Medieval History

Según la crónica de fray Martín de Alpartil, el papa Benedicto XIII falleció el 23 de mayo de 1423 en el castillo de Peñíscola. Para conmemorar el sexto centenario de este suceso, el Gobierno de Aragón organizó en el Museo Alma Mater del Arzobispado de Zaragoza una exposición titulada El Papa Luna. Saber, diplomacia y poder en la Europa medieval. Además, los Ayuntamientos de Illueca y Peñíscola, lugares donde nació y murió respectivamente, declararon 2023 como Año Papa Luna con una programación amplia de actividades. La Institución Fernando el Católico se unió a estas iniciativas con la organización de un seminario para actualizar el estado de conocimientos sobre el que es sin duda uno de los personajes aragoneses más destacados en la historia universal. Los seis capítulos que componen este libro recogen los textos de algunas de las ponencias que se presentaron en dicho seminario con los últimos avances de la investigación acerca de su biografía y de otros aspectos interesantes que se desarrollaron a lo largo de su pontificado.

Contrary to traditional perceptions, in the late Middle Ages numerous contacts developed between countries north of the Alps, especially the Holy Roman Empire, and the Mediterranean. Economic and political historians have already confirmed the true extent of exchanges; and art historians have added valuable insights as to the many links of communication. To deepen our understanding of this phenomenon, the present paper addresses the evidence of literary history. Fictional or factual narratives do not necessarily provide hard facts but shed relevant light on a broad concept about the foreign worlds (mentality) whereto especially knights and pilgrims were traveling. We can identify numerous poets who talked explicitly about their visits to the Mediterranean or who have their protagonists travel widely both all over Europe and the neighboring countries. With this evidence in hand, we can proceed to reevaluate late medieval culture as having been much more international if not even global than previously assumed. As much as the Alps appeared to be a significant geographical barrier, the Mediterranean hinterlands were certainly an intimate part of this significant contact zone where East and West met.

Volt-e folyamatosan vagy időnként vezetett historia domus, s ha volt, mióta vezették, és tartalma kiterjedt-e a török hódoltság után újjáéledő település 18. századi történetére? Ebben a kötetben célul tűztem ki a 18. századra vonatkozó, korábban összegyűjtött, és még összegyűjthető források aprólékos és maradéktalanságra törekvő, tudományos elemzését. A török hódoltságot követően a település életének újra indulását alapvetően két tényező, a templomot és a kolostort újjáépíttető Hunyady család birtokszervező tevékenysége, valamint az általuk letelepített mariánus ferencesek rendházban zajló élete, és annak kisugárzása alakította. Így először a templom és a kolostor, továbbá lakói történetével, majd az ott folyó eseményekkel foglalkozom. Ezeket a fejezeteket követi a falu újratelepülésének és ismételt benépesülésének, valamint mindennapjainak (házasság, család, halál, temetés) a részletekbe menő megközelítése. Végül a falu társadalma kerül bemutatásra. A folyamatok áttekinthetősége és pontosabb értelmezése érdekében az alcímben szereplő 18. századot a település történetére vonatkozó előzményekkel együtt, valamint némi kitekintéssel a későbbi eseményekre tekintem át. A monográfia elkészítése 2009 óta foglalkoztatott, a kutatás és a megírás 2016-2023 között átmenetileg szünetelt. Az időközben elkészült fejezetek néhány korábbi változatának közlése különféle tanulmánykötetekben és folyóiratokban 2013 óta folyamatos volt. A kötet összeállítására és megjelentetésére többen ösztönöztek, nevüket nem sorolom fel, hála és köszönet érte. Külön köszönöm a Veszprémi Érseki Levéltár és a Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltárának nyitottságát a vonatkozó iratanyag rendelkezésre bocsátásában. Egy rejtőzködő középkori templom és kolostor D A fejezetben célul tűztem ki a mesztegnyői középkori egyházi létesítmény(ek?), és a mai plébániatemplom, valamint a szekularizált kolostor viszonyának a lehetséges tisztázását. Régészeti feltárások hiányában egyedüli módszerként kínálkozott a fellelhető írott források teljességre törekvő összerendezése és értékelése.

My research examines Dante's engagement with the traditions regarding collective memory in medieval Florence. In particular, it investigates the ways in which Dante responds to public and private attempts at forging both individual and collective identity in Florence. Selecting key chronicles, inscriptions and visual sources alluded to in the Commedia, the implications of Dante's representation in terms of his ideological response are then extensively discussed.After introducing the central passages from the Commedia relevant to my project and a review of selected secondary literature on Dante and history, the dissertation introduces the Medieval Latin Chronica de origine civitatis florentiae as Dante's most important source regarding his city's foundation. In so doing, the textual readings are informed by the formation and control of memory, history and identity in historical context. Building on Dante's reliance on the Chronica, the dissertation reveals the con...

The world of an organizational culture speaks the language habits of those who assume it, in a self-labelling process, but when two cultures are overlaid in the same organization, new models of communication emerge, in an endeavor of common task solving and shared group interests. The present paper showcases models of communication in a military institution where a number of civilians work along to solve tasks or build understanding within working hours. The way they communicate, from verbal to non-verbal impacts the way people react and it is all due to the different cultures individuals come from.

Henry V. Now, herald, are the dead number'd? Herald. Here is the(Enter an English Herald) number of the slaughter'd French. Henry V. What prisoners of good sort are taken, uncle? Duke of Exeter. Charles Duke of Orleans, nephew to the king; John Duke of Bourbon, and Lord Bouciqualt: Of other lords and barons, knights and squires, Full fifteen hundred, besides common men. Henry V. This note doth tell me of ten thousand French That in the field lie slain: of princes, in this number, And nobles bearing banners, there lie dead One hundred twenty six: added to these, Of knights, esquires, and gallant gentlemen, Eight thousand and four hundred; of the which, Five hundred were but yesterday dubb'd knights: So that, in these ten thousand they have lost, There are but sixteen hundred mercenaries; The rest are princes, barons, lords, knights, squires, And gentlemen of blood and quality. [...] Where is the number of our English dead? (Herald shews him another paper) Edward the Duke of York, the Earl of Suffolk, Sir Richard Ketly, Davy Gam, esquire: None else of name; and of all other men But five and twenty. O God, thy arm was here; And not to us, but to thy arm alone, Ascribe we all! 1 Act= 4&Scene=8&Scope=scene (last accessed 19 January 2023).

In this article, within the field of Paleography and Diplomatics, we introduce an approximation to a kind of chancellery documents called “Cartas Reales” and the differents kinds of them, specifically those coming from the resources found nowadays in the State Archives of Cagliari, in Sardinia (Italy), in a period of time from the end of the XIV century to the dawnings of the XVI century, i. e., from the Chancellery of the King Martin the Human to the Chancellery of Ferdinand the Catholic. We have to point out that the situation of writing and kinds of documents in the Crown of Aragon is different to that of the Crown of Castille, Aragon being more receptive to European cultural tendencies due to a series of facts which will be analysed next.

Questo studio approfondito di Nicola Pezzella offre un'inedita ricostruzione storica della presenza templare a Treviso attraverso l'analisi della precettoria di San Tomaso. Basandosi su documenti d'archivio, inventari inquisitoriali e fonti storiche locali, l'opera rivela come questa domus templare rappresentasse un nodo strategico nella rete dell'Ordine nell'Italia nord-orientale.
San Tomaso non era una semplice chiesa, ma un centro amministrativo, religioso ed economico di notevole importanza, strategicamente posizionato alla porta orientale della città. La sua peculiare evoluzione - dalla dedicazione originaria a Santa Maria fino all'insolito cambio verso San Tomaso Becket - costituisce un caso unico che illumina le complesse strategie religiose e politiche dell'Ordine.
Questo lavoro ricostruisce non solo le strutture fisiche e le proprietà dell'insediamento, ma anche il tessuto umano che lo animava, offrendo uno squarcio sulla vita quotidiana dei cavalieri, sacerdoti e conversi che vi risiedevano. Il sistema economico-patrimoniale della precettoria, con le sue proprietà urbane e rurali, rivela la sofisticata gestione che caratterizzava l'Ordine Templare prima della sua drammatica soppressione nel 1312.

„Részemről egyetlen megyére sem voltam kénytelen aránylag annyi időt és fáradtságot fordítani, mint Bács- és Bodrog megyére.” Csánki Dezső szavai jól tükrözik, hogy a középkori Magyar Királyság déli felének kutatása mennyire körülményes és nehéz feladat. Az alábbi tanulmányban arra teszünk kísérletet, hogy a Délvidék egyik virágzó és rendkívül sűrű középkori településhálózattal rendelkező régiójának, Bodrog vármegyének a településhálózatát bemutassuk a 16. század török deftereinek a segítségével, melyek a
szórványosnak és hézagosnak tekinthető középkori forrásainkkal ellentétben szisztematikusan leltárba vették a térség városait, falvait, pusztáit.2 A két korszak forrásanyagát egymás kiegészítéseképpen dolgoztuk fel, segítségével az eddigieknél részletesebb képet tudunk adni e vidék török hódítás utáni sorsáról. Első lépésként bemutatnánk azt a két projektet, amelyek lehetővé tették vállalkozásunkat a településhálózat feltárására.

The article discusses the results of the UV and IRR examinations of the Saint Michael Altarpiece, which was documented in 1478 in the Saint Martin Cathedral in Spišská Kapitula, Slovakia. It focuses on the centre panel of this altarpiece, depicting the Archangel Michael weighing souls. This depiction closely resembles the figure of Saint Michael found in the Last Judgement Polyptych in the Hôtel-Dieu in Beaune, linked to Rogier van der Weyden and his workshop.

A primeira inferência a retirar deste livro prende-se com um traço constante dos emblemas heráldicos observados, desde os mais remotos até aos mais recentes: todos funcionam como instrumento não apenas de identificação de um indivíduo, uma família, uma instituição ou uma entidade abstracta (pense-se nas armas de Cristo ou da Paixão), mas também como forma de comunicação visual num determinado contexto. Contexto político e institucional, que determina quem pode (ou deve) comunicar, onde e com que meios. Contexto social e cultural, que influi na natureza do sinal heráldico e no seu lastro semântico. Esta necessária contextualização significa que um determinado emblema heráldico, para além do valor simbólico que lhe pode ser atribuído de forma abstracta, tem necessariamente um valor específico em cada uma das suas manifestações plásticas, porque deve ser entendido como forma de auto-representação e de comunicação social. Com os emissores, meios, destinatários e observadores que caracterizam cada uma destas manifestações.
Por isso, o presente percurso optou pela caracterização da heráldica cascalense em três períodos distintos. No primeiro, pudemos observar como, na Idade Moderna e na primeira Idade Contemporânea, a heráldica desta vila estratégica mas pobre girou em torno de escassos armígeros: a Coroa, antes de mais, como não podia deixar de ser numa praça desta importância; depois, a família que desde o final da Idade Média deteve o senhorio da vila; por fim, as instituições religiosas que formavam uma componente indispensável da sociedade pré-revolucionária. Haveria porventura outros exemplares, que permitissem talvez mitigar a exclusividade heráldica destas três entidades, mas não chegaram até aos nossos dias, sobretudo por causa do terremoto de 1755, que vibrou um golpe tão duro na povoação.
No segundo período, a heráldica testemunha a regeneração da vila decadente, ocorrida na segunda metade do século XIX, projectada a partir de então como sede privilegiada de vilegiatura da alta sociedade portuguesa. Os sinais heráldicos disseminados pela vila dão conta de como a aristocracia de corte se apropriou dos seus espaços, moldando-os segundo um padrão de disseminação que tinha como epicentro a própria família real, propagando-se depois, em círculos concêntricos, pelas casas titulares, pela nobreza não-titular e pelos homens de finanças que se juntaram a esta elite, mimetizando os seus comportamentos sociais e culturais – inclusive no que se reporta ao uso de emblemas heráldicos.
No terceiro período, a heráldica prolonga ainda os usos cortesãos da época anterior; mas vai-se gradualmente impondo um outro padrão, focado numa dimensão institucional. Os emblemas que, a partir de então, se inscrevem no espaço urbano prendem-se essencialmente com a afirmação da Câmara Municipal e de vários organismos do Estado, como a Capitania do Porto, Guarda Fiscal e Centro de Instrução de Artilharia Anti-Aérea de Cascais. Sem esquecer, neste período como no anterior, os exemplares que têm valor evocativo, quer num espírito colecionista, quer num propósito homenageador.
Dos três períodos citados, emerge uma constante: a relação privilegiada entre heráldica e espaço. Os emblemas heráldicos funcionam como expressões visuais enunciadoras de determinada posição social ou institucional, não apenas num sentido meramente representativo, mas para que tal posição se consubstancie efectivamente, por via da apropriação simbólica do espaço. Esta observação leva-nos ao ponto final do presente livro. O percurso pela heráldica cascalense revelou-se inseparável do estudo dos edifícios em que ela foi aposta. Neste sentido, verifica-se uma relação intrínseca entre o código heráldico e os propósitos subjacentes à arquitectura e ao urbanismo da vila. A rigor, não se pode compreender as manifestações heráldicas estudadas sem perceber para que fins e como foram concebidos os espaços e os edifícios em que elas se inserem. Mas o inverso é também verdade: deixar de lado a heráldica obnubila a compreensão da arquitectura e do urbanismo desta vila. Assim possa semelhante estudo revelar-se útil para aqueles que desejam compreender a história de Cascais.

O trabalho apresentado foi construido a partir da busca em compreender como se constitui o processo de territorializacao dos religiosos da Congregacao Pequena Obra da Divina Providencia no antigo Norte Goiano, hoje estado do Tocantins, entre as decadas de 1950 a 1970. Esta analise tem como base de investigacao as relacoes de poder que foram estabelecidas atraves das acoes dos padres orionitas na construcao dos templos religiosos catolicos, de unidades de saude e de escolas. O caminho tracado em torno de se conseguir a compreensao dessa tematica, foi entender o discurso da constituicao da Congregacao Orionita; depois perceber a apropriacao de sentidos simbolicos que foram se estabelecendo na regiao entre os religiosos e a comunidade local, a partir das vozes da Igreja Catolica Apostolica Romana e por ultimo, perceber atraves das desobrigas como foram sendo constituidos os campos de poder na regiao. Assim, para se fazer essa analise se buscou elementos a partir das narrativas tanto do...

доктор исторических наук Г. Я. Голенченко (Минск) доктор исторических наук А. И. Филюшкин (Санкт-Петербург} А66 ALBA RUSCIA: белорусские земли на перекрестке культур и цивилизаций (X-XVI вв.)-М.: Квадрига, 2015. /Отв. ред А. В. Мартынюк. -256 с. -(Исторические исследования).

This study analyses the development of bathing practices in medieval England through examination of a group of medical texts, including collections of remedies from the Old English period, such as Bald's Leechbook and the Lacnunga, and later treatises, such as the Middle English translations of the Secreta Secretorum and a rewriting of Gilbertus Anglicus's Compendium Medicinae. The contribution shows how in the Old English period prescriptions of therapeutic baths are scattered, yet they are used to cure a variety of diseases, while, in the Middle English period, also thanks to the influence of the Salernitan school, bathing starts playing an increasingly vital role in medical practices, so that sections of medical treatises are devoted to baths and their therapeutic virtues. 1 This publication is part of the results of a research project entitled 'Cleansing Water: Water and Baptism in Old English Poetry' that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 744615.

This article explores the history, organisation, composition, and significance of the Council of War in the Low Countries in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Council was a flexible, informally functioning junta that advised the governor-general on military policy. There are almost no archives preserved for this Council. Researching an informal junta is methodologically challenging and required a wide variety of archival traces to be pursued. Between c. 1567 and c. 1621 the Council seems to have functioned as a general staff and advisory body in the field. From the 1620s it lost influence to competing institutions, and became a network of garrison commanders and a body of honour. More generally this article tries to understand army command and military strategy with a focus on the relationship between formal institutions and informal juntas.

This chapter investigates what metaphors of feast-like battles convey about cultural ambiguity surrounding host-guest relations in the Latin Middle Ages and elites’ dark fantasies about hospitality in general. What did authors imply when they wrote that fighting was like feasting, that a battlefield was like a festive table, that enemies were like feasters, or that acts of hostility were like/unlike practices of hospitality? What do these establishments of similitude and dissimilitude tell us about the phantasmatic views of host-guest relations in different elite cultures in which they were articulated? What productive and transgressive potential of hospitality for the formation of political, religious, and cultural elite identities do these figures of speech disclose? The chapter uses a large set of metaphors, topoi, figures of speech, associations etc. from historiography and hagiography (Latin, Old Norse, and Middle High German) and from images from both core European areas and peripheries (in the crusader Holy Land, on the Baltic Rim, in Scandinavia etc.) to pinpoint the referential affinities and conceptual proximity between practices and notions of hostility and hospitality.

Many of our oldest and best-loved stories are about killing guests and betraying hosts. Hospitality is celebrated, in medieval texts and in medieval studies, as a way of binding individuals together and strengthening social cohesion, but both the practice and narration of hospitality was shot through with ambiguity and ambivalence.

This volume shifts the scholarly gaze from the high table — where kings, queens, and honoured guests are graciously served by skilled servants — to the shadowy corners of the hall, the places where gossip and complaint are exchanged, where outlaws hide under the guise of hospitality, where hostages and troublesome strangers are benched, where the light from the hall-fire reflects on drawn blades: prompting difficult reflections on the processes of extraction and predation that provided the material foundations for the feast.

The chapters in Guests, Strangers, Aliens, Enemies range from Silk Road caravanserais in Armenia and crusader relations in the Latin East, through ambassadorial and papal receptions in the Mediterranean, treatment of merchants and the poor in Scandinavia, elite feasts in Latin Europe, to hosting of outlaws and hostages in Eurasia. The authors explore ambiguities of hospitality in the Middle Ages through a wide range of sources and methodological approaches.

In large courses it can be particularly challenging to engage students in active reading practices. The shift over the last decade to the use of digital sources and during the pandemic, the adoption of online teaching has further exacerbated the problem. In this paper, we discuss our strategies for engaging large classes (150-250 students) in active reading through use of Talis Elevate, a social annotation tool. We outline two case studies in which we used social annotation and observed a significant increase in student engagement. We propose a new concept, 'active online reading', which combines structured individual commenting tasks with responding to other students' annotations to enhance learning. This concept has relevance not only in our reading-rich discipline of History but also across higher education more generally.

In copertina: rielaborazione grafica dello studio di ex libris di V. Grassi, "Ad lucem", ante 13.04.1907 (torgiano, museo dell'olivo e dell'olio). Volume pubblicato con fondi del P.r.i.n. 2015 'Luce crea Luce' (prot. 2015PX7BeY_002) responsabile dell'unità di ricerca (università degli Studi di Bari aldo moro): custode Silvio Fioriello coordinatore nazionale (università degli Studi di urbino carlo Bo): maria elisa micheli PDF a esclusivo utilizzo

This article presents an interdisciplinary programme for research on historic landscapes that has emerged since 2020 in the framework of the project Terraces as Sustainable Agricultural Environments ('TerraSAgE'). While the methodology has been tested in specific Mediterranean case studies, it is also applicable in other locations and regions. Our integrated approach provides new insights into the development of terraced agrarian landscapes and the changing dynamics in land management. It can provide knowledge of the extent to which past change has influenced present-day landscapes and has implications for the development of sustainable landscape practices. The research framework proposed here has been tested through case studies in different landscape types across southern Europe, including small-scale mixed farming landscapes of the Aegean islands (Naxos, Greece); terraces for vines and olives (Pelješac, Croatia); a landscape of dairy production (northern Apennines, Italy), which was until quite recently agroforestry; modern cereal cultivation (around Els Prats de Rei, Catalonia, Spain); upland irrigated landscapes on the slopes of the Sierra Nevada (Andalucia, Spain) and mixed farming in a wooded Atlantic environment (Galicia, Spain). 1 | Introduction Across the world terraced landscapes have been created to produce diverse crops, to improve soils and to manage water resources-historically, they have been widespread in many areas of both dry-land and irrigated agriculture. Despite occurring commonly in the Americas, Europe, Africa and Asia, the history of agricultural terraces has remained poorly This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Il documento 664 del Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis rappresenta un testo fondamentale per comprendere uno degli eventi più controversi del Medioevo: il processo contro l'Ordine dei Templari. Redatto il 25 marzo 1308, questo parere teologico risponde ai quesiti posti da Filippo IV il Bello riguardanti la legittimità dell'azione contro i Templari, arrestati in massa nell'ottobre 1307 con l'accusa di eresia e pratiche immorali. La risposta dei Maestri in Teologia dell'Università di Parigi – massima autorità dottrinale dell'epoca – costituisce un sofisticato equilibrio tra principi canonistici e necessità politiche, offrendo la legittimazione teologica di cui il sovrano aveva bisogno. Il documento rivela la complessa interazione tra potere politico e autorità intellettuale nel primo Trecento, illustrando come l'elaborazione dottrinale potesse essere mobilitata al servizio di progetti politici pur mantenendo un'apparente autonomia. Il suo impatto fu decisivo non solo per la soppressione dell'Ordine, avvenuta nel 1312, ma anche per l'evoluzione dei rapporti tra monarchia e Chiesa. Il documento stesso contiene indizi cronologici significativi. I maestri si scusano esplicitamente per il ritardo nella risposta ("compulit nos tardius debito respondere"), attribuendolo sia alla gravità della questione ("magnitudo negocii") sia all'assenza di alcuni membri eminenti della facoltà ("quorundam majorum nostrorum absencia"). Questo intervallo tra la richiesta e la risposta non è privo di significato: ha permesso ai teologi di valutare l'evoluzione degli eventi e di basare il loro parere su elementi concreti, come le confessioni già raccolte, alle quali fanno esplicito riferimento nelle loro argomentazioni.
La data, indicata come "anno Domini M°CCC° septimo", corrisponde al 1308 secondo il calendario moderno, poiché a Parigi l'anno iniziava a Pasqua secondo lo stile dell'Incarnazione. Questo posiziona il parere teologico in un momento cruciale: poche settimane dopo, infatti, si sarebbero tenuti a Poitiers i primi incontri tra Filippo IV e papa Clemente V per discutere del caso, e il parere dell'Università rappresentava un'importante risorsa diplomatica per il monarca.
Questa che posseediamo é dunque la risposta ufficiale fornita dai Maestri in teologia dell'Università di Parigi alle questioni poste dal re Filippo IV circa la legittimità del procedimento contro i Templari. L'importanza di questo parere va contestualizzata considerando il prestigio di cui godeva la facoltà teologica parigina, riconosciuta come massima autorità dottrinale del tempo, e il delicato equilibrio di potere tra autorità regia e autorità ecclesiastica nella gestione dei casi di eresia.
Il documento che si analizza in questo studio é classificato come il 664 del Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis, che rappresenta una delle più importanti raccolte di fonti documentarie relative alla storia dell'Università di Parigi nel Medioevo. Il documento originale si trova nell'Archivio Nazionale di Parigi con segnatura J. 413, n° 1, ed è citato in opere di Dupuy (Traitez concernant l'histoire de France, p. 10) e Baluze (Vitae paparum Avenionensium, I, 591). Una copia è conservata nella Biblioteca Vaticana, ms. lat. 939, fol. 47-49. Il documento riporta la data del 25 marzo 1308 (festa dell'Annunciazione) ed è stato redatto a Parigi.

On 10 January 1331, Pope John XXII demanded from Andrew Szécsi, bishop of Transylvania, and the cousin of Denis, former ban of Severin, not to publicize the excommunication of the voivode of Transylvania, Thomas Szécsényi. The pope acted at King Charles-Robert of Anjou's request, who had urged him to forgive the voivode and convinced him-after the excommunication-that the voivode had acted in the king's rightful interest. John XXII did not say anything about the reasons that had led to Szécsényi's excommunication, although he mentioned that this was not the first time that Szécsényi had been excommunicated by Szécsi. On 6 January 1331, Pope John XXII, at Thomas' demand, had already granted the voivode a full remission of his sins in the eventuality of his death, provided that the voivode would not commit his previous crimes. "In both Papal registers in which the remission was preserved, it was entered after the message sent by the pope to Bishop Szécsi. We can only speculate as to the reasons of the "delay". John XXII was not exactly completely open towards his Hungarian correspondents. Additionally, Charles-Robert had just returned from a disastrous campaign in Wallachia. Furthermore, Transylvania already had its fair share of "private conflicts".

Aelred of Rievaulx (d. 1167) wrote about 200 sermons, says his biographer, Walter Daniel. (The CCCM edition includes 213 in three volumes). Many are plain, many are boring. He often writes out large sections from patristic and medieval texts. Sometimes he recycles his own sermons and writings. Composing sermons for the church calendar can be an onerous task. 1 But an abbot whose soporific preaching left his monks bored and indifferent was not doing his job, at least not that part of it. Alongside teaching, he needed to move them from spiritual torpor to fervor, stir the love and the fear of God, and rouse enthusiasm for the faith. 2 His Sermon 68 for Pentecost stands out notably. 3 It is decidedly a prophetic sermon. Aelred gave much thought to that sermon type. His thirty-one "Homilies on the

I laghi di Mantova sono il frutto del plurisecolare intervento dell'uomo sul corso del fiume Mincio. Il XIX e la prima metà del XX secolo costituiscono un secolo e mezzo di progetti, dibattiti e realizzazioni che hanno posto le basi per l'attuale assetto idraulico del fiume dal Lago di Garda sino alla foce in Po. Il saggio costituisce il primo studio scientifico sull'argomento, enumerando la complessa trama di progetti territoriali intessuta dai molti ingegneri chiamati, o spontaneamente dedicatisi, al difficile compito di regimare il fiume virgiliano e difendere la città dalle alluvioni provenienti da nord (dal Garda) e da sud (dal Po). Lo studio, che raccoglie l'articolata succesione di progetti e proposte formulate da ingegneri di fama nazionale e internazionale, consente di conoscere i manufatti, altrimenti anonimi, che contrappuntano l'asta fluviale dal Garda al Po. I paragrafi bei quali si suddivide il lavoro sono intitolati: 1.PROPOSTE PER LA DIFESA IDRAUL...

This short note responds to a recent article on "Occultation Records in the Royal Frankish Annals for A.D. 807: Knowledge Transfer from Arabia to Frankia?" by Ralph Neuhäuser and Dagmar L. Neuhäuser (JHA 55, no. 3). It shows that, contrary to a key claim made in this article, the presence of rules for predicting solar and lunar eclipses in manuscripts associated with the so-called Seven-Book-Computus of 809 is due to the influence of the Liber Nemroth, a text with roots in the pre-Islamic Near East.

Italian Humanists began their interest in the language of the Romanians in close connection with the debate on Latin and vernacular languages that animated the papal curia in the central decades of the Quattrocento. Stimulated by the news reported by travellers to the Romanian lands and pilgrims from there, curial humanists such as Poggio Bracciolini or Biondo Flavio creatively used the topic in their linguistic, historical-geographical and even political reflections. Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (Pope Pius II, from 1458) turned the idea into a genuine literary topos destined to endure, attaching identitarian values to it, within his articulate reflection on the values of Greco-Roman civilisation, Christendom and emerging Europe.

The paper discusses Jüri Uluots’ study of the treaties between Estonians and foreigners in the 13th century in comparison with current research on the topic. Firstly, the paper gives an overview of the main research results of Uluots’ article and their reception in history writing. Secondly it presents an in-depth critique of Uluots’ study in the light of contemporary research on the topic. Thirdly the paper presents the current state of research on agreements between crusaders and the native peoples of Medieval Livonia in the 13th century, which differs radically from Uluots’ study. The paper reaches a conclusion, that the methodological basis of Uluots’ study was unsound and his interpretations largely false.

The role of Sanlúcar de Barrameda as an outer harbour of Seville is well known. However, as lords of the town, the dukes of Medina Sidonia attempted to provide it with a distinct development, in direct competition with Cadiz. Through a comparative perspective, this study addresses its subsidiary position in terms of trade and navigation, as well as the diplomacy of the Italian merchant nations (Genova, Venice, and Florence) in the late Middle Ages.

U ovom članku se daje kratki povijesni osvrt na predmete izrađene od kose, tehnike rada s organskim materijalom (kosom) te kemijska analiza veziva. Zatim se opisuje predmet i zatečeno stanje te postupci konzervatorsko- restauratorskih zahvata čišćenja, integracije, nadogradnje, konsolidacije i retuša.This paper presents a short historical overview of artefacts made of hair, the techniques of working with an organic material (hair) and the chemical analysis of the adhesive. The artefact is then described, as is its condition as found, and the procedures of the conservation and restoration interventions of cleaning, integration, rebuilding missing sections, consolidation and retouching

This article will use a range of sources to show traces of continuity or breakdown among the Islamic population of Toledo from Andalusi to Mudejar times. The archaeological information from the campaigns in Toledo’s cemeteries will provide a contrast with Christian and Arabic written sources about the location of their grounds and the practical limitations accorded by Christians to burial customs. The corpus of Islamic literature includes theoretical treatises of fiqḥ, Islamic breviaries –one of them from Ocaña, a nearby town in the cultural zone of influence of Toledo) and the proceedings of the meetings of a sufi confraternity in Toledo (active c. 1400-1420).

El monacato femenino pervivió en al-Andalus de diversas formas: monasterios dobles, monasterios exclusivamente femeninos y comunidades ascéticas urbanas, aunque estas últimas fueron desapareciendo progresivamente a medida que se publicaban recomendaciones para su transformación en cenobios. Sus prácticas se relacionaban con el monacato tal y como lo conocemos por las reglas y hagiografías visigodas, pero también con modelos importados de Palestina y Egipto, a través de las fundaciones monásticas del sur de Francia e Italia. Sin embargo, la evolución de la sociedad cristiana en los dos siglos siguientes exigió una adaptación y unos mecanismos de protección más sólidos para estas mujeres. Cuestiones como el papel de la mujer en la vida religiosa, el abandono de sus juramentos, los matrimonios no autorizados, la violencia y las violaciones y el papel de los edificios religiosos frente a la vivencia doméstica del ascetismo en la protección del estilo de vida de las comunidades fueron la principal preocupación de los legisladores.

Scandinavian raiders, or vikings if one prefers, suddenly started to appear around the coasts of western Europe in the late eighth century and in the early decades of the ninth century. 2 The reasons for this sudden eruption have long been discussed and debated by scholars without any real consensus having ever been reached. In this thesis I will not add anything of significance to this debate regarding, to use Peter Sawyer's phrase, 'The causes of the Viking Age'; 3 the emphasis throughout will be on trying to understand in a Rankean sense what actually happened rather than speculation of why it happened, a question which is ultimately unanswerable. In the British Isles the first raids were pretty small although usually brutal affairs, such as that on the monastery of Lindisfarne in Northumberland in 793 and on the monastery of Iona in 795. The Northmen were to make their presence felt all over Europe for the next two hundred years. In the early years their numbers were few and the aim seems to have been simply to plunder. In later years, as the size of their fleets and armies grew, trying to grab land to exploit and settle became 1 Dr Stephen M. Lewis undertook and defended his doctoral thesis entitled Vikings in Aquitaine and their connections, ninth to early eleventh centuries at the Université de Caen Normandie under the direction of Pierre Bauduin, it is available online at and at . He is a member of the Centre de recherches archéologiques et historiques anciennes et médiévales (CRAHAM) at the Université de Caen Normandie, and a member of the research centre for Histoire, civilisation, archéologie et art des mondes anciens et médiévaux (AUSONIUS) at the Université Bordeaux Montaigne. His research interests include the 'vikings' in Aquitaine and elsewhere in Western Europe and trans-Pyrenean matters in the early medieval period. 2 This paper is extracted from Chapter 2 of my Ph.D thesis as referenced above. An earlier, shorter and somewhat different version of this chapter/paper was published as S. M. Lewis, 'Salt and the earliest Scandinavian raids in France: Was there a connection? ', Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, 12 (2016), pp. 103-36. This chapter/paper contains much of interest that was not in the earlier paper. 3 P. H. Sawyer, 'The causes of the Viking Age', in R. T. Farrell (ed.), The Vikings (London and Chichester, 1982), pp. 1-7. There is an abundant literature on this issue going back well over a hundred years.

El principal objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer al lector un listado de las imposiciones municipales de Barcelona durante la segunda mitad del reinado de Alfonso el Magnánimo, esto es, las décadas de 1430, 1440 y 1450. Mediante el análisis de documentación de índole económica y actas concejiles, se exponen no solo los distintos productos gravados por cada uno de los impuestos, sino también las tarifas que se aplicaban a cada uno de ellos y los cambios que experimentaron a lo largo de los años estudiados. Estos a menudo estuvieron motivados por la situación política del momento, en la cual jugó un papel determinante el enfrentamiento entre los partidos de la Busca y la Biga.

Il documento è una bolla inviata al vescovo di Ragusa, ma è probabilmente simile ad altre inviate da Innocenzo III a vescovi della cristianità, e la possiamo leggere in un originale che si conserva nell'archivio di Dubrovnik. La bolla, datata 28 dicembre 1199, si inserisce nella strategia di mobilitazione ecclesiastica voluta da Innocenzo III per sostenere i regni cristiani in Terrasanta. Il documento rappresenta un tipico strumento diplomatico del papato medievale, finalizzato a coordinare un intervento su scala continentale.
Innocenzo III utilizza questo strumento per attivare un meccanismo di mobilitazione che coinvolge l'intera gerarchia ecclesiastica. La richiesta di un contributo pari a un quarantesimo dei redditi ecclesiastici, le promesse di indulgenze, i richiami alla situazione in Terrasanta rappresentano elementi caratteristici di una comunicazione che mira a creare una risposta unitaria e coordinata.Il documento si configura come un esemplare tipico della comunicazione papale dell'epoca: uno strumento flessibile che poteva essere rapidamente adattato alle diverse realtà ecclesiastiche, mantenendo intatta la sua funzione di mobilitazione spirituale e materiale. La menzione degli Ordini Militari, dei re cristiani d'Oriente, la descrizione delle difficoltà dei regni crociati sono elementi ricorrenti in analoghi documenti del periodo. Leggere questa bolla significa comprendere le modalità operative della Chiesa medievale, la sua capacità di attivare meccanismi di coordinamento su scala continentale, utilizzando un linguaggio e una struttura comunicativa standardizzata ma al tempo stesso capace di mobilitare energie spirituali e materiali.

Disponible aquí: https://doi.org/10.5944/etfiii.38.2025.44315

En este artículo se analizará una ejecución por ahogamiento en Galicia en 1220 que constituye un caso único hasta el momento en la documentación medieval gallega. Normalmente la investigación sobre las formas de tortura y ejecución posee un nivel de irrealidad vinculada con su dimensión teórica y procesal. Sin embargo, esta investigación presenta además del desarrollo genealógico de esta pena en la Península Ibérica, su pervivencia jurídica, histórica o erudita y su posible aplicación práctica en un caso de ejecución documentada durante el reinado de Alfonso IX de Galicia y León (1171-1230).

Where does the name given to the first leaders of the city-communes come from? The word ‘consul’ had an ancient tradition and undisputed prestige. In the High Middle Ages, however, in Italy it was used to define certain positions or local dignitaries, but only in cities with a Byzantine tradition. In the rest of Europe, the word was used as a synonym for ‘count’. By linking cultural contexts with political projects, a hypothesis has been put forward about the revival of the term in Italian cities from the end of the 11th century onwards.