Cassanello's prose can be uneven. Despite its deep grounding in critical theory, the book largely avoids jargon. Even so, the author's overuse of several key terms and phrasespublic sphere, public space, counterpubliccan make comprehension difficult. The last sentence of the book's first chapter provides an example. Cassanello writes that "spacesboth public and privatewere a middle ground where the meaning of space and racial equality could be negotiated as part of a broader discourse of the place where blacks fit into the public sphere" (). The odd repetition of "space" robs the sentence of analytical clarity, detracting from a potentially significant historical point. Unfortunately, such constructions appear with some frequency. The University Press of Florida did Cassanello no favors here; typographical errors and editorial mistakes are distressingly common throughout the volume. To Render Invisible makes a useful contribution to the literature on race relations in the US South during the formative years of Jim Crow. Cassanello tells Jacksonville's story without being confined by it, while his use of Habermas makes the book a welcome addition to a historiography that seldom engages with critical theory. Stylistic and editorial quibbles aside, the volume stands as an important compliment to the works of Paul Ortiz, Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Tera W. Hunter, and others.

Desempenho dos Bancos Comerciais Brasileiros, 1981Brasileiros, -1986 RONALDO FIANI *) Este texto examina o desempenho dos bancos comerciais brasileiros durante os anos 1981 -1986, analisando as transformagdes na sua estrutura ativa e passiva, assim como a evolugSo da sua lucratividade. Esta andlise distingue dois subgrupos: os bancos comerciais privados e oficiais, investigando as eviddncias em favor de diferentes padrdes de comportamento para cada subgrupo. Palavras-chave; histdria econdmica, sistema financeiro, bancos comerciais, estrutura patrimonial, desempenho.

The Universe as created by God has man and other spirits residing in it. Spirits are believed to be possessing and tormenting people and they can only be exorcised by the exorcists. The rate at in which exorcists blossom in carrying out their activities clearly posed a big challenge to doubt the genuine of sources of their power. Thus, the paper is concerned with unraveling a comparative analysis for a reflective rediscovery of genuine sources of power for exorcism in Africa Traditional Religion and Islam. The research made use of comparative, prescriptive and analytic methods. Data were collected from the field through selected interviews and consultation of relevant books. The paper discovered that, exorcists exaggerate their roles and exploit their clients in order to acquire quick material and social firm. They also worsen people’s health due to erroneous examination of non possession elements to means spiritual attacks. There is doubt been cast in most exorcists due to concealm...

After a seven-year period of military dictatorship and following the reestablishment of parliamentary democracy in 1974, historical studies have been a continuously developing field in Greece. Similarly as in Spain and Portugal at much the same time, archives became accessible for academic historians. The general public's expectations about the establishment of historical 'truth' concerning the recent past were pressing.1 It is against this backdrop that we propose to review the changing conditions of historical research and especially the challenges involved in gaining access to primary sources, in particular those related to 'national matters'. We will try to show the ways in which the particularities of the Greek case have to do with the history of civil rights in the country in the twentieth century, both during the interwar years and – more dramatically – during the Cold War period.

02EUPHOROS 15/2/06 18:01 Página 21 El trabajo del cuero pertenece al sector industrial o secundario, y su origen es tan antiguo como la existencia del hombre. En el presente artículo haremos un ligero recorrido por la historia de este material, su tratamiento y el desarrollo de su industria, y esto servirá de introducción para pasar después a la historia de una fábrica de curtir pieles en Algeciras, y que perteneció en los últimos años de su existencia a la familia Salas Fernández, de cuyo archivo familiar hemos transcrito un documento sobre la herencia y propiedad de este negocio. Los datos obtenidos nos servirán para ampliar un poco más las escasas noticias sobre este tipo de industrias en Algeciras 1 .

This article investigates tuberculosis mortality in Hermoupolis, the capital of the Greek island of Syros, during the period of continuous cause-of-death reporting from 1916 to 1940. Contemporary reports identified Greece as having one of the highest levels of tuberculosis mortality in Europe, with Hermoupolis ranking at the top within the country. In the early twentieth century, Greece launched an anti-tuberculosis campaign, primarily supported by philanthropists due to limited state intervention. The study examines the actions, if any, taken by the local authorities in Hermoupolis and analyzes mortality attributed to tuberculosis by age group and sex. The results reveal that tuberculosis mortality declined across all age groups in the 1930s, particularly among females. Deaths were concentrated in infancy, early adulthood (20-39 years), and the elderly. Clear differences in tuberculosis fatality rates among occupational classes were found, although they did not markedly differ from all-cause mortality patterns. Factors such as the lack of sanitary reforms, poor living standards, inadequate nutrition, and overcrowding could have potentially played key roles in the high tuberculosis mortality in the city. Considering the inefficacy of sanatorium treatment before the mid-1940s, it is plausible that improvements in factory working conditions and the decrease in industrial activity in the city may have contributed to the reduction in tuberculosis mortality in Hermoupolis during the 1930s.

Cumhuriyet'in yüz senelik sanayileşme tarihi içinde devlet fabrikalarının yeri
hakkındaki bu kısa yazının sorusu başlığında gizli: 1930'larda milli kalkınmanın belkemiği sayılan devlet fabrikaları ne oldu, nasıl oldu da 1980'lerde ekonominin kamburuna dönüştü? Yazı, bu dönüşümün başlıca kırılma noktalarını oluşturanve Türkiye ekonomisinin küresel kapitalizmle farklı eklemlenme biçimleri tarafından belirlenen dönemlere karşılık gelen dört bölümden oluşuyor.

mobile devices may be more advanced than that of older users. Although some may see these weaknesses as meaningful, I am doubtful they are severe limitations and tend to agree with the authors' responses to these concerns. Dunaway and Searles's research in News and Democratic Citizens in the Mobile Era has significant normative and practical value. In terms of political learning these studies show that, overall, people who consume news information on a tablet or smartphone pay less attention to it, and the increased amount of cognitive effort required to access information on mobile devices leads to lower levels of recall. These conclusions result in a worrisome conundrum: the devices capable of reaching the most people seem to support learning the least. Calling to mind Madison's original statement on the importance of information access, Dunaway and Searles's work raises new questions about the challenges of mobile technology for supporting an informed citizenry. Moreover, their use of new frameworks and innovative methods offer important and constructive steps toward advancing media effects research.

El presente informe es el resultado de la primera etapa de la investigación La resistencia al modelo neoliberal en América Latina. Estudio comparado de tres movimientos sociales: El Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (México), el Movimiento de los Trabajadores Rurales Sin Tierra (Brasil) y los Piqueteros (Argentina). El trabajo se lleva a cabo en el departamento de Economía y Política Internacional del Centro Cultural de la Cooperación y busca ser un aporte a la ya extensa reflexión sobre los movimientos sociales y políticos de principios del siglo XXI. En la primera etapa del estudio nos dedicamos a analizar la globalización y las características generales de los movimientos de resistencia global que surgieron en los últimos años. En las próximas etapas trabajaremos sobre las características específicas de los Zapatistas en México, el Movimiento Sem Terra en Brasil y los Piqueteros en la Argentina para ver si éstos forman parte de los movimientos de resistencia global

Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Estabilidad financiera y dolarización 293 Jesús Zurita González** Estabilidad financiera y dolarización* Este artículo examina los vínculos entre dolarización, estabilidad financiera y estabilidad monetaria, en una economía pequeña y abierta cuya banca tiene acceso al crédito internacional. La principal conclusión es que si se logra un equilibrio fiscal sostenible, interporalmente, la dolarización resulta innecesaria para lograr la estabilidad monetaria y de precios. Debido a la importancia del sistema bancario como fuente de desequilibrio fiscal cuando incurre en dificultades financieras y es rescatada por el gobierno, se indica la necesidad de establecer medidas prudenciales para garantizar el buen funcionamiento del sistema bancario y con ello alcanzar la estabilidad financiera.

The trip of Otto Wolff to China in 1957 and the subsequent bilateral trade agreement created direct trade relations between West Germany and China and built channels of communication and trust among trade officials, businessmen, and mid-level diplomats in these two countries. The role played by Wolff and his fellows at the Ostausschuss, as well as their Chinese interlocutors was equally important in the negotiations towards an agreement. The decision to engage with China through private business ventures ultimately created a model with lasting commercial success. However, inherent flaws of the agreement and an intertwinement of political and economic factors together led to the nonrenewal of the 1957 agreement, which also demonstrate the limit of multinationals and business associations in building economic relations without political and diplomatic relations during this phase of the Cold War.

Commercial law is an abstract definition in a central planned economy, but Yugoslavia had a system of its own and in the economic history books it has always a special chapter. It all started with the planned system economy, but very early Yugoslavia followed its own path, namely workers' self-government and a special property form, the so-called social property. Albania instead followed the path of all socialist countries – central planned economy and socialist property. This system can be considered a definition of administrative socialism or etatism. This manuscript aims to analyze the commercial reforms in Yugoslavia, Macedonia and Albania and its consequences towards free market economy. A historic and deductive method will be used to analyze the legal reforms that made Yugoslavia a specialty in the communist block.

This article marks the fiftieth anniversary of the re-establishment of diplomatic ties between Hungary and Mexico, which took place in 1974, ending a period of more than thirty years characterised by a lack of an official relationship. The aim of the research is to explore the main external and internal factors that made it possible to normalise the bilateral nexus in the 1970s. One of the innovative features of the investigation is that it has been conducted from both sides, using both Mexican and Hungarian archival and press sources, which makes it possible to compare and reflect upon the
foreign policy steps of the respective countries. Following this historical analysis, a brief overview is provided on current relations, with a particular emphasis on public diplomacy and cultural ties.

Keywords: Hungary, Mexico, diplomatic relations, Cold War, satellite/hegemon, foreign policy,
public diplomacy

No livro Caminhos de Minas Gerais, escrito por Dermeval José Pimenta, postado na plataforma Academia.edu por sua filha, Josefina Lúcia Pimenta Lobato de Mello, são apresentados os processos de instauração e desenvolvimento dos caminhos abertos pelos bandeirantes paulistas, a partir de meados do século XVII, em direção às regiões que futuramente formariam o Estado de Minas Gerais, com o objetivo de encontrar ouro e pedras preciosas. O livro também descreve o chamado Caminho Velho, que unia as rotas provenientes de São Paulo, com as que partiam de Parati, em Guaratinguetá, em rumo às áreas de mineração. Em seguida, é apresentado o percurso do Caminho Novo, que se iniciava em Petrópolis e mais tarde serviu de base para a construção de estradas carroçáveis e da estrada de ferro D. Pedro II. A obra ainda aborda os caminhos traçados pelas ferrovias construídas em Minas Gerais nos séculos XIX e XX.

El principal objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer al lector un listado de las imposiciones municipales de Barcelona durante la segunda mitad del reinado de Alfonso el Magnánimo, esto es, las décadas de 1430, 1440 y 1450. Mediante el análisis de documentación de índole económica y actas concejiles, se exponen no solo los distintos productos gravados por cada uno de los impuestos, sino también las tarifas que se aplicaban a cada uno de ellos y los cambios que experimentaron a lo largo de los años estudiados. Estos a menudo estuvieron motivados por la situación política del momento, en la cual jugó un papel determinante el enfrentamiento entre los partidos de la Busca y la Biga.

Según los postulados de la New Economic History es posible diseñar un conjunto de principios y técnicas aplicables indiscriminadamente al pasado, al presente o al futuro. McGreevey nos dice que en la investigación histórica se puede hacer uso del mismo enfoque de los planificadores, “el análisis de costo-beneficio para determinar si debe llevarse a cabo un proyecto de electrificación”. Estos análisis se efectúan mediante modelos construidos sobre “variables independientes” que expresan “la información disponible” que pueda ser “conceptualmente mensurable”. Las relaciones entre las variables del modelo deben producir “hipótesis” que se aceptan o rechazan después de probarlas. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es argumentar contra tales métodos. La crítica está dirigida principalmente al capítulo IX de la Historia Económica de Colombia, en donde el autor combina el método hipotético deductivo con uno que él denomina análisis cualitativo y construye un “modelo de cambio agrario” que explicaría de qué manera “las condiciones de la oferta de café” llevaron a la transición hacia el “desarrollo auto sostenido”. Primero discuto algunos aspectos generales de la validez metodológica de los modelos, posteriormente ensayo una crítica para confrontar el “modelo de cambio agrario” con la realidad histórica que pretende iluminar y por último sugiero algunas líneas alternativas para la investigación del período de la expansión del café.

Throughout history, trade has been one of the main elements of the economic prosperity and stability of countries and states. Since ancient times, people have exchanged goods and resources within and outside their territories. Over time, these exchanges shaped famous trade routes such as the Silk Road and provided the commercial connection between East and West. Later on, maritime trade routes emerged with the advancements in seafaring, and in modern times, trade has been carried out mainly through three main methods: land, sea and air. In this article, land and maritime trade during the Mughal Empire will be discussed in general. However, before moving on to the subject, brief information will be given about the trade patterns and trade routes of the local rulers before the Mughals. These local rulers played a major role in the shaping and progress of Mughal trade by innovating trade routes and laid a foundation for the economic growth and development of the Mughals. However, maritime trade started during the Mughal period due to the fact that they had only land borders during the period of local rulers. The maritime trade that started during the Mughal Empire will be discussed in detail. After dominating the important harbours of India, the Mughals made extensive use of maritime trade, which contributed significantly to their economic prosperity. However, this commercial prosperity also paved the way for foreign powers to enter India. The British East India Company entered India by utilising maritime trade routes and gradually increased its influence in the region. Eventually, this power led to the complete colonisation of India by Britain and the Mughal Empire weakened and collapsed.

Los monarcas aragoneses del final de la Edad Media debieron solicitar a los representantes de sus territorios reunidos en Cortes la financiación de su proyecto mediterráneo. En este trabajo nos ocupamos de un caso en el que Martín I eludió este mecanismo y negoció en Aragón acuerdos puntuales para financiar la última gran armada sobre Cerdeña (1409). De manera singular, cedió la administración de estas cuantías a Benvenist de la Caballería y Ramón de Casaldáguila, dos grandes financieros asentados en Zaragoza acreedores de las instituciones aragonesas.
                                                *      *      *
In  the  late  Middle  Ages,  Aragonese  monarchs  often  sought  financial  aid  from  the  representatives  of  their  territories  gathered  in  parliaments  to  fund  their  Mediterranean endeavours. This study examines a case in which King Martin I avoided this mechanism and negotiated specific agreements in Aragon to finance the  last  major  fleet  to  Sardinia  in  1409.  In  a  unique  move,  the  king  entrusted  the administration of these funds to Benvenist de la Caballería and Ramón de Casaldáguila, two prominent financiers based in Zaragoza who were creditors to the Aragonese institutions. This delegation of extraordinary fiscal management illustrates the inclusion of a financial sector within the power structure of the Crown of Aragon through its involvement in the royal administration. Additionally, the existence of a booklet of accounts allows for an analysis of the human capital mobilized  by  the  collaboration  between  a  Jew  and  a  Christian,  as  well  as  the  financial  mechanisms  used  to  secure  liquidity  at  a  critical  time,  following  the  collapse of the large private banks.

In the last twenty years, much research into methods of late medieval governance has grown out of the investigation of the large-scale inquests conducted by rulers that first appeared in southern Latin Christendom in the 13th and 14th centuries.1 This was precisely the same period that saw the invention of inquisition into heretical depravity (inquisitio heretice pravitatis), perhaps the most infamous of medieval “inquests”. Strangely, no systemic analysis has been done on the correlations between secular inquest and inquisition in this nascent moment in administration, neither as a mode of authority nor as formal diplomatics. One reason for this has been the absence of extant sources from the earliest inquisitions. A recent edition of the registry of the largest known medieval inquisition – at Toulouse, 1245-46, 5400+ deponents – allows multiple reflections on the concurrences, overlaps, and shared features. This context in particular presents a fascinating opportunity for a comparative, materialist diplomatic analysis: this inquisition registry exists as a copy made in the 1250s for the judges in a Capetian secular inquest; the records of those same Capetian inquests have come down in their original (paper) form; the Capetian rulers appear to have played a role in the origins of the heresy inquisition itself. All of this triggers a series of questions not only about how the secular and religious court records might share diplomatic characteristics, but how those diplomatics channeled the competing ambitions of the Capetian and Papal powers in the French Midi after the Albigensian Crusades.

An antidote to the frigid and shallow Malthusian and market-centred approaches to the origins of capitalism.

Final proofs of the whole book. Two volumes in one. First, a study exploring the evidence for the forced expropriation of the English peasantry c. 1380-1620. Second, for future researchers especially, a translation from Latin to English of the voluminous findings of the commission into the expropriation of English peasants throughout England in 1517-18.

National Education Policy 2020 has accepted the importance of Sanskrit language, but there is a need to be comprehensively prepared for the future Sanskrit generation and Sanskrit education. Innovation in Sanskrit is the key to this, but there are many obstacles in the success of these innovations, which require determination with skill to overcome them. Sanskrit is the precious gem of the past and the key to the future. No one doubts its scientificity and utility in the present era from linguistic point of view, but still our educational system has often failed to take effective steps for Sanskrit teaching & learning.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and reguIations and therefore free for general use.

Ein karolingischer Denar Karls des Großen mit auf der Rückseite den Namen seiner Gemahlin, Königin Fastrada. Da der Münztyp erst im Jahr 793 eingeführt wurde und Fastrada im August 794 starb, lässt sie sich sehr genau datieren. Karl wurde mit ziemlicher Sicherheit von den Pfennigen der Königin Cynethryth, die von Offa in den späten 780er Jahren geprägt wurden, inspiriert. Die Münzprägung spiegelt sowohl die Zuneigung Karls des Großen zu Fastrada wider als auch seine Bereitschaft, die Macht mit ihr zu teilen.

La presenza dell'Ordine del Tempio a Venezia rappresenta uno dei capitoli più affascinanti e complessi della storia medievale della Serenissima. Lungi dall'essere una semplice appendice della più nota attività crociata, la mansione templare veneziana costituì un elemento strutturale nello sviluppo politico, economico, sociale e religioso della Repubblica marinara. Formalmente stabilita con la "domus Templarii sacellum" documentata nel 1143, la presenza templare veneziana si sviluppò rapidamente diventando il fulcro di una rete di attività che si estendeva dal Mediterraneo orientale all'Europa occidentale. La posizione strategica "nei pressi di piazza San Marco" non era casuale: rifletteva il riconoscimento, da parte delle autorità veneziane, dell'importanza strategica di un ordine che combinava funzioni religiose, militari, commerciali e diplomatiche.

In 1946 the Law Revision recommended an amendment to Section 250 of the Real Property Law,' the purpose of which is to harmonize Real Property Law, Section 250, as amended in 1937, with Decedent Estate Law, Section 20, so as to avoid doubts and confusion which might otherwise result. The amendment, which was adopted and became effective March 30, 1946, allows a direction charging the executor or administrator with a mortgage or other lien on real property devised or descended to be express or by necessary

Working-Class Politics in Turkey demonstrates the importance of critically reexamining a period of Turkish history often characterized by nostalgia and myth. The book meticulously explores how industrialisation and nation-building processes intertwined and intersected, spanning from the late Ottoman Empire's industrialisation efforts to the end of the Democratic Party era. Furthermore, it aims to fill a significant gap in historiography by offering a fresh perspective on the history of the working class, a central figure in these processes.

Cari islemler acigi, devletin ek finansmana ihtiyac duymasinin ve / veya ozel sektorun tasarruflarini asan olcude yatirim yapmasinin bir sonucu olarak ortaya cikmaktadir. Bazen sadece devletin finansman acigi ya da ozel sektorun tasarruf acigi cari islemler acigina sebep olabilir [ikiz acik]. Bazen de bu iki acik birlikte ortaya cikarak cari islemler acigi dogurabilir [ucuz acik]. Bu nedensellik iliskisi temelinde Turkiye ekonomisi incelenir ise, cari islemler aciginin 1974-2002 doneminde devletin finansman acigindan kaynaklandigi gorulmektedir. Ote yandan 2003-2015 doneminde cari islemler hesabinda verilen acik, hem devletin hem de ozel sektorun finansman acigindan kaynaklanmistir.

There is ongoing debate among scholars concerning the relation between Islam and development. The focus of the debate is particularly about the compatibility issue. Western and Muslim scholars have their own stance and argumentation. While the former have accused Islam as an obstacle to development, the latter have assured that Islam is essentially compatible to development. Based on the Qur’anic point of view, it is obvious that religion and development are essentially related in a positive, direct and causal manner.

La sal, un elemento indispensable y de gran necesidad para los seres humanos, ha jugado un papel muy importante en las relaciones sociales, políticas y económicas a lo largo de la historia, debido no sólo a su gran utilidad domestica, sino principalmente a todas aquellas relaciones sociales que se han tejido alrededor de su elaboración, comercialización, gravámenes y monopolios a los que ha sido expuesta en diferentes sociedades y épocas. Desde la antigüedad la producción y comercialización de la sal estuvieron monopolizadas por el señorío de los reyes, dominadas por círculos aristocráticos. En Europa, a lo largo del proceso de la formación de los estados la burguesía se fue apoderando de su elaboración y los estados mantuvieron bajo su control el comercio y la imposición de gravámenes a este artículo, lo cual fue de gran importancia en los ingresos y en la formación de algunos de ellos, como el caso de Alemania y otros estados como Inglaterra, Francia, Alemania, China, India, Rusia y Estados Unidos 2 . En Colombia son pocos los estudios de carácter histórico que se han realizado sobre las relaciones humanas implicados en la producción y comercialización de la sal, ya que la mayoría de los estudios han abordado la temática de las técnicas y las formas de elaboración en los periodos prehispánico e indiano 3 . Durante el periodo indiano, la sal fue un estanco administrado por las autoridades estatales, y una vez instaurada la República continuó siendo controlada de forma similar durante el siglo XIX, siendo uno de los ingresos más importantes de la Hacienda Pública. Este artículo pretende mostrar el desarrollo del proceso histórico de centralización administrativa del monopolio de las salinas por el estado republicano, uno de los monopolios fiscales heredados del Estado Indiano. En la primera parte se abordarán los cambios que a mediados del siglo

Artykuł opisuje w skrócie, jak zmieniała się gospodarka Ameryki w zależności od wydobycia w USA gazu ziemnego i ropy naftowej. W okresie II Wojny Światowej USA dostarczały większość ropy naftowej dla państw alianckich. Po zakończeniu wojny popyt wewnętrzny w USA zmusił do bardzo dużego importu ropy, głównie arabskiej, co umożliwiło krajom OPEC wywieranie ceną ropy nacisku politycznego. Obecnie USA są ponownie dużym eksporterem ropy dzięki jej wydobywaniu z łupków. Opisano też pojawienie się nowego gracza na światowym rynku ropy naftowej - BRIC czyli konsorcjum Brazylii, Rosji, Indii i Chin.

Geographic information system (GIS) is a widely technology used in the study on the earth exploration planning and creating mapping using satellite images data for national development planning, land use changes and agricultural area planning, natural resources and environmental management and applying for the analysis of spatial data i.e.; forest area, water resources, water qualities, and agricultural areas, etc. The objective of this study is to compare two analysis methods; Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Supervised Classification method in the classification of the forest areas in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. The dataset of Landsat 5 satellite images in 2012, 2007 and 2002 were analyzed by Arc-GIS 9.2 geographic information program. As the NDVI analysis method was classified of the area based on the difference of surface reflection between the near-infrared and wavelengths of the red color in proportional to sum of those two wavebands to adjust to the normali...

The ideological struggle is necessary to looking for guidance of social life. from the historical development of thinking really teach, that Lenin had modified the idea of Marx, while the revisionists want to make social change not through violent revolutions, and with the softer style of socialism, in Europe and America later expanded a new left. The discussion ofseveralaspects of these ideasits relevancein Indonesia today,as effortsto take a positive valueof each idea. The value ofhistorical research,aremayrecognize the businesswhich has been done previously,help determine the strategies and other ideas,and may providesolutionand the seeking the truthabout the present.Lenin and Rosa view of the importance of of qualified human resources consequences to guarantee the quality of life of workers.The charges againstwageeligible,health insurance, and work facilities, become a things that should be fulfilled.The protection of women workers is also a concern.Analysis of the New Left Revi...

This research explores the historical evolution of accounting practices in Yoruba Land, Nigeria, from pre-colonial times to the present day. Yoruba society, characterised by a rich cultural heritage and a dynamic economy, developed sophisticated indigenous systems for resource management and trade. These early practices, deeply rooted in oral traditions and communal structures, emphasized transparency and accountability, utilizing methods like symbolic representation and mnemonic devices. The arrival of colonialism and the transatlantic slave trade significantly impacted this evolution, introducing Western accounting methods and reshaping the Yoruba economy. This era saw a gradual integration of European principles, such as double-entry bookkeeping, with existing local practices. The post-colonial period brought further transformation, driven by modernization and globalization. The establishment of professional accounting bodies, like the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN), and the adoption of international standards, such as IFRS, led to the professionalization of accounting in the region. Despite these modern developments, traditional practices persist, particularly among small-scale enterprises, illustrating the enduring influence of Yoruba cultural norms. This research examines the interplay of these indigenous traditions, colonial influences, and postcolonial innovations, highlighting how accounting practices in Yoruba Land have adapted to changing economic landscapes while maintaining a unique identity. It also emphasizes the crucial role of accounting in driving economic growth and ensuring financial stability in the region's dynamic development.

Este capítulo analisa a fraude financeira na dívida subnacional brasileira a partir do caso do empréstimo de Alagoas em 1906, durante a Primeira República. Realizado no contexto da globalização financeira da Belle Époque, o episódio envolveu elites locais, bancos franceses e financistas anglo-brasileiros, em um ambiente marcado por baixa regulação e forte influência de redes sociais. Enviado a Paris para salvar a operação, o político José de Barros Wanderley de Mendonça desviou recursos, especulou com fundos públicos, vendeu títulos duplicados e levou uma vida luxuosa. A crise política em Alagoas levou à sua demissão, fuga, prisão e morte na França em 1928. O default do empréstimo gerou escândalo no Brasil e expôs os riscos da autonomia fiscal estadual. O caso revela como a combinação de regulação frágil, má conduta individual e redes informais facilitou práticas fraudulentas e ilustra a inserção de financistas latino-americanos em circuitos financeiros globais.

Women have, on average, been less well-paid than men throughout history. Prior to 1900, most economic historians see the gender wage gap as a reflection of men's greater strength and correspondingly higher productivity. This paper investigates the gender wage gap in cigar making around 1900. Strength was rarely an issue, but the gender wage gap was large. Two findings suggest that employers were not sexist. First, differences in earnings by gender for workers paid piece rates can be fully explained by differences in experience and other productivity-related characteristics. Second, conditioning on those characteristics, women were just as likely to be promoted to the better paying piece rate section. Neither finding is compatible with a simple model of sex-based discrimination. Instead, the gender wage gap can be decomposed into two components. First, women were typically less experienced, in an industry in which experience mattered. Second there were some jobs that required strength, for which men were better suited. Because strength was so valuable in the other jobs at this time, men commanded a wage premium in the general labour market, raising their reservation wage. Hiring a man required the firm to pay a 'man's wage'. This implies that firms that were slow to feminise their time rate workforce ended up with a higher cost structure than those that made the transition more quickly. We show that firms with a higher proportion of women in their workforce in 1863 were indeed more likely to survive 35 years later.