Military History

This article analyzes the dynamics of the post-Mohács Ottoman timariot army, exploring the Ottoman military transformation within the Ottoman frontier districts or sub-provinces (sancak/liva), namely Semendria and Bosnia, with a specific focus on the prelude to the Ottoman–Habsburg struggle. As the Ottoman–Habsburg conflict unfolded, the Ottomans gathered formidable garrison troops along the Hungarian frontier, unprecedented in its history. Drawing insights from various undated documents spanning 1530 to 1532, this article investigates the potential Ottoman army available for military campaigns in the West, which previous research have only made estimations. A specific roll-call register provides details on the actual size of the Rumelian timariot army during the 1532 campaign. The study also examines the factors and methods contributing to the growth of the timariot army in the frontier regions and the emergence of a distinct frontier power holder typology, exemplified by clans such as the Hüsrev Bey and Yahyalı clans. The article further explores the upkeep of substantial household troops commanded by these governors (sancakbeyi), their integration into the timar system, and their role in the raids and magnitude of the slavery-based economy. It also analyzes the leaders of raids into Croatia and offers an overview of the typology of the frontier soldier.

Henry V. Now, herald, are the dead number'd? Herald. Here is the(Enter an English Herald) number of the slaughter'd French. Henry V. What prisoners of good sort are taken, uncle? Duke of Exeter. Charles Duke of Orleans, nephew to the king; John Duke of Bourbon, and Lord Bouciqualt: Of other lords and barons, knights and squires, Full fifteen hundred, besides common men. Henry V. This note doth tell me of ten thousand French That in the field lie slain: of princes, in this number, And nobles bearing banners, there lie dead One hundred twenty six: added to these, Of knights, esquires, and gallant gentlemen, Eight thousand and four hundred; of the which, Five hundred were but yesterday dubb'd knights: So that, in these ten thousand they have lost, There are but sixteen hundred mercenaries; The rest are princes, barons, lords, knights, squires, And gentlemen of blood and quality. [...] Where is the number of our English dead? (Herald shews him another paper) Edward the Duke of York, the Earl of Suffolk, Sir Richard Ketly, Davy Gam, esquire: None else of name; and of all other men But five and twenty. O God, thy arm was here; And not to us, but to thy arm alone, Ascribe we all! 1 Act= 4&Scene=8&Scope=scene (last accessed 19 January 2023).

espanolEste articulo contiene un analisis de tres libros libros sobre America del Sur que representan la literatura de viajes contemporanea de Alemania. La teoria basica utilizada para este analisis es la geopoetica. En el articulo se discutiran algunos aspectos geopoeticos seleccionados en los tres libros analizados. En primer lugar, las caracteristicas espaciales generales de los viajes sudamericanos de los autores. Por otra parte, se analizara el contexto de la literatura que aparece en dichos libros. Como “contexto literario“ entendemos diversas referencias textuales a la literatura. Estas referencias pueden ser divididas en tres grupos: a) las referencias intencionales, a escritores o trabajos literarios, b) encuentros accidentales, no intencionales con obras literarias y c) asi llamados “viajes literarios“. Los tres grupos juntos forman un “mapa del contexto literario“ en los libros analizados. El mapa es una parte integral de los aspectos geopoeticos de estos libros. espanolD...

Jahrhundert der Monarchie hat man das neunzehnte genannt. In den meisten Staaten Europas hat sie alle politischen und gesellschaftlichen Umbrüche seit der Französischen Revolution überstanden, alle neuen Staaten erhielten ein gekröntes Haupt. Mit den beiden Hauptformen staatlicher Macht, Imperium und Nationalstaat, hat sie sich als Institution verbündet, Konstitutionalisierung und Parlamentarisierung lernte sie zu ertragen, zu steuern und zu begrenzen, Demokratisierung hinzunehmen fiel ihr schwer. Ungeachtet aller Beharrungskräfte, die von ihr ausgingen oder in ihr Rückhalt fanden, war sie fähig, sich zu wandeln.

In the spirit of global governance, Karl Christian Friedrich Krause saw the
Masonic Brotherhood as the first historical seed for the realization of a global, participatory,
Human League; to establish and maintain a state of true humanity. And he saw the most
excellent sign of this connection between Freemasonry and cosmopolitan civil society in
the allegory of the “Great General Lodge”. However, in order to be able to do justice to
its historical task of establishing the Human League, according to Krause, Freemasonry
needs to reform itself according to its original ideal, overcome its pupal stage caused by the
caterpillar status of medieval construction huts, and grow into a butterfly.

Матеріали нарису допоможуть зацікавленим читачам отримати інформацію щодо історії створення, змісту та структури органів, призначених для формування, підтримання та відновлення морально-психологічного стану особового складу, досвіду організації і проведення заходів психологічного забезпечення підготовки та ведення бойових дій в ході російсько-української війни.
Призначений для фахівців структур психологічної підтримки персоналу, науково-педагогічних працівників, курсантів вищих військових навчальних закладів та широкого кола читачів.

This contribution examines Venetian neutrality during the Franco-Habsburg confrontation between 1688 and 1714, focusing on the Republic of Venice’s legal and diplomatic strategies amid the Nine Years’ War and the War of the Spanish Succession. While Venetian policy sought to preserve both its territorial integrity and its historical dominio over the Adriatic Sea, the Republic faced significant legal and political challenges from the belligerent powers. Drawing on archival research conducted in Paris and Venice, this study explores the legal frameworks underpinning Venetian neutrality, including treaty obligations, maritime law, and the Republic’s place within the early modern theory and practice of neutrality. The findings highlight how Venice leveraged legal instruments, diplomatic rhetoric, and pragmatic enforcement measures to preserve its sovereignty in an era of European-wide conflict, contributing to broader debates on neutrality and the law of nations in early modern Europe.

A bronze helmet with a unique bird-like crest dating to the first century BC was found in a grave at North Bersted in the south of England. Representations of birds on other helmets of 1st century date elsewhere in Europe are reviewed. These representations are mostly of raptors, corvids or waders and may have a chthonic significance. However, coins issued in the area of North Bersted show a man wearing a cock-like headdress or helmet crest so it is possible that the crest of North Bersted helmet represents a cockerel.

La collection Bibracte est éditée par BIBRACTE, Centre archéologique Européen. Du nom antique de la capitale des Éduens, elle rassemble tout d'abord les résultats des recherches effectuées sur le site du Mont Beuvray et le territoire éduen, ensuite les actes des rencontres scientifiques organisées par le Centre archéologique, enfin des travaux majeurs relatifs à l'archéologie de l'Europe celtique. Le comité de lecture de la collection est constitué des membres du Conseil scientifique de bibracte. L'armée romaine en Gaule à l'époque républicaine Nouveaux témoignages archéologiques Sous la direction de Michel REDDÉ

dans Stéphanie Adroit, Isabelle Régen, « Voir, donner à voir, dissimuler. (In)visibilité dans les espaces funéraires de la Méditerranée, du Néolithique à l’Antiquité », Table ronde inter-équipes du laboratoire Archéologie des Sociétés Méditerranéennes", UMR 5140-ASM, université Montpellier 3 - Paul Valéry, 10 avril 2025.

In a society in which the importance of military experience was beyond doubt for the Roman elite, military service was of utmost importance – an obligatory prerequisite, according to Polybius – for anyone wanting to pursue a political career.

This article explores the history, organisation, composition, and significance of the Council of War in the Low Countries in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Council was a flexible, informally functioning junta that advised the governor-general on military policy. There are almost no archives preserved for this Council. Researching an informal junta is methodologically challenging and required a wide variety of archival traces to be pursued. Between c. 1567 and c. 1621 the Council seems to have functioned as a general staff and advisory body in the field. From the 1620s it lost influence to competing institutions, and became a network of garrison commanders and a body of honour. More generally this article tries to understand army command and military strategy with a focus on the relationship between formal institutions and informal juntas.

In the Duchy of Warsaw, the heritage of the Crown army met modern forms of the civic French army, resulting from the heritage of the revolution. The transfer of the Napoleonic models of the functioning of the army to Poland, on all its levels, gave rise to numerous organizational challenges for the Polish Army. The author attempts to recreate organizational activities leading to the introduction of modern Napoleonic models in the Polish Army at the regiment level. Particular attention is paid to the period of relative peace and reorganization of the armed forces after the war of 1809. The young Polish officer corps intensively tried to adapt to Napoleonic models. The 9th Uhlan Regiment of the Duchy of Warsaw will be used as an example in this study. Thanks to the experience and commitment of the commander, Col. Feliks Przyszychowski and the officer corps, the formation of the principles of functioning and morale of the regiment brought positive results.

Four MA dissertations and 222 BA research essays are listed alphabetically, and indexed by reference number under three subject categories-geographical area (by district, etc.), ethnic group, and a general subject index of 42 headings. All but 31 of the 226 alphabetical entries contain research solely on Botswana: the other countries being South Africa (12 entries), Zimbabwe (11), Namibia (6), Angola and Zambia (1 each). The most researched district of Botswana is Central (54 entries), followed by Kgatleng and Kweneng (25 each), North-East (24), South-East (16), Southern (9), Ngamiland (6), Chobe and Ghanzi (3 each), and Kgalagadi (2). The subject index of 29 ethnic groups ranges from Afrikaners (2 entries) and Amandebele (2) through Babirwa (7), Bakalanga (24), Bakgatla (27), Bakhalagari (4), Bakwena (21), Bangwato (19), Basarwa (5), and Batlharo (1), to Indians (3) and Ovambanderu (2). The general subject index ranges from Administration (29 entries), Agriculture (18), and Archaeo...

Il libro "Forty-Four Months in the Alps" di Enrico Ricchiardi, pubblicato da Helion & Company, evidenzia la resistenza dell'esercito piemontese contro la Francia rivoluzionaria tra il 1792 e il 1796. Il libro esplora la storia del Regno di Sardegna durante questo periodo, concentrandosi sull'organizzazione, le uniformi, le bandiere e l'armamento dell'esercito piemontese. Inoltre, descrive la vita dura dei soldati e degli ufficiali nelle Alpi. Il documento include una cronologia dettagliata della guerra nelle Alpi, un glossario di termini militari piemontesi, e una serie di illustrazioni e documenti dell'epoca. Viene anche discusso il ruolo della milizia e delle truppe leggere, nonché le battaglie chiave e gli eventi significativi della guerra. In sintesi, il libro offre una panoramica completa della resistenza piemontese contro l'avanzata francese, evidenziando il coraggio e la determinazione dei soldati piemontesi nel difendere la loro patria. Il libro è anche arricchito dalle tavole a colori di Emanuele Manfredi.

The book "Forty-Four Months in the Alps" by Enrico Ricchiardi, published by Helion & Company, emphasises the resistance of the Piedmontese army against Revolutionary France between 1792 and 1796. The book explores the history of the Kingdom of Sardinia during this period, focusing on the organisation, uniforms, flags, and armament of the Piedmontese army. Additionally, it describes the harsh life of soldiers and officers in the Alps. The document includes a detailed chronology of the war in the Alps, a glossary of Piedmontese military terms, and a series of illustrations and documents from the era. It also discusses the role of the militia and light troops, as well as key battles and significant events of the war. In summary, the book provides a comprehensive overview of the Piedmontese resistance against the French advance, highlighting the courage and determination of the Piedmontese soldiers in defending their homeland. The book is also embellished by Emanuele Manfredi's coloured plates.

Particularly since the seminal work of Christian Meier, there has been an influential line of thought that the Roman sociopolitical elite simply lacked the imagination to engage in forward-looking reforms, the sort that might have resolved or mitigated the tensions that eventually caused the violent implosion of the Roman Republic. On the basis of a close analysis of key episodes in the Republic's history, this study instead posits that it was rather a matter of conscious reform unwillingness (sections 1-3). It subsequently seeks to break new ground by explaining the Roman aristocracy's reform unwillingness and the ensuing tremendous political costs by drawing on the recent empiricist political science frameworks developed by Barbara Walter and Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt (sections 4 and 5). It argues that the Roman senatorial aristocracy went down a destructive political path because it deeply feared the loss of status and elite agency that might flow from certain reforms, compounded by the fear of a better resourced and more powerful state apparatus falling into the hands of aspiring tyrants. Next, the steep political costs of this fear-driven reform unwillingness are appraised: conservative and more progressive aristocratic factions alike descending into increasingly violent and deadly tit-for-tat games of 'constitutional hardball', sacrificing the guardrails of the Roman political system (mutual toleration and forbearance), resulting in the rise of factionalism and the loss of hope/faith in the traditional political process. The senatorial aristocracy's scorched-earth fight against undesirable reforms arguably put the Republic on the road to autocracy as its tacticsquickly adopted by their political opponentsdemonstrably displayed all four key indicators of authoritarian behaviour. The epilogue, then, offers some possible lessons for the 21 st century.

When researching the 1826 Chatterton Massacre, David Gordon Scott found in the archives an account of the North Sands Massacre, Sunderland, 3rd August 1825. The massacre, where five workers were shot dead, has been almost entirely forgotten. This blog provides a brief overview of the massacre and some details of the bicentennial commemorations.

The paper examines the image of the monarch, created in the welcoming speeches of the Lithuanian marshals of the Chamber of Delegates in the General Sejm of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at the end of the 16th and the first third of the 17th centuries. Such addresses were one of the most important elements of the ceremonial opening of the General Sejm. The welcoming speeches clearly reflected the Grand Duchy of Lithuania nobility’s thoughts on the positive and negative qualities of the ruler, his main duties, as well as the essence of the relations between a responsible ruler and his loyal subjects. It is emphasized that reflections on the moral foundations of royal power were closely connected with the history and current political events in Central and Eastern Europe. The author concludes that the General Sejm’s welcoming speeches are an important example of political thought and open wide opportunities for the study of the political and intellectual culture of the noble society of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the early modern period.

Few things remain hidden about Atatürk’s life but one episode generally missing from his biographies is his time serving in Asir, Yemen, in the second half of 1909.  Dr. Zekeriya Türkmen found related documentation about the matter in the archives while doing his master's thesis in 1989.  This is the English translation of Dr. Türkmen’s article, published in Askeri Tarih Bülteni magazine in 1996

This study aims to understand the effects that Brazilian external politics exerts on foreign capital flow into the country in the respective periods of government, starting in1947. The subject is justified by the existence of a large volume of resources available in the international financial market and by the rapid adaptation of the poorer countries to the regulations defined by the investors. A theoretical reference was made to allow the hypothesis confirmation that an aligned external politics with the developed countries is fundamental to an increase of the foreign direct investments in Brazil. To verify scientifically this hypothesis, a search in two parts was done: a survey of documents about the Brazilian external politics definition with the respective content analysis, and, a quantitative analysis for the confirmation of qualitative analysis. The results obtained allowed to confirm the hypothesis that the alignment with developed countries, with the increase of direct inve...

This paper argues four main points: 1) Polybius does not dwell on horrors of war, the insane chaos and unpredictable nature of battle, and terrifying experiences of rank-and-file soldiers in combat.  2) Warfare primarily interests him as a rational, chess-board affair, showcasing skills or weaknesses of power elites serving as field commanders.  3) While non-Greeks, such as Hannibal and Scipio Africanus, are masters of command, military science in Polybius’ narrative is mainly the preserve of Greeks, and he stresses that outnumbered possessors of Greek λογισμός have overcome vast numbers of mindless and impulsive barbarian hordes.  Romans, as honorary Greeks, can continue to do so if they will follow Polybius’ precepts. And (4), as intrusive, editorializing, first-person narrator, Polybius qua military scientist (we should remember that he wrote a lost Tactica), emerges as educator and advisor for elite Roman field generals who will read his history.

no ano de 1912. Objetiva-se descrever e trazer um pouco do discurso desse periódico e abordar as questões relacionadas a formação policial no período, além de detalhar um pouco dos assuntos presentes nesta revista. Como fundamentação teórica sobre a polícia Ferrari (2016) e Galeano (2016), a questão da microfísica do poder por Foucault (1979), dados sobre a história da Colômbia por Melo (2017). O artigo contará ainda com imagens de alguns conteúdos da revista.

espanolEn la base del proceso de transicion del regimen portugues, de dictadura para un gobierno democratico, que resulto de la revolucion militar del 25 de abril de 1974 se encuentran, entre otros, los ideales y principios que enaltecieron a la revolucion cubana en el mundo. Durante el periodo revolucionario hasta el 25 de noviembre de 1975, la politica externa portuguesa estaria, incluso, dirigida a los paises que compartian esos mismos ideales politicos, situacion que vendra a ser alterada en el periodo siguiente, caracterizado por la realizacion de elecciones libres y la adopcion de una constitucion democratica en abril de 1976. El Partido Socialista, en colaboracion con la Internacional Socialista, dirigio la transicion para un modelo de democracia pluralista que termino con las pretensiones hegemonicas del Partido Comunista Portugues. Mas tarde, en marzo de 1978, el entonces Ministro de los Negocios Extranjeros, Mario Soares, encabezaria la primera delegacion de la Internacion...

Since its formation in 1831, the French Foreign Legion has traditionally defended French interests in the overseas regions. During its nearly two centuries of existence, it was primarily involved in the conquest and protection of colonial territories in Africa but was also deployed many times on the Asian and American continents. In the latter region, the Foreign Legion has been active since 1973, mainly in the European space centre in French Guyana, protected by the soldiers of the 3 rd Foreign Infantry Regiment. The Guyana Space Centre, currently the largest spaceport of the European Union, was established in 1964 in French Guyana near the city of Kourou, making it ideal for launching space rockets due to its proximity to the Equator. The space centre, originally run by the French state, has been shared with other European Space Agency countries since 1975, launching European satellites from an area more than 7,000 kilometers from Europe. Among other projects, they enable the operation of the Union's satellite navigation system, Galileo. For all these reasons, the protection of the space centre is a priority task, which the Foreign Legion has been effectively providing for almost 50 years with tools and methods that have been constantly renewed. The aim of this paper is to present this activity and its impact on the region and, more broadly, on the scientific and geopolitical situation in Europe.

For nearly a hundred years after its creation, the French Foreign Legion consisted exclusively of infantry units, supplemented only temporarily by "mounted" infantry units, depending on the needs of the theatre of operations. These units did not exceed the size of a company, and their members used their mounts (horses, mules, camels) only to move around, and continued to fight their battles on foot. Based on this positive experience, the 1 st Foreign Cavalry Regiment was created in 1922, and was then successfully deployed in Syria and Morocco between the two World Wars, and with varying effectiveness in France, Tunisia and Germany during the Second World War. The First Indochina War broke out in 1946 and the 1 st Foreign Cavalry Regiment joined the conflict in Southeast Asia in 1947, only to leave in 1955 as one of the last French units. During the war, the ranks of the troop, composed mainly of foreign nationals, were reinforced within a short time by a significant number of local soldiers to alleviate the permanent shortage. In addition, depending on local geography, the unit was equipped with armoured and amphibious vehicles, and sometimes ships, which were used to develop new tactics and operate effectively in these new and very different circumstances. In view of its successes, the unit was greatly improved, originally consisting of 7 squadrons, and by the end of the conflict it had grown to 18 squadrons.

Although France suffered a crushing defeat in 1940 and was forced to sign an armistice, the war did not end for all French territories. In July 1940, General Charles de Gaulle created the Free French Forces in London to continue the fight against the Axis powers. The Allied invasion of French North Africa in November 1942 has changed the situation: the French North African government started to contribute to the Allied war effort and the French Army of Africa also joined the fight on the side of the Allies. In 1943, the two French forces have joined to form the French Liberation Army which took an active part in the fighting on the European theatre of operations. It fought successfully in Italy, during the liberation of the metropolitan France and in Germany. In a surprising way, more than half of the members of the French Liberation Army came from the French colonies. These soldiers were able to show a convincing performance on the battlefield during the fighting on the European theatre. Despite this, they were forced to undergo the so-called bleaching (blanchiment) during which they were replaced by metropolitan soldiers. This process created general discontent in their ranks, but their demonstration for more equitable behaviour was severely repressed by the French authorities.

El mercado laboral representa un desafío constante para las universidades, las cuales tienen el compromiso de formar profesionales a la altura de los retos económicos y sociales de su entorno inmediato y global. En ese interés por satisfacer esas necesidades educativas, las universidades buscan innovar en las estrategias para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje. Este ensayo tuvo como objetivo analizar los sustentos teóricos y metodológicos de una estrategia denominada Acciona UCAL, la cual se ha implementado como una experiencia educativa integral y vanguardista que promueve el desarrollo de competencias, fortalece el perfil de los estudiantes y los prepara para afrontar el entorno laboral con excelencia y creatividad. Se hizo el análisis en función de cuatro argumentos relacionados con: (1) la idoneidad para el desarrollo de competencias desde los fundamentos epistemológicos de las metodologías activas, (2) la pertinencia de basarse en la resolución de problemas, (3) la pertinencia del contexto en que se desarrolla y (4) la idoneidad para un modelo que se basa en un enfoque de enseñanza por competencias. Como resultado se pudo sostener y sustentar en la literatura científica cada uno de estos argumentos. Se concluyó que esta estrategia reposa en cimientos teóricos y metodológicos firmes y cónsonos con el contexto de la enseñanza basada en competencias. Además, impulsa la formación integral esperada para que los egresados cumplan con los estándares actuales del mercado laboral y estén preparados para liderar e innovar en sus respectivas áreas, contribuyendo al desarrollo ético y sostenible de sus comunidades

In two new studies researchers argue that the Swedish government's extreme passivity in the case of Raoul Wallenberg - the young Swedish diplomat who disappeared in the Soviet Union in January 1945 - seems to have been at least in part a conscious decision by Swedish decision makers, driven by a variety of motives. Members of Raoul Wallenberg's family are now calling for a new investigation into the official handling of the investigation into his fate.

o misiune imposibilă. Împreună cu noul domn au venit în Moldova şi creditorii care, stabiliți în ţară, au procedat la recuperarea sumelor împrumutate lui Aron Tiranul la Constantinopol. Această situaţie fireşte că a trezit opoziţia diferitelor stări sociale din Ţara Moldovei. Chiar de la începutul domniei, au fugit în Rzeczpospolita cei mai importanţi reprezentanţi ai boierimii moldoveneşti de atunci: marele logofăt Luca Stroici, marele vornic Ieremia Movilă, ceaşnicul Simion Movilă, spătarul Toader Movilă 8 . Mai târziu, au sosit aici hatmanul Andrei 9 şi Nestor Ureche, tatăl lui Grigore Ureche 10 . Aron Tiranul a început domnia cu omorârea lui Bartolomeo Brutti 11 . Noile impozite impuse de domn au trezit mari nemulţumiri în toate straturile sociale din Ţara Moldovei. Ca urmare a acestei situaţii, în ţară au izbucnit răscoale, între altele în ţinuturile Orhei şi Soroca. Răsculaţii aveau propriul pretendent la tronul Moldovei, un oarecare Ionaşco. Când, la 28 mai 1592, s-a ajuns la confruntarea armată dintre domnul înscăunat și noul pretendent 12 , la Constantinopol s-a hotărât o nouă schimbare a domnului. În locul lui Aron Tiranul, în scaun a fost numit Alexandru cel Rău. Când Aron, ascultător, s-a îndreptat spre Constantinopol, creditorii lui au solicitat sultanului revenirea acestuia în scaun, deoarece nu şi-ar fi putut recupera altfel banii împrumutați cu un an înainte . Intervenţia lor a avut efectul scontat şi imediat s-a hotărât întoarcerea lui Aron în scaunul domnesc. Guvernarea lui era, însă, foarte complicată. Problemele se înmulţeau de pretutindeni: instabilitatea politică, din cauza sistemului de suzeranitate otomană, opoziţia internă, opoziţia moldovenească din Polonia. Dificultatea cea mai importantă era legată de creditorii de la Constantinopol, dar soluţionarea ei avea să vină dintr-o parte cu totul neaşteptată. În anul 1593, între Imperiul Otoman şi Imperiul Habsburgic a început un nou război. Ciocnirile de la frontieră au degenerat într-un veritabil război, care va dura până în anul 1606 și va avea consecinţe importante asupra Ţărilor Române. Situaţia în care se aflau cele două ţări române extracarpatice, la sfârşitul secolului al XVI-lea, era foarte complicată. Existau diferite opinii privind derularea evenimentelor în perioada următoare. Înainte de toate, intra în calcul stabilirea dominaţiei efective a Imperiului Otoman prin transformarea Moldovei şi a Ţării Româneşti în paşalâc. Un asemenea sistem era la sud de Dunăre. Temerea părea întemeiată cu atât mai 8

Neşrettiğimiz rapor, sadece bir askerî strateji belgesi olmanın ötesinde, dönemin Osmanlı ordusunun modernleşme süreci ve savunma anlayışındaki dönüşümleri de yansıtmaktadır. Keçecizâde İzzet Fuâd Paşa, İstanbul'un savunulmasının sadece Boğaz istihkâmlarına dayandırılamayacağını, Anadolu yakasının doğru bir şekilde haritalandırılması ve savunma hatlarının yeniden düzenlenmesi gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, mevcut haritaların yetersiz ve hatalı olduğunu tespit eden Paşa, bölgenin yeni ve detaylı haritalarını hazırlayarak askerî harekât planlamasında kullanılabilir hale getirmiştir. Rapor, olası bir Rus işgali senaryosu üzerinden bölgenin savunma stratejilerini detaylandırmakta ve savunma hatlarının nasıl tahkim edilmesi gerektiği konusunda çeşitli önerilerde bulunmaktadır. Özellikle Riva sahilinin önemine dikkat çeken İzzet Paşa, bölgenin askerî ve coğrafî özelliklerini analiz ederek, uygun savunma noktalarının belirlenmesini ve bu bölgelerin askerî tahkimatlarla desteklenmesini önermektedir. Ayrıca raporda, savunma hatlarının ve tahkimatların güçlendirilmesi için gerekli olan lojistik ve teknik detaylar da ele alınmıştır. İzzet Paşa'nın bu raporu, dönemin askerî strateji anlayışını ve savunma politikalarını anlamak adına önemli bir kaynaktır. Paşa'nın derin askerî bilgisi, öngörüsü ve bölgenin savunma ihtiyaçlarına dair detaylı analizleri, sadece Osmanlı askerî tarihine değil, aynı zamanda savunma planlaması alanında yapılacak çalışmalara da ışık tutmaktadır. Paşanın, Anadolu cihetinin savunmasına dair geliştirdiği kapsamlı ve ayrıntılı öneriler, günümüzde de savunma planlaması açısından dikkate değer niteliktedir. Keçecizâde İzzet Fuâd Paşa'nın bu değerli çalışmasını okuyuculara sunmaktan onur duyarız. Bu çalışmanın kitaplaşmasında desteklerini esirgemeyen Prof. Dr. Erhan Afyoncu ve Prof. Dr. Gültekin Yıldız'a minnettarım. Özellikle çalışma süresince eleştirileri ve düzeltmeleriyle yardımcı olan ve bana yol gösteren hocam Doç. Dr. Ahmet Önal ve Prof. Dr. Uğur Demir' e teşekkürü borç bilirim. Ayrıca bu süreçte her zaman destek olan meslektaşlarım ve arkadaşlarım Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Serkan Osmanlıoğlu, Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Coşkun Ünsal ve Arş. Gör. Ahmet Taşdemir ve Arş. Gör. Oğuzhan Konuk'a teşekkür ederim. Son olarak bu süreçte göstermiş olduğu sabır ve anlayışından dolayı sevgili eşim Seda Şahin Yiğit' e minnettarım.

This study, available as an epub from AMAZON and audiobook from GOOGLE PLAY BOOKS, reviews the development of Hong Kong Scout Movement in the later interwar years and the period of Japanese occupation, when Scouting grew strongly and became indigenized just before the war and then was prohibited during Japanese occupation.  In these years, nationalism from nearby Republic of China mattered greatly, first to be avoided as “politics” and then, as Japan became common enemy of Britain and China, to be embraced as “patriotism” and appropriate dual loyalty. While “to convert”, “to educate”, and “to rule” were important motives for various interest groups in supporting the youth movement in other years, Scouting’s citizenship training in this turbulent era increasingly meant preparing native Chinese boys “to fight” and to defend the threatened colony. Though the Battle for Hong Kong was brief in the face of numerically overwhelming enemy forces, many older Scouts fought valiantly as volunteer soldiers and over one thousand younger ones served courageously in the Despatch Corps, living up to high expectations of the authorities and the community.  Scouting was outlawed in occupied Hong Kong, but had continued clandestinely inside the internment camps. More importantly, former Scouts, interned or outside, acquitted themselves well in occupation, some with supreme sacrifices worthy of the ideals of the movement, re-affirming the value of this type of citizenship training.  

There is no one formal definition for AI in Israel. Yet, most operational definitions refer to AI as the technology which grants computers the ability to perform tasks that would have required thinking capability or skills generally attributed to humans. At the same time, it is worth noting that the term AI is also widely used in Israel as a synonym for the “fourth industrial revolution” (4IR) and entails ancillary technological areas such as big data, IoT , automation, robotics, swarms, and more. As such, AI is acknowledged in Israel as a strategic technology – “an infrastructure of infrastructures” – with the potential to reshape military affairs, the global economy, and the distribution of power within the international system.

The versatile figure of Elijah as Jewish prophet, Christian
saint and Muslim “green man” plays at once a controversial
and a unifying role across cultures. This collection of
essays delves into the rich Elijah traditions that connect
late-antique Mesopotamia to modern Europe. It emphasizes
how Elijah’s many-sided character cannot be explained
by his sparse mentions in the Bible. His enormous
popularity rather depends on a network of artistic and
performative interpretations that developed in different
traditions and were divulged through cultic practices and
feasts in which Elijah was the protagonist.